1st Quarter SY 2022 - 2023

Mathematics 9 Reviewer

Table of Contents:

1. Introduction to Quadratic Equations

1.1. Parts of a Quadratic Equation
1.2 Qualities of a Quadratic Equation
1.3 Quadratic Equation vs Quadratic Expression
1.4 Exercises

2. Solving Quadratic Equations

2.1 Factoring
a. Factoring WITHOUT “bx” or “c” Values
b. Factoring With Complete Set of Values
2.2 Completing the Squares
2.3 Quadratic Formula

3. Nature of Roots
3.1 Finding the Discriminant
3.2 Describing the Kinds of Roots
3.3 Exercises

4. Sum and Product of Roots

4.1 Finding the Sum
4.2 Finding the Product
4.3 Exercises
4.4 Determining the Equation Through Roots
4.5 Exercises

5. Transformation of Quadratic Equations

5.1 Solving Quadratic Equations Through Substitution

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 5.2 Solving Problems with “x” as a Denominator
5.3 Solving Problems with Variables Raised to the 4th Power

6. Quadratic Inequalities
6.1 Introduction to Inequalities
6.2 Type of Zones
6.3 Outcomes
6.4 Exercises

7. Graphing Quadratic Functions

7.1 Introduction to Quadratic Functions
7.2 Finding the Vertex
7.3 Determining the Shape of a Parabola
7.4 Exercises
a. Point Plotting Method
b. Graphing

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1. Introduction to Quadratic Equations

1.1 Parts of a Quadratic Equation:

STANDARD FORM

ax² + bx + c = 0
"a" - Leading Coefficient
"ax²" - Quadratic Term

"b" - Linear Coefficient

"bx" - Linear Term

"c" - Constant

1.2 Qualities of a Quadratic Equation:

- There must be 1 variable such that it is raised to the 2nd degree (or in other
terms, have an exponent raised to the 2nd power)
(Note: the 2 in x² being the largest exponent means that it is a Quadratic Equation)

- Coefficients of the equation can be a fraction

(Ex: ½x² or ¼x have leading and linear coefficients that are fractions)

- Any letter besides “x” as the variable for the quadratic equation is still allowed as
long as the same variables are used throughout
(Note: m² + 4m + 4 is still allowed even though the variable is not “x”)
(Note: BUT m² + 4x + 4 is NOT allowed since it uses 2 variables, “m” and “x”)

- Quadratic Equations can have no constant term (or “c” value)

- Quadratic Equations can have no linear term (or bx value)
(Note: Both values can be 0 in the same equation)
(Ex: 4x² = 0)

- Quadratic Equations must have an “x²” value where “x²” is NOT zero
(Note: 5x + 6 = 0 is NOT a quadratic equation since it does not have a quadratic term)

- Irrational coefficients are NOT allowed

(Ex: π [pi] or √2 are cannot be coefficients)

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 - “x” or any other variable can NOT be a denominator of a fraction
(Ex: ³⁄ₓ can NOT be a linear term however, ˣ⁄3 is allowed)

- Quadratic Equations that are factored into clauses are still counted
(Ex: (x + 5)(x - 2) = 0 is still allowed since when multiplied contains a “x²” value)

- Quadratic Equations ALWAYS have 2 answers

1.3 Quadratic Equation vs. Quadratic Expression:

ax² + bx + c is a Quadratic Expression

ax² + bx + c = 0 is a Quadratic Equation (since it contains “= 0”)

1.4 Exercises

Activity 1 (Identify if the equation is quadratic or not) [check 1.2]

1. 5x² - 3x + 7 = 0
Answer: Quadratic Equation
2. 3x² - 4x = 5
Answer: Quadratic Equation
3. 4m² - 7 = 6m
Answer: Quadratic Equation
4. ²⁄ₓ² + 3x + 3 = 0
Answer: NOT a Quadratic Equation (because “x” can NOT be a denominator of a
fraction)
5. x² + ³⁄ₓ = 9
Answer: NOT a Quadratic Equation (because “x” can NOT be a denominator of a
fraction)
6. 3b² + 4b = 0
Answer: Quadratic Equation
7. 8x² + 7 = 0
Answer: Quadratic Equation
8. 4x² = 0
Answer: Quadratic Equation
9. 5x + 6 = 0

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Answer: Not a Quadratic Equation (there must be a variable with an exponent of 2)
10. √2x² + 3x - 5 = 0
Answer: Not a Quadratic Equation (irrational coefficients are NOT allowed)
11. (x + 5)(x - 2) = 0
Answer: Quadratic Equation

