P3 Chapter 2 Functions & Graphs
P3 Chapter 2 Functions & Graphs
INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
CHAPTER -2
FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS
SOLUTIONS
PREPARED BY
VISHNU SANKAR VENUKUMAR
MATHEMATICS TEACHER
KEYODHOO SCHOOL
Exercise 2A
e 20 6 4 20 24
4
4
The graph meets the axes at
f 4 2 3 7 32 21
2 (1, 0) and (0, 1)
11
b
2 a f(1) 7 5 1 3
7 5 3
5
b f(10) 7 5 10 3
7 50 3
43 3
46 The graph meets the axes at
1
c f(−6) 7 5 (6) 3 1 , 0 and (0, 3)
2
7 30 3
40
3 a g(4) 4 2 8 4
16 32
16
16
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4 c 4 f
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5 a 6 a
At A: (3 x 1) 5
b At the left-hand point of 3x 4
intersection: 4
3 x
4 x 5 3
2 At B: 3x 1 5
3
x 1 3x 6
2 x2
2 4
x The solutions are x and x 2
3 3
At the right-hand point of
intersection: b
3
(4 x) 5
2
3
x9
2
x6
2
The solutions are x and
3
x6
x 5
At A: 1
2
x 5 2
x3
x5
At B: 1
2
x 5 2
x7
The solutions are x 3 and x 7
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6 c 6 e
4 5x
At B: 2
3
5 x 10
x2
2
The solutions are x and x 2
5
At A: 7 x 3 4
7 x 1
1
x
7
At B: 7 x 3 4
7x 7
x 1
1
The solutions are x and x 1
7
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6 f 7 b Intersection point A is
1
on the reflected part of y x2
2
1
x 2 2 x
2
1
2 x x 2
2
3
x 2
2
x 4
At A: 1 3 x
6 3
x
2
6 8
x 12
x
At B: 1 3
6
x
4
6
x 24
7 a
At A: (3 x 5) 11 x
6 2 x
x 3
At B: 3x 5 11 x
4 x 16
x4
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9 a 12
At A: (2 x 9) 14 x
b The two graphs do not intersect, x 23
therefore there are no solutions to the x 23
1
equation 6 x x 5
2 At B: 2 x 9 14 x
3x 5
10 The value for x cannot be negative as 5
it equals a modulus which is ≥ 0 x
3
11 a
The points of intersection are
5
x 23 and x
3
So the solution to 2 x 9 14 x
5
is 23 x
3
So the solution to 3x 4 2 x 9
is x < −13 and x > 1
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13 a For there to be one solution, the
1 b At the far left-hand and far right-hand
graphs y 6 x and y x k
2 points of intersection:
must intersect once at the vertex of
y 6 x x2 9 x 8 1 x
x 2 10 x 7 0
Using the formula:
10 102 4 1 7
x
2 1
10 72
x
2
10 6 2
x
2
x 5 3 2
1 8 82 4 1 9
b 6 x x 3 x
2 2 1
3 8 28
9 x x
2 2
x=6
8 2 7
x
Challenge 2
x 4 7
a
The four solutions are
x 5 3 2 and x 4 7
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Exercise 2B
2 a
1 a i
7
iii {h(x) = 1, , 7}
4
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2 c e
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3 b Substituting x = b and q(b ) = 17 into 4 b g:xa x
q : x a x 2 3, x gives:
17 = b2 3 i
20 = b2
b = ± 20
b = ±2 5
4 a f ( x) = 2 x 1
2
d j: x a
x
i
ii One-to-one function as each value
of x maps to a single value of y.
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4 d ii One-to-one function as each value 5 c i
of x maps to a single value of y.
e k( x ) = e x 3
d i
ii Every element in set A gets
mapped to one element in set B,
so the mapping is one-to-one.
5 a i
b i
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5 f i 6 d
ii Range is f ( x )
Hence, f x is a function.
