“Parenting is savage - there is no other activity on earth that you could get up to do four times a night for two years straight, and at the end of it be merely in the running for mediocre..” - Emily Itami Learning Intentions:
- Understand fault lines and their impacts on Earth.
Success Criteria:
- I can define fault lines and their causes.
- I can describe the effects of fault lines. Tune In - Tectonics Learn We have learned about the large movements of tectonics.
We will now learn about the smaller movements involving faults.
This will allow us to explain small scale phenomena involving geological activity. Learn - The Fault Fault - A fracture/s in the crust where blocks of rock move relative to each other.
Faults are the most common cause of Earthquakes.
Faults can be small (boulder sized) or large (continental).
Learn - Fault Terminology Fault Block - A piece of rock that moves in a fault.
Fault Plane - The surface between the fault blocks where movement occurs.
Hanging Wall - The rock above the fault plane.
Footwall - The rock below the fault plane.
Slip - The amount of fault movement.
Learn - Types of Faults There are many types of faults (more than 10).
We will learn about the most common.
Learn - The Normal Fault Movement: Hanging wall moves downwards.
Cause: Crust pulled apart.
Appearance: Steep sheer drop.
Locations: Divergent boundary plates.
Learn - The Reverse Fault Movement: Hanging wall moves upwards.
Cause: Crust pushed together.
Appearance: Hidden or collapsing.
Locations: Convergent boundary plates.
Learn - The Strike-Slip Fault Movement: Horizontal sliding of rock. No vertical movement.
Cause: Shear stresses
Appearance: Flat, separated rocks.
Locations: Transform boundary plates.
Learn - Fault Zones Because faults can be small, there are areas where many faults occur at once.
- Fault zones occur in areas of
geological instability. This can be from rock structures/mountains, mantle pressure, and underground systems.
Map of Earthquakes caused by faults
from 2000-2016. Mialle et. al., 2018. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-75140-5_6 Learn - Aussie Faults Neotectonics, from the Australian Government, has mapped faults in Aussieland.
Each dot represents a fault, and
the red line is the length of that fault.
The blue-ness of the dot is the
displacement/difference of the fault (more blue is stronger). Learn - Aussie Faults There are many more faults in the south and the west than the east and the north. Why? Learn - Aussie Faults There are many more faults in the south and the west than the east and the north. Why?
1. NZ separated and took many
faults with it.
2. The south and the west were
connected to Pangaea/ Antarctica and carry many geological features from the separation. Apply Complete Stile 3.3 then 5.2. Reflect Raise your hand if you believe that Australia is better because we have cute earthquakes. Lesson 10 Ready for Anything
“The signs show it. Now anything can happen. We enter the Twilight of the Gods. Ragnarok comes. Our world ends.” - Robert Heinlein Learning Intentions:
- Understand the geography of Earth throughout time.
Success Criteria:
- I can recognize the stages of continental change.
- I can describe the causes of modern geological structures. Tune In - The Big Events Earthquakes Volcanoes
- Caused by tectonic movement and fault lines. - Caused by tectonic movement and build up of underground pressure. - Measured by the Moment Magnitude Scale from 1-10: - Stratovolcanoes and shield volcanoes can be 2.5 or greater can be felt. highly destructive to local area. 5.4 or greater can cause noticeable damage. 6.1 or greater will damage large areas. - Explosive volcanoes can impact a wide range. 7 or greater are cataclysmic. - Detectable via gas and satellite methods. - Detectable via seismographs and satellites. Tune In - Emergency! Oh no, a 2.5 earthquake has just struck! What should we do?
a) Hide under tables.
b) Go to the courtyard. c) Secure nearby objects that may fall. d) Nothing. Tune In - Emergency! Oh no, an 8.5 earthquake has just struck Chile, causing an enormous tsunami over to cross the pacific ocean. The tsunami is headed towards Aussieland, and will strike in the next hour!
a) Go home, pack everything, and retreat to the hills.
b) Go home, pack everything, and retreat to the mountains. c) Retreat to the mountains straight away. d) Nothing. Tune In - Emergency! Oh no, a stratovolcano opens up underneath Baden Powell College. Volcanic bombs, incinerating cinders and malicious magma are approaching as we speak, what do we do?
a) Run for your lives and never look back!
b) Hide under your tables. c) Attack! For honour and glory, fetch a nearby chair, hoist it about thy head, and smite thy foe back to ashen rock! d) Nothing, it’s at DH so it doesn’t matter. Learn - The Tsunami The following video shows not only the process of a tsunami, but also the speed. The video happens in real speed.
The rock moves as fast as it would.
The tsunami moves as fast as it would.
Learn - The Tsunami The following video shows not only the process of a tsunami, but also the speed. The video happens in real speed.
The rock moves as fast as it would.
The tsunami moves as fast as it would.
Learn - The Tsunami The final disaster caused by tectonic movement is the tsunami (su-na-mi).
- Caused by massive tectonic movement near/under oceans. Convergent plates
push water to form massive waves.
- Detectable by satellites, ocean buoys, and seismographs.
- Water will recede from shore before the tsunami hits.
(Waves travel up to 800 km/h)
Note the water receding
before the tsunami. Learn - Tsunami Defense 1. Tsunami Walls - Large walls built to reduce or negate the impact of tsunamis.
2. Bars - Offshore natural
structures such as sandbars and islands. Learn - Preparation We have learned about tectonic movements and the disasters that follow.
We will now learn how to cope with these disasters.
This will allow us to, potentially, survive natural disasters.