2. Solving Quadratic Equations

2.1 Factoring

A. Factoring WITHOUT “bx” or “c” values

Steps on Factoring Without a Constant (or “c” value):
- Change the equation into Standard Form [check 1.1]
- Find the GCF (Greatest Common Factor)
- Separate and divide the GCF from the equation (usually consists of a number
and the variable used)
- Let the factors equal zero and substitute

Notes:
1. If there is no “c” value, one of the answers is ALWAYS 0
2. The value for “c” can be a fraction

Exercises:
1. x² - 2x = 0
Solution:
x(x - 2) = 0
x=0
x - 2 = 0 or x = 2

S.S. {0, 2}

2. 4x² = 32x
Solution:
4x² - 32x = 0
4x(x - 8) = 0
4x = 0
x - 8 = 0 or x = 8

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S.S. {0, 8}

3. 7m² - 42m = 0
Solution:
7m² - 42m = 0
7m(m - 6) = 0
7m = 0
m - 6 = 0 or m = 6

S.S. {0, 6}

4. 3x² + 2x = 0
Solution:
3x² + 2x = 0
x(3x + 2) = 0
x=0
3x + 2 = 0 or x = -⅔

S.S. {0, -⅔}

Steps on Factoring Without a Linear Term (or “bx” value):

- Rearrange the equation so that “ax² = bx”
- If “a” is NOT equal to 1, divide the equation by “a”
- Extract the roots from the equation

Notes:
1. The answer must have the SAME values but different in sign (positive or
negative)
2. Answers can be a fraction or an irrational number

Exercises:
1. 2x² - 64 = 0
Solution:
2x² = 64
x² = 32
x = ±√32 or ±4√2

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S.S. {+4√2, -4√2}

2. x² - 15 = 0
Solution:
x² = 15
x = ±√15

S.S. {+√15, -√15}

3. 3x² - 32 = x²
Solution:
3x² - x² = 32
2x² = 32
x² = 16
x = ±4

S.S. {+2, - 2}

4. (x - 4)(x + 4) = 9
Solution:

x² - 16 = 9

x² = 25

x = ±5

S.S. {+5, - 5}

B. Factoring With Complete Set of Values

Steps for Factoring with A Complete Set of Values
- Rearrange the equation into Standard Form [check 1.1]
- Find the factors of “c” that equal the sum of “b”
- Separate the equation into 2 clauses
- Let factors equal zero and substitute

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Exercises:
1. x² + 5x + 6 = 0
Solution:
Factors:
2x3=6
2+3=5

(x + 2)(x + 3) = 0
x + 2 = 0 or x = -2
x + 3 = 0 or x = -3

S.S. {-2, -3}

2. x² - 4x = 21
Solution:
x² - 4x - 21
Factors:
-7 x 3 = -21
-7 + 3 = -4

(x - 7)(x + 3) = 0
x - 7 = 0 or x = 7
x + 3 = 0 or x = -3

S.S. {7, -3}

Steps for Factoring Quadratic Equations that have an “a” value NOT equal to 1
- Rearrange the equation into Standard Form (Simplify if Possible) [check 1.1]
- Multiply the quadratic term and constant
- Find factors of the product that equal to the linear term
- Add the 2 factors in the equation
- Separate the equation into 2 clauses
- Combine the same factors and both GCFs
- Let factors equal zero and substitute

Exercises:
1. 3x² - 4x - 4 = 0
Solution:
3x² * -4 = -12x²

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Factors:
-6x * 2x = -12x²
-6x + 2x = -4x

3x² - 6x + 2x - 4 = 0
(3x² - 6x) + (2x - 4) = 0
3x(x - 2) + 2(x - 2) = 0
(3x + 2)(x - 2) = 0
3x + 2 = 0 or x = -⅔
x - 2 = 0 or x = 2

S.S. {-⅔, 2}

2. 3x(2x + 3) = 15
Solution:
6x² + 9x - 15 = 0
2x² + 3x - 5 = 0

2x² * -5 = -10x²
Factors:
-2x * 5x = -10x²
-2x + 5x = 3x

2x² - 2x + 5x - 5 = 0
(2x² - 2x) + (5x - 5) = 0
2x(x - 1) + 5(x - 1) = 0
(2x + 5)(x - 1) = 0
2x + 5 = 0 or x = -⁵⁄2
x - 1 = 0 or x = 1