The values of a are 86 and 9
b
7 a
b There is no solution to
10 x = 43 for x 0
c i f (3) = 4 3 = 1 s(a ) = 43 only when
(Use 4 x as 3 4)
x 2 6 = 43
ii f (10) = 102 9 = 109 x 2 = 49
(Use x 2 9 as 10 4) x = 7
x cannot be 7, since
s ( x ) = x 2 6 for x 0
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7 c The negative solution is where 9 a
x2 − 6 = x
2
x −x−6=0
(x − 3)(x + 2) = 0
x = 3 or x = −2
As x < 0, x = −2
−2a − 6 = 12
a = −9
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10 g( x) = cx d 12 h( x) = x 2 6 x 20
g(3) = 10 c 3 d = 10 = (x 3)2 9 20
3c d = 10 (1) = (x 3)2 11
g(8) = 12 c 8 d = 12 This is a shaped quadratic with
8c d = 12 (2) minimum point at (3, 11)
(2) (1) 5c = 2
2
c=
5
2
Substitute c = into (1):
5
2
3 d = 10
5
6
d = 10
5
44
d= This is a many-to-one function.
5
For h( x) to be one-to-one,
11 f ( x) = ax 3 bx 5 we must restrict domain to x 3
f (1) = 4 a 13 b 1 5 = 4
a b 5 = 4
a b =1 (1)
f (2) = 9 a 23 b 2 5 = 9
8a 2b 5 = 9
8a 2b = 14
4a b = 7 (2)
(2) (1) 3a = 6
a=2
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Exercise 2C
1
2 c gh( x) = g
−8 x
1 a pq(−8) = p
4 1
2
= −4
= p ( −2 ) x
= 1 − 3(−2) 1
= 2 −4
=7 x
b gf=
( x) g(4 x + 1)
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1
4 a qp( x) = q 3x − 2
x−2 5 b fg(x) = f
1 2
= 3× +4
x−2 3x − 2
= 9 − 4
3 4( x − 2) 2
= +
x−2 x−2 = 9 − 6x + 4
4x − 5 = 13 − 6x
=
x−2
b If qp(m) = 16 then Now fg ( x ) = x when 13 − 6x =
x
1
3 +4 = 16
m−2
3
= 12
m−2
3 = 12(m − 2)
3
= m−2
12
1
= m−2
4
9 At A: 13 − 6x = x
m=
4 13 = 7x
13
x=
7
3(6) − 2
5 a fg(6) = f At B: −(13 − 6x) = x
2
= f(8) 5x = 13
13
= 9 − 4(8) x=
5
= −23 The solutions are
13 13
= 23 x= and x =
7 5
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1 9 a qp(x) = q(ln(x + 3))
6 a f2(x) = f = e3(ln(x + 3)) − 1
x +1
ln( x+ 3)3
=e −1
3
1 = (x + 3) − 1
=
1 +1
x +1 Since x > −3, so qp(x) > −1
1 b qp(7) = (7 + 3)3 − 1
=
1+ x +1 = 999
x +1 c From part a
x +1 qp ( x ) =( x + 3) − 1
3
=
x+2
When qp ( x ) = 124
( x + 3) − 1 =124
3
3 x +1
b f (x) = f
x+2 ( x + 3) =
3
125
x+3=5
1
= x=2
x +1 +1
x+2
10 t2(x) = t(5 − 2x)
= 5 − 2(5 − 2x)
1 = 5 − 10 + 4x
=
x +1+ x + 2 = −5 + 4x
x+2
t2(x) − (t(x))2 = 0
x+2 −5 + 4x − (5 − 2x)2 = 0
=
2x + 3 −5 + 4x − 25 + 20x − 4x2 = 0
−4x2 + 24x − 30 = 0
7 a st(x) = s(x + 3) 2x2 − 12x + 15 = 0
= 2x + 3
Using the formula:
12 ± (−12) 2 − 4 × 2 ×15
b ts(x) = t(2x) x=
= 2x + 3 2× 2
12 ± 24
=
8 a gf(x) = g(e5x) 4
= 4 ln(e5x) 12 ± 2 6
= 4(5x) =
4
= 20x
6
= 3±
b fg(x) = f(4 lnx) 2
= e5(4 lnx)
ln x 20
= e
= x20
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11 a Range of g is −8 ≤ x ≤ 12
1
g(x) = − x + 12 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 14
2
and g(0) = 12
So gg(0) = g(12)
1
= − (12) + 12
2
=6
2(7) − 5
c gh(7) = g
10 − 7
= g(3)
1
= − (3) + 12
2
= 10.5