Learn - Preparing for Earthquakes Preparation Reaction
1. Always have a basic survival kit available and on 1. If indoors, stay inside (if safe), get low, get to hand (later slide). cover, and hold on.
2. Ensure that your house has modern electrical 2. If outdoors, move away from and plumbing, and has sturdy/reinforced buildings/lamps/poles, get low, and hold on. foundations and structuring. 3. If in a vehicle, pull over to a safe location away 3. Ensure that heavy and fragile furniture is from bridges, ridges, overpasses, poles, etc., keep anchored and safe. your seatbelt on, get low, and hold on.
4. Know where to go in case of an emergency, and 4. If in a crowded place, stay calm, move away from communicate this with other people. dangerous areas, get low, get to cover, and hold on.
5. Get to your survival kit if you can.
Learn - Surviving Volcanoes Preparation Reaction
1. Always have a basic survival kit available and on 1. Immediately wear your X30 Industrial Proximity hand. Suit.
2. Have an X30 Industrial Proximity Suit 2. Move away from the volcano. ready to use. 3. Summon some eagles to carry you away. 3. Be incredibly fit so you can wear the suit.
… …
Just don’t live next to an active volcano. Just don’t live next to a volcano. Learn - Preparing for Tsunamis Preparation Reaction
1. Always have a basic survival kit available and on 1. Get in your car and drive as fast as you can to hand (later slide). the mountains.
2. Send letters to your local, regional, and federal …
gov’t representatives demanding they invest in tsunami walls and defenses. That’s it. Maybe try to get to some tall and sturdy 3. Become a mountain dweller. buildings, but there is only a gamble that they will not crumble. …
There is no way to truly prepare for a tsunami,
outside of living in mountains. Learn - The Survival Kit What would you put in your survival kit? Write down a list and see who gets the most correct. Food (non-perishables) Phone Face mask Water (bottled) Phone charger/battery Important documents First aid Whistle Warm clothing Flashlight Blankets Medicine Apply In small groups, select one of these scenarios, create a plan of preparation, and a reaction plan.
1. You and your friends are hiking 2. You and your family are visiting 3. You and your friends are in the Nepalese Alps. You are Indonesia, hiking around several vacationing on a beach in staying in a small wooden cabin of the ancient volcanic Kiwiland when notice the with gas heating. You have a fire mountains. As you are ascending shoreline receding significantly, going in the fireplace. Most of a stratovolcano, it begins to and not returning. your are in the main room talking effusely erupt. Your car is still when an earthquake hits. The almost two kilometers away, but earthquake causes significant you think there may be a volcano destruction to the area and warden station further up the building. volcano. Reflect Raise your hand if you think you could take on a tsunami. Lesson 11 The CAT
“A biologist, if he wishes to know how many toes a cat has, does not “frame the hypothesis that the number of feline digital extremities is 4, or 5, or 6,” he simply looks at a cat and counts. A social scientist prefers the more long-winded expression every time, because it gives an entirely spurious impression of scientificness to what he is doing.” - Anthony Standen Learning Intentions:
- Understand how to complete your CAT.
Success Criteria:
- I can begin working on my CAT.
- I can plan how I will proceed with my CAT. Tune In - Evidence of Continental Drift Wegener observed four main pieces of evidence to suggest that the continents of Earth were moving:
1. Matching Coastlines - continents can fit suspiciously well together.
2. Fossils - animals are found common to continents that are far from each other. 3. Geological formations - mountain and rock formations are similar between continents in a way that signals that they were once connected. 4. Climate remains - all continents show evidence of many climates, suggesting that they were once in very different locations. Tune In - Evidence of Seafloor Spread Hess, and other geologists, found three main points of supporting the theory:
1. Magnetic stripping - alternating north/south magnetic poles are observable as
layers in rock that has erupted as magma and cooled into rock. 2. Age of crust and lithosphere - the crust near the oceanic ridges is younger than the crust near the shores. 3. Deep oceanic trenches - oceanic trenches are deepened and moved as the ocean floor expands. Learn - The CAT We have learned:
- Tectonic plates - Tectonic movement - Wegener's theory, continental drift, and sea floor expansion. - Earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis - Faults
We will now demonstrate our understanding of these topics in our CAT.
Learn - The CAT The CAT consists of two parts:
- Essay: You will write an essay describing Wegener’s Theory of Continental
Drift, and clearly describe and reason at least one of the pieces of evidence for his theory. This will be completed and submitted individually.
- Presentation: You will give a short presentation to the class about your findings. This will be done in small groups. Important Notes: 1. Include images, diagrams, and charts Learn - The Essay to use as visual information. 2. Include references and links to all resources used. Your essay should follow the structure: 3. Ensure that you use correct scientific Introduction: Introduce the concept, terminology, and explain that terminology. essay structure, and key definitions.
Body paragraphs x3: Each discusses, Example Body Paragraphs:
1. Introducing Wegener's theory, evidences, reasons, and proves a explaining and proving his ideas, with distinct main idea. context of modern technology. 2. Introduce the piece of evidence, Conclusion: A summary of the main explain and prove how it validates ideas of the essay. Wegener’s theory. 3. Introduce new scientific evidence to support your chosen evidence, and Wegener’s theory. Apply Begin working on your CAT.
1. Review your learning.
2. Pick which evidence you will use. 3. Begin to structure your work. 4. Write your essay. 5. Review your essay. 6. Form a team to complete the presentation. 7. Create presentation. 8. Review your CAT. 9. Submit your CAT. Reflect Raise your hand if you feel confident that you will complete your CAT in time.