S.S. {-⁵⁄2, 1}

2.2 Completing the Squares

Steps for Completing the Squares
- Rearrange the equation so that it is “ax² + bx = c” where “a” is one
- Use the formula, c = (ᵇ⁄2)²
- Add the “c” value to the equation
- Find the square root of both sides

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 - Transpose and Substitute

Exercises:
1. x² - 4x - 60 = 0
Solution:
x² - 4x = 60
(⁻⁴⁄2)² = 4
x² - 4x + 4 = 60 + 4
x - 4x + 4 = 64
√x² - 4x + 4 = √64
x - 2 = ±8
x - 2 = 8 or x = 10
x - 2 = -8 or x = -6

S.S. {10, -6}

2. 2x² - 7x + 30 = 0
Solution:
x² - 7⁄2x + 15 = 0
x - ⁷⁄2x = -15
(7⁄2 ⁄2)² = (⁷⁄4)² or ⁴⁹⁄16
x² - ⁷⁄2x + ⁴⁹⁄16 = -15 + ⁴⁹⁄16
(x - ⁷⁄4)² = ⁻¹⁹¹⁄16
x - ⁷⁄4 = √-¹⁹¹⁄16

No Real Solution (There are no roots in a negative number)

3. 2x² - 17x + 30 = 0
Solution:
x² - 17⁄2x + 15 = 0
x - 17⁄2x = -15
(17⁄2 ⁄2)² = (17⁄4)² or 289⁄16
x² - 17⁄2x + 289⁄16 = -15 + 289⁄16
(x - 17⁄4)² = 49⁄16
x - 17⁄4 = ±7⁄4
x - 17⁄4 = 7⁄4 or x = 6
x - 17⁄4 = -7⁄4 or x = ⁵⁄2

S.S. {6, ⁵⁄2}

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2.3 Quadratic Formula
Formula:
-b ± √b² - 4ac / 2a

Exercises:
1. x² - 4x - 60
Solution:
a=1
b = -4
c = -60

-(-4) ± √(-4)² - 4(1)(-60) / 2(1) = 4 ± √16 + 240 / 2 = 4 ± √256 / 2

x = 4 ± 16 / 2
x = 4 + 16 / 2 or x = 10
x = 4 - 16 / 2 or x = -6

S.S. {10, -6}

2. 2x² - 17x + 30 = 0
Solution:
a=2
b = -17
c = 30

-(-17) ± √(-17) - 4(2)(30) / 2(2) = 17 ± √289 - 240 / 4 = 17 ± √49 / 4

x = 17 ± 7 / 4
x = 17 + 7 / 4 or x = 6
x = 17 - 7 / 4 or x = ⁵⁄2

S.S. {6, ⁵⁄2}

3. Nature of Roots

3.1 Finding the Discriminant

Formula:
D = b² - 4ac

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3.2 Describing the Types of Roots
- D > 0: Perfect square number (Real, Rational, Unequal Roots)
- D > 0: Non-perfect square number (Real, Irrational, Unequal Roots)
- D < 0: Imaginary, Unequal Roots
- D = 0: Real, Rational, Equal Roots

3.3 Exercises
1. x² - 2x + 1 = 0
Solution:
D = (-2)² - 4(1)(1) = 4 - 4 = 0
Description: Real, Rational, Equal Roots

2. 3x² - x = 2
Solution:
3x² - x - 2 = 0
D = (-1)² - 4(3)(-2) = 1 + 24 = 25
Description: Real, Rational, Unequal Roots

3. x² - 6x + 7 = 0
Solution:
D = (-6)² - 4(1)(7) = 36 - 28 = 10
Description: Real, Irrational, Unequal Roots

4. x² - 4x + 5
Solution:
D = (-4)² + 4(1)(5) = 16 - 20 = -4
Description: Imaginary, Unequal Roots

5. Find the value of “k” so that the quadratic equation kx² + 2x + 1 = 0 have equal
roots
Solution:
D = (2)² - 4(k)(1) = 0
4 - 4k = 0
4k = 4
k=1

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4. Sum and Product of Roots

4.1 Finding the Sum

Formula:
Sum = -b/a
4.2 Finding the Product
Formula:
Product = c/a

4.3 Exercises
1. x² - 4x - 21 = 0
Solution:
a=1
b = -4
c = -21

Sum = -(-4)/1 = 4
Product = -21/1 = -21

2. 2x² - 17x + 30
Solution:
a=2
b = -17
c = 30

Sum = -(-17)/2 = 17/2

Product = 30/2 = 15

4.4 Determining the Equation Through Roots

Formula:
x² - (sum)x + (product) = 0

4.5 Exercises
1. 5 and -3

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Solution:
Sum = 5 + (-3) = 2
Product = 5 x (-3) = -15