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Exercise 2D
1 a i y ℝ c i y ℝ
iv iv
d i y ℝ
b i y ℝ
ii Let y = f(x)
ii Let y = f(x) y = x3 − 7
x5 x 3 y 7
y
2 f−1(x) = 3
x7
x 2y 5
f−1(x) = 2x − 5 iii The domain of f−1(x) is x ℝ
The range of f−1(x) is y ℝ
iii The domain of f−1(x) is x ℝ
The range of f−1(x) is y ℝ iv
iv
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2 a Range of f is f ( x ) ℝ 3
Let y = f(x)
y = 10 − x
x = 10 − y
−1
f (x) = 10 − x, {x ∈ ℝ}
b Range of f is f ( x ) ℝ
Let y = g(x)
x
y
5
x 5y
−1
g (x) = 5x, {x ∈ ℝ}
g : x| → 4 − x, {x ∈ ℝ, x > 0}
c Range of f is f ( x ) 0 g has range {g(x) ∈ ℝ, g(x) < 4}
Let y = h(x)
3 The inverse function is g 1 ( x ) 4 x
y
x Now {Range g} {Domain g 1}
3
x and {Domain g} {Range g}
y
Hence, g−1(x) = 4 − x, {x ∈ ℝ, x < 4}
3
h−1(x) = , {x 0}
x Although g( x) and g 1 ( x) have identical
d Range of f is f ( x ) ℝ equations, their domains and hence ranges
Let y = k(x) are different, and so are not identical.
y=x−8
x=y+8 4 a i Maximum value of g when x 3
k−1(x) = y + 8, {x ∈ ℝ} 1
Hence {g(x) ∈ ℝ, 0 < g(x) ≤ }
3
1
ii g 1 ( x )
x
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4 a iv 4 c i g x as x 2
Hence {g(x) ∈ ℝ, g(x) > 0}
3 2y 3
ii Letting y x
x2 y
2x 3
Hence g 1 ( x )
x
b i Minimum value of g x 1 iv
when x 0
Hence {g(x) ∈ ℝ, g(x) ≥ −1}
y 1
ii Letting y 2 x 1 x
2
x 1
Hence g 1 ( x)
2
ii Letting y x 3 x y 2 3
Hence g 1 ( x ) x 2 3
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4 d iv 4 f iii Domain g–1 = Range g
Domain g−1 :{x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0}
e i 22 2 6
Hence {g(x) ∈ ℝ, g(x) > 6}
ii Letting y = x2 + 2
y − 2 = x2
x = y2
Hence g−1(x) = x2
5 t(x) = x2 − 6x + 5, {x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 5}
iii Domain g–1 = Range g
Domain g−1 :{x ∈ ℝ, x > 6}
Range g–1 = Domain g Let y x 2 6 x 5
g 1 ( x) , y ( x 3)2 9 5 (completing the square)
1
Range g ( x) :
g 1 ( x) 2 y ( x 3)2 4
iv This has a minimum point at (3, 4)
ii Letting y x3 8 x 3 y 8
Hence g−1(x) = 3
x 8
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5 (continued) 6 c Domain of m−1(x): {x ∈ ℝ, x > 5}
2x 1
c Let y and find x as a
x2
function of y
y ( x 2) 2 x 1
yx 2 y 2 x 1
yx 2 x 2 y 1
x( y 2) 2 y 1
For m( x) to have an inverse it must 2 y 1
x
be one-to-one. Hence the least value y2
of a is 2 2x 1
So h 1 ( x) , x , x 2
x2
b Changing the subject of the formula:
y ( x 2) 2 5
y 5 ( x 2) 2
y 5 x 2
y 5 2 x
Hence m 1 ( x ) x 5 2
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7 d If an element b is mapped to itself, 3 x
then h(b ) b 9 st(x) = s
x
2b 1 3
b 3 x
b2 x 1
2b 1 b (b 2)
3
2b 1 b 2 2b 3 x x
x
x
0 b 2 4b 1
3
4 16 4 4 20 st(x) = t
b x 1
2 2
3 x31
42 5
2 5 3
x 1
2
3 x 3 3
x 1
The elements 2 5 and 2 5 get
3
x 1
mapped to themselves by the function. x
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10 b If f( a ) f 1 ( a) then a is negative 11 d Let y = g(x)
(see graph). y = ln(x − 4)
ey = x − 4
Solve f(a) a x = ey + 4
2a 2 3 a g−1(x) = ex + 4
2a 2 a 3 0 Range of g(x) is g(x) ∈ℝ,
so domain of g−1(x) is { x ℝ}
(2a 3)(a 1) 0
3 e g−1(x) = 11
a , 1 ex + 4 = 11
2
Therefore a 1 ex = 7
x = ln7
x = 1.95
3( x 2) 2
12 a f(x) =
x x 20 x 4
2
3( x 2) 2
=
( x 5)( x 4) x 4
3( x 2) 2( x 5)
=
( x 5)( x 4) ( x 5)( x 4)
3 x 6 2 x 10
=
( x 5)( x 4)
11 a Range of f(x) is f(x) > −5 x4
=
( x 5)( x 4)
b Let y = f(x) 1
y = ex − 5 = , x4
x5
ex = y + 5
x = ln(y + 5) b The range of f is
−1
f (x) = ln(x + 5) 1
Range of f(x) is f(x) > −5, {f(x) ∈ ℝ, f(x) < }
9
so domain of f−1(x) is {x ∈ ℝ, x > −5}
c Let y = f(x)
c
1
y=
x5
yx + 5y = 1
yx = 1 − 5y
1 5y
x=
y
1
x = 5
y
1
f−1(x) = 5
x
The domain of f−1(x) is
1
{x ∈ ℝ, x > and x ≠ 0}
9
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Exercise 2E
1 a 2 c
3 a
c
b
2 a
3 c
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4 a 5 b
6 a
b There is no need to sketch y k( x)
and y k( x ) as these graphs would
match the original graph.
d i k( x) m( x) is true:
a a
k( x ) 2
2 m( x )
x x
ii k( x ) m( x ) is false:
a a 7 a
k( x ) 2 2 m( x )
x x
iii m( x) m( x ) is true:
a a
m( x ) 2
2
m( x )
x x
5 a
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7 c c
8 a
10 a
b y m( x) and y m( x ) are
reflections of each other in the
x-axis.
m( x) m( x )
b
9 a
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Exercise 2F
1 a y 3f ( x ) b y f ( x 2).
Vertical stretch, scale factor 3. Horizontal translation of 2.
y f ( x 2) 5.
y 3f ( x ) 2. Vertical translation of +2.
Vertical translation of 5.
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1 c y f ( x 1) d y f (2 x )
Horizontal translation of 1. Horizontal stretch, scale factor
1
2
1
y f ( x 1)
2
y f (2 x )
1
Vertical stretch, scale factor Reflection in the x -axis.
2
(or Vertical stretch, scale factor 1).
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1
y f x . Reflection in the y-axis. 2 b y f x
1 f 2
Horizontal stretch, scale factor 2.
y f x .
Reflect, in the x-axis, the parts of the
graph that lie below the x-axis.
2 a y f ( x 2)
Horizontal translation of 2
1 1
y f x
2 2
1
Vertical stretch, scale factor
2
y 3f ( x 2)
Vertical stretch, scale factor 3.
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2 c y f (x) 2 d y f ( x 1)
Horizontal translation of 1.
Reflection in the x-axis.
(Or vertical stretch, scale factor 1).
y 2f ( x 1)
Reflection in the x-axis,
and vertical stretch, scale factor 2.
y f ( x) 4
Vertical translation of 4.
2 e y f x can be written
f x , x 0
y
f x , x 0
y f x is a reflection of
y f x in the y-axis.
Hence, y f x is the following:
y 2f x
Vertical stretch, scale factor 2.