Equation: x² - 2x - 15 = 0

2. -⅓ and -¾
Solution:
Sum = -⅓ + -¾ = ⁻⁴⁻⁹⁄₁₂ = -¹³⁄12
Product = -⅓ x -¾ = ³⁄12

Equation: x² + ¹³⁄₁₂x + ³⁄12

= 12x² + 13x + 3 = 0

3. 2 + √5 and 2 - √5
Solution:
Sum = 2 + √5 + 2 - √5 = 4
Product = 4 - √5 + √5 - √25 = 4 - 5 = -1

Equation: x² - 4x - 1 = 0

4. -6 and ⅖
Solution:
Sum = -6 + ⅖ = ⁻³⁰ ⁺ ²⁄₅ = -²⁸⁄₅
Product = -6 x ⅖ = -¹²⁄₅

Equation: x² + ²⁸⁄₅ - ¹²⁄₅

= 5x² + 28x - 12 = 0

5. Transformation of Quadratic Equations

5.1 Solving Quadratic Equations Through Substitution

Steps on Solving Through Substitution

- Assign a different variable for the binomial
- Factor the equation (any method can be applied)
- Let the factors equal zero and substitute

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 - Once solved, substitute the binomial to your solution set to determine your
starting variable
Example:
1. (x + 3)² - 2(x + 3) - 8 = 0
Solution:
Let k = (x + 3)
k² - 2k - 8 = 0
(k - 4)(k + 2)
k=4
k = -2

x + 3 = 4 or x = 1
x + 3 = -2 or x = -5

S.S. {1, -5}

5.2 Solving Problems with “x” as a Denominator

Steps on Solving “x” as a Denominator

- Find the LCD of both fractions
- Cross-multiply the fractions to each other and simplify
- Transpose the equation into Standard Form [check 1.1]
- Factor the Equation (any method can be applied)
- Let the factors equal zero and substitute
Example:
1. ³⁄ₓ + ¹⁰⁄ₓ₊₆ = 1
Solution:
3(x + 6) + 10(x) = (x)(x + 6)
3x + 18 + 10x = x² + 6x
-x² + 3x + 10x - 6x + 18 = -x² + 7x + 18
-1(-x² + 7x + 18) = x² - 7x - 18
(x - 9)(x + 2) = 0

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x - 9 = 0 or x = 9
x + 2 = 0 or x = -2

S.S. {9, -2}

5.3 Solving Problems with Variables Raised to the 4th Power

Steps on Solving Variables Raised to the 4th Power

- Assign a variable so that the equation will be quadratic (raised to the 2nd power)
- Factor the equation (any method can be applied)
- Let the factors equal zero and substitute
- Once solved, substitute to determine your starting variable
(Note: When answering equations with variables raised to the 4th power, there must be
4 values)
Example:
1. 4x⁴ + 7x² = 2
Solution:
Let s = x²
4s² + 7s = 2
4s² + 7s - 2 = 0
Q.F: -(7) ± √(7)² - 4(4)(-2) / 2(4)
-7 ± √49 + 32 / 8 = -7 ± √81 / 8 = -7 ± 9 / 8

s = -7 + 9 / 8 or s = ¼
s = -7 - 9 / 8 or s = -2
x² = ¼ or x = ±½
x² = -2 or x = ±√2i
[Note: (i) stands for imaginary, it represents the square root of -1 in a number]

S.S. {½, -½, √2i, -√2i}

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6. Quadratic Inequalities

6.1 Introduction to Inequalities

Inequalities: Algebraic expressions that have no fixed or equal value

- Can be expressed through 4 main types of signs (<, >, ≥, ≤)

Greater and Less than:

- Uses < (less than) or > (greater than) signs
- Uses an open or hollow circle when graphing (৹→)
- Uses dotted lines (- - -)

Greater than or equal to and Lesser than or equal to:

- Uses ≥ (greater than or equal to) or ≤ (less than or equal to) signs
- Uses a shaded circle when graphing (•→)
- Uses solid lines (—)

Critical Points: Solution set of the Inequality

Test Point: Number that tests if the solution is true or credible

Steps on Solving Inequalities

- Substitute the inequality for an equals sign
- Solve the equation (any method can be applied)
- Find the values of the solution set