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3 a y 3f ( x ) 3 b y f ( x 2)
Vertical stretch, scale factor 3. Horizontal translation of 2.
y f ( x 2) 4
Vertical translation of 4.
y 3f ( x ) 1
Vertical translation of 1.
Asymptotes: x 0, y 4
A: (–2, 5)
Asymptotes: x 2, y 1
A: (0, 2)
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3 c y f (2 x ) 3 d y f x can be written
1
Horizontal stretch, scale factor f x , x 0
2 y
f x , x 0
y f x is a reflection of
y f x in the y-axis.
Hence, y f x is the following:
4 a
b i (2 + 4, −9 × 2) = (6, −18)
Asymptotes: x 1, y 0
A: (0, –1) 1
ii (2 × , −9) = (1, −9)
2
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4 c y g x can be written
1
g x x 2 2 9, x 0 5 c ii h x is a horizontal stretch
y 2
g x x 2 9, x 0
2
scale factor 2
1 1
y g x is a reflection of h x is a vertical stretch
4 2
y g x in the y-axis. scale factor
1
4
Hence, y g x is the following:
1
h x is a vertical stretch
2
1
scale factor
2
c i h ( x 90 ) is a horizontal
translation of +90º
h( x 90) 1 is a vertical
translation of +1.
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Exercise 2G
y x 2 is a horizontal
y 4 x is a vertical stretch by
translation by –2
scale factor 4
1
y x 2 is a vertical stretch
3
1
by scale factor
3
y 4 x 3 is a horizontal
translation by –3
1
y x 2 1 is a vertical
3
translation by –1
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1 c i Start with y x 1 c ii The range is f(x) ≤ 6
d i Start with y x
y x 1 is a horizontal 5
y x is a vertical stretch by
translation by +1 2
5
scale factor
2
y 2 x 1 is a vertical stretch
by scale factor –2
5
y x 4 is a horizontal
2
translation by –3
y 2 x 1 6 is a vertical
d ii The range is f(x) 4
translation by +6
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2 a Start with y x 2 b The region where y p( x ) is the
region which lies on and above
y x 4 is a horizontal
the line y 2 x 4 5
translation of –4
3 a Start with y x
y 3 x is a vertical stretch
scale factor –3
y 2 x 4 is a vertical stretch
scale factor 2
y 3 x 6 is a vertical
translation of +6
y 2 x 4 5 is a vertical
translation of –5
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3 b The region where y q( x ) is the 4 b The range is f(x) ≥ 1
region which lies below
the line y 3 x 6 c At one point of intersection:
1
4( x 6) 1 x 1
2
1
4 x 23 x 1
2
8x 46 x 2
48 7x
48
x
4 a Start with y x 7
At other point of intersection:
y x 6 is a horizontal 1
4( x 6) 1 x 1
translation of –6 2
1
4 x 25 x 1
2
8x 50 x 2
9x 48
16
x
3
So the solutions are
48 16
x and x
7 3
y 4 x 6 is a vertical stretch
scale factor 4
y 4 x 6 1 is a vertical
translation of +1
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5 a Start with y x 5 c At one point of intersection:
5
y x 2 is a horizontal ( x 2) 7 x 1
2
translation of +2 5
x 12 x 1
2
5x 24 2x 2
22 7x
22
x
7
5
y x 2 7 is a vertical
2
translation of +7
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6 For the equation m(x) = n(x) to have no 8 a The range is h(x) ≥ −7
real roots, it must be the case that
y = m(x) and y = n(x) do not intersect. b h(x) is many-to-one, therefore h–1(x)
would be one-to-many, and so would
not be a function.
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9 a We can write h as 10 a The range of m(x) is m(x) ≤ 7
a 2( x 3), x 3
h( x ) 3
a 2( x 3), x 3 b m(x) = x2
5
At one point of intersection:
The line which has gradient –2 and
3
passes through (0, 4) is y 2 x 4 4( x 3) 7 x 2
5
3
So, for x 3 4 x 5 x 2
−2(x + 3) + a = −2x + 4 5
−2x − 6 + a = −2x + 4 20x 25 3x 10
a = 10 23x 35
35
x
b At P, h(x) = 10 (from part a) 23
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Challenge 2 At the first point of intersection:
x − 3 + 10 = −2(x − 3) + 2
1 a At A: x + 7 = −2x + 8
2( x 4) 8 x 9 3x = 1
2x x 9 x=
1
3x 9 3
x3 At the other point of intersection:
y = 3 − 9 = −6 −(x − 3) + 10 = 2(x − 3) + 2
−x + 13 = 2x − 4
At B: −3x = −17
2( x 4) 8 x 9 17
x=
2x 16 x 9 3
x7 Maximum point of f(x) is
y = 7 − 9 = −2 f(x) = 10 when x = 3, so at (3, 10)
Minimum point of g(x) is
A(3, −6) and B(7, −2) g(x) = 2 when x = 3, so at (3, 2)
1
Area of a kite = × width × height
b Taking the shaded triangle R and 2
enclosing it in a rectangle looks like: 1 17 1
= × × (10 − 2)
2 3 3
1 16
= × ×8
2 3
64
= units2
3
1 1 1
R 4 6 4 4 6 3 2 1
2 2 2
R 24 8 9 1
R = 6 units2
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Chapter review
1 a 1 b Intersection point A :
2( x 1) 2 x
2x 2 2 x
3x 0
x0
Intersection point B is on
the reflected part of the
modulus graph.
2( x 1) 2 x
2x 2 2 x
x4
x 4
Minimum value of y 2 x 11 is
11
y 0 at x
2
For two distinct solutions to
1
2 x 11 x k , we must have
2
1 11
x k 0 at x
2 2
1 11
× +k>0
2 2
11
k>
4
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3 12
4 a y 12 5 x 5 x
5
Start with y x
12
y x is a horizontal
5
12
translation of
5
At A:
1
(5 x 2) x 8
4
20 x 8 x 32
19 x 24
24
x
19
At B:
12
1 y 5 x is a vertical stretch,
5x 2 x 8 5
4
20 x 8 x 32 scale factor 5
21x 40
40
x
21
So the solution are
24 40
x and x
19 21
b The graphs do not intersect, so there
are no solutions.
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5 a i One-to-many. 5 c i Many-to-one.
b i One-to-one.
ii Is a function.
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5 e i One-to-one. 6 a
ii Not a function.
For x ⩽ 1, f(x) = −x
This is a straight line of gradient 1.
x value a doesn’t get mapped to At point x 1, its y -coordinate is 1.
any value of y. It could be
redefined as a function if the
domain is said to exclude point a. For x 1, f ( x ) x 2
This is a straight line of gradient 1.
f i One-to-one. At point x 1, its y -coordinate is also 1.
ii Not a function for this domain.
Hence, the graph is said to be continuous.
b There are two values x in the range
1
−2 ⩽ x ⩽ 6 for which f ( x )
2
Point a is where
1 1
x x
2 2
Point b is where
1 1
x 2 x 1
2 2
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7 a pq(x) = p(2x + 1) 8 b The range is g−1(x) ⩾ 0.
= (2x + 1)2 + 3(2x + 1) − 4 To find the equation of the inverse
= 4x2 + 4x + 1 + 6x + 3 − 4 function, you can use a flow chart.