6.2 Type of Zones

- Also known as regions

- There are ALWAYS 3 zones (Zone 1, Zone 2, Zone 3)
- The starting and ending points of Zone 2 are the critical points (values of the
solution set)

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6.3 Outcomes

- There are only 2 outcomes (TFT [True, False, True] or FTF [False, True, False])
- Outcomes are determined through substituting test points

6.4 Exercises

1. x² + 7x + 10 < 0
Solution:
x² + 7x + 10 = 0
(x + 5)(x + 2) = 0

x + 5 = 0 or x = -5
x + 2 = 0 or x = -2

S.S. {-5, -2}

Use Testing Points:

R1
(-6)² + 7(-6) + 10 < 0
36 - 42 + 10 < 0
4 < 0 = FALSE

R2
(-3)² + 7(-3) + 10 < 0
9 - 21 + 10 < 0
-2 < 0 = TRUE

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R3
(0)² + 7(0) + 10 < 10
10 < 0 = FALSE

Outcome: FTF

2. 2x² - x ≥ 15
Solution:
2x² - x = 15
2x² - x - 15 = 0
a=2
b = -1
c = -15

-(-1) ± √(-1)² - 4(2)( -15) / 2(2)

1 ± √1 + 120 / 4 = 1 ± √121 / 4
1 ± 11 / 4

x = 1 + 11 / 4 or x = 3
x = 1 - 11 / 4 or x = ⁻⁵⁄₂ or -2.5

Use Testing Points:

R1
2(-3)² - (-3) - 15 ≥ 0
18 + 3 - 15 ≥ 0
6 ≥ 0 = TRUE

R2
2(0) - (0) - 15 ≥ 0
-15 ≥ 0 = FALSE

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R3
2(4)² - (4) - 15 ≥ 0
32 - 4 - 15 ≥ 0
13 ≥ 0 = TRUE

Outcome: TFT

7. Graphing Quadratic Functions

7.1 Introduction to Quadratic Functions

- Expressed in 2 forms: Standard [check 1.1] and General Form

- Contains the Vertex, Domain, Range, Axis of Symmetry

General Form:

y = a(x - h)² + k

7.2 Finding the Vertex

- Starting point

- Contains 2 values “h” (“x” coordinate) and “k” (“y” coordinate)

h = ⁻ᵇ⁄2ₐ

k = 4ac - b² / 4a
Steps on Converting Standard to General Form

- Isolate the constant from the quadratic and linear terms

- Add parenthesis to the quadratic and linear terms

- Factor and simplify “ax²” so that “a” = 1

- Use “completing the squares” to factor the equation

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 - Subtract the product of the 2nd binomial term and the GCF

- Simplify the equation

- Find the vertex through the general form [check 7.1]

Example:

1. y = 3x² - 12x + 5

Solution:

y = (3x² - 12x) + 5

y = 3(x² - 4x) + 5

y = 3(x² - 4x + 4) + 5 - (3 x 4)

y = 3(x - 2) + 5 - 12

y = 3(x - 2) - 7

h=2

k = -7

Vertex: (2, -7)

7.3 Determining the Shape of a Parabola

- Opening Upward: if a > 0 = Minimum Point

- Opening Downward: if a < 0 = Maximum Point

- Domain: ALWAYS = x/x ∈ R

- Range: If upward: y/y ≥ k

- Range: If downward: y/y ≤ k

- Axis of Symmetry: x = h or x - h = 0

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7.4 Exercises

y = x² - 2x - 8

Solution:

h = ⁻⁽⁻²⁾⁄2₍₁₎ = 2/2 = 1

k = 4(1)(-8) - (-2)² / 4(1) = -32 - 4 / 4 = -9

Vertex: (1, -9)

- a > 0 = Opening Upward

- Domain: x/x ∈ R

- Range: y/y ≥ k (Opening Upward)

- Axis of Symmetry: 1 (h value)

Point Plotting Method

Steps on Point Plotting

- Axis of Symmetry must be in the middle row (placed on the 3rd row and column)

- Substitute other values for “x” to figure out the “y” value

- Create a table of values to determine “h” and “k” values

Graphing

y = x² - 2x - 8

Vertex: (1, -9)

Axis of Symmetry: 1

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 x-value

h -1 0 1 2 3

k -5 -8 -9 -8 -5
y-value

Steps on Graphing
- Plot points of the “h” and “k” coordinates
- Connect the points with a curve or “parabola” shape
- Create a straight line at a vertex to determine the axis of symmetry

Good luck to everybody :)

- END -

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