= 4x2 + 10x
b qq(x) = q(2x + 1)
= 2(2x + 1) + 1
= 4x + 3
2x 3
Let y
x 1
y ( x 1) 2 x 3
yx y 2 x 3
yx 2 x y 3
For x ⩾ 0, the range is g(x) ⩾ 7 x( y 2) y 3
y 3
x
y2
x3
Therefore f 1 ( x)
x2
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9 b i Domain f ( x) Range f 1 ( x) 1
10 c gf ( x ) g
Range f ( x) y , y 1
1
( x 1)( x 1)
2
ii Range f ( x) Domain f 1 ( x) 1
Now range of f ( x ) is ( x 1)( x 1)
{f ( x ) , f ( x ) 2} ( x 1)( x 1)
2
Domain f 1 ( x) x , x 2 1
2 x 1 x 1
x 1
10 a f ( x )
x 1 x 1
2
gf ( x ) 70 2( x 1)( x 1) 70
x 1 ( x 1)( x 1) 35
( x 1)( x 1) ( x 1) x 2 1 35
x x 1
x 2 36
( x 1)( x 1) ( x 1)( x 1)
x 6
x ( x 1)
( x 1)( x 1) 11 a f (7) 4(7 2)
1 45
( x 1)( x 1) 20
g(3) 33 1
b Consider the graph of 27 1
1
y for x : 28
( x 1)( x 1)
h(2) 32
1
2
3
1
9
For x 1, f ( x ) 0
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11 b f ( x ) 4( x 2) 4 x 8 11 e First find gh( x ) :
This is a straight line with gradient 4 gh( x ) g(3x )
and intercept −8.
(3x )3 1
The domain tells us that x ⩾ 0, so the
graph of y f ( x ) is: 33 x 1
gh(a) 244
33a 1 244
33a 243
33a 35
3a 5
5
a
3
b Let y = f(x)
y = x2 + 6x − 4
y = (x + 3)2 – 13
y + 13 = (x + 3)2
x 3 y 13
The range of g( x ) is g( x ) x y 13 3
c Let y x 3 1 So f 1 : x a x 13 3
(change the subject of the formula)
y 1 x3 For a = 0, Range f(x) is y 4
So Domain f 1 ( x) is x > −4
3 y 1 x
Hence g 1 ( x) 3 x 1 {x }
d fg( x ) f ( x 3 1)
4( x3 1 2)
4( x3 1)
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13 a f : x a 4 x 1 x
14 a Let y
Let y 4 x 1 and change x2
the subject of the formula. y ( x 2) x
y 1 4x yx 2 y x (rearrange)
y 1 yx x 2 y
x
4 x ( y 1) 2 y
x 1 2y
Hence f 1 : x a , x x
4 y 1
2x
b gf ( x ) g(4 x 1) f 1 ( x ) , x 1
x 1
3
2(4 x 1) 1 b The range of f 1 ( x ) is the domain
3 of f ( x):
8x 3 {f 1 ( x ) , f 1 ( x ) 2}
3
Hence gf : x a
8x 3 1.5
gf ( x) is undefined when 8 x 3 0 c gf (1.5) g
1.5 2
3
That is, at x 1.5
8 g
0.5
3
Domain gf(x) x , x g(3)
8
3
c If 2f ( x ) g( x )
3
3
2 (4 x 1) 1
2x 1
3 d If g( x ) f ( x ) 4
8x 2
2x 1 3 x
(8 x 2)(2 x 1) 3 4
x x2
16 x 2 12 x 2 3 3( x 2) x 2 4 x ( x 2)
16 x 2 12 x 1 0 3x 6 x 2 4 x 2 8 x
b b 2 4ac 0 5 x 2 11x 6
Use x
2a 0 (5 x 6)( x 1)
with a 16, b 12 and c 1.
6
12 144 64 x ,1
Then x 5
32
12 208
32
0.826, 0.076
Values of x are 0.076 and 0.826
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15 y 5 x is a straight line with gradient 15 b From the diagram, you can see there
1 passing through 5 on the y axis. are two values of x for which
n( x ) 50
y x 2 is a -shaped quadratic passing
through (0, 0)
16 a
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16 b y tan x reflects the negative 18 a g(x) ⩾ 0
parts of tan x in the x axis. b gf(x) = g(4 − x)
= 3(4 − x)2
= 3x2 − 24x + 48
gf(x) = 48
3x2 − 24x + 48 = 48
3x2 − 24x = 0
3x(x − 8) = 0
x = 0 or x = 8
c y tan x reflects tan x in the
c
y-axis.
f ( x) 2 when 4 x 2 , so
4 x 2 x 2
or 4 x 2 x 6
17 a
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19 a 19 b y f (2 x )
1
Horizontal stretch, scale factor
2
c 2x a 1 x
2
Either (2 x a ) 1 x
2
For y | 2 x a | : a3x
2
When x 0, y | a | a (0, a) Given that x 4,
When y 0, 2 x a 0 3 4
a 6
a a 2
x ,0
2 2 Or
1
(2 x a) x
2
5
a x
2
Given that x 4,
5 4
a 10
2
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20 a 1
20 b x 2a x
3
1
Either ( x 2a) x
3
1
x x 2a
3
2
x 2a
3
x 3a
1
or ( x 2a) x
3
1
x 2a x
3
For y | x 2a |:
4
When x 0, y | 2a | 2a (0, 2a ) x 2a
3
When y 0, x 2a 0 3
x a
x 2a (2a, 0) 2
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20 c y | x 2a| 21 a & b
Reflect y |x 2 a| in the x-axis
For y | 2 x a | :
When x 0, y | a | a (0, a)
y a | x 2 a| Vertical translation by a
When y 0, 2 x a 0
For y a | x 2a | : a a
x , 0
When x 0, 2 2
y a | 2a |
a 2a
a (0, a )
When y 0,
a | x 2a | 0
| x 2a | a
Either x 2a a
x 3a (3a, 0)
or ( x 2a) a
x 2a a
xa (a, 0)
c Intersection of graphs in b
gives solutions to the equation:
1
2x a
x
x x a 1
x 2x a 1 0
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21 d The intersection point is on the non- 22 b y f ( x 2)
reflected part of the modulus graph, Horizontal translation of 2.
so here 2 x a 2 x a Graph looks like:
x(2 x a ) 1 0
2 x 2 ax 1 0
a a 2 8
x
4
As shown on the graph,
x is positive at intersection,
a a 2 8
so x y 3 f ( x 2)
4
Reflection in the x-axis, and
22 a f ( x ) x 2 7 x 5ln x 8 vertical stretch, scale factor 3.
5 Graph looks like:
f ( x ) 2 x 7
x
At stationary points, f ( x ) 0 :
5
2x 7 0
x
2x 7 x 5 0
2
(2 x 5)( x 1) 0
5
x , x 1
2
Point A : x 1,
f ( x) 1 7 5 ln1 8
2
A is (1, 2)
5
Point B : x ,
2
25 35 5
f ( x) 5 ln 8
4 2 2
5 13
5ln
2 4
5 5 13
B is , 5 ln
2 2 4
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22 c Using the transformations, 23 d Look at each section of f ( x)
point ( X , Y ) separately.
becomes ( X 2, 3Y ) −5 ⩽ x ⩽ −3:
Gradient = 2 6 4
3 (5)
(1, 2) (3, 6) f (x) (2) 4(x (3)) f (x) 4x 14
Minimum So in this region, f (x) 2 when x 4
fg(x) 2 has a corresponding solution if
5 5 13 g(x) 4 g(x) 4 x2 7x 14 0
2 , 5ln 2 4
Discriminant (7)2 4(1)(14) 7 0
9 39 5
, 15ln So no solution
2 4 2 18 (2)
−3 ⩽ x ⩽ 7: Gradient 2
Maximum 7 (3)
f(x) (2) 2(x (3)) f (x) 2x 4
23 a The range of f(x) is −2 ⩽ f(x) ⩽ 18
So in this region, f (x) 2 when x 1
b ff(−3) = f(−2) fg(x) 2 has a corresponding solution if
Using f(x) = 2x + 4
g(x) 1 g(x) 1 x2 7x 11 0
f(−2) = 2 × (−2) + 4 = 0
(7) (7)2 4(1)(11) 7 5
c x
2(1) 2
x 7 5 or x 7 5
2 2
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24 d For no solutions, p(x) > 10 at x = −4
1
So x k 10 at x = −4
2
1
(4) k 10
2
2 k 10
k 8
Challenge
a
b y = (a + x)(a − x)
When y = 0, x = −a or x = a
When x = 0, y = a2
(−a, 0), (a, 0), (0, a2)
c When x = 4, y = a2 − x2
= a2 − 16
and y=x+a
=4+a
a2 − 16 = 4 + a
a2 − a − 20 = 0
(a − 5)(a + 4) = 0
As a > 1, a = 5
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