PEARSON EDEXCEL

INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL
PURE MATHEMATICS 3

CHAPTER -2
FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS
SOLUTIONS

PREPARED BY
VISHNU SANKAR VENUKUMAR
MATHEMATICS TEACHER
KEYODHOO SCHOOL
Exercise 2A

3 3 3 b g(−5)  (5) 2  8  ( 5)

1 a 
4 4
 25  40
 65
b 0.28  0.28
c g(8)  82  8  8
c 3 11  8
 64  64
8
0
5 3 40 21
d    4 a
7 8 56 56
19

56

e 20  6  4  20  24
 4
4
The graph meets the axes at
f 4  2  3  7  32  21
2 (1, 0) and (0, 1)
 11
b
2 a f(1)  7  5 1  3
 7 5 3
5

b f(10)  7  5 10  3
 7  50  3
 43  3
 46 The graph meets the axes at
 1 
c f(−6)  7  5  (6)  3  1 , 0  and (0, 3)
 2 
 7  30  3
 40

3 a g(4)  4 2  8  4
 16  32
 16
 16

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4 c 4 f

The graph meets the axes at

7 
 , 0  and (0, 7) The graph meets the axes at
4 
3 
 , 0  and (0, 6)
d 2 

The graph meets the axes at (0, 0)

The graph meets the axes at
(10, 0) and (0, 5) h

The graph meets the axes at

1 
 , 0  and (0, −1)
3 
The graph meets the axes at
(7, 0) and (0, 7)

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5 a 6 a

At A:  (3 x  1)  5
b At the left-hand point of 3x  4
intersection: 4
3 x
4 x  5 3
2 At B: 3x 1  5
3
x  1 3x  6
2 x2
2 4
x The solutions are x   and x  2
3 3
At the right-hand point of
intersection: b
3
(4  x)  5
2
3
x9
2
x6
2
The solutions are x   and
3
x6

 x 5
At A:    1
 2 
x  5  2
x3
x5
At B: 1
2
x 5  2
x7
The solutions are x  3 and x  7

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6 c 6 e

The graphs do not intersect so there 4  5x

At A: 2
are no solutions. 3
5x  2
d 2
x
5

 4  5x 
At B:   2
 3 
5 x  10
x2
2
The solutions are x   and x  2
5

At A:   7 x  3  4
7 x  1
1
x
7

At B: 7 x  3  4
7x  7
x 1
1
The solutions are x   and x  1
7

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6 f 7 b Intersection point A is
1
on the reflected part of y  x2
2
1 
  x  2   2 x
2 
1
2 x  x  2
2
3
x  2
2
x  4
At A:    1  3 x
6  3
x
 2
6 8
x  12

x
At B: 1  3
6
x
4
6
x  24

The solutions are

x  12 and x  24

7 a
At A: (3 x  5)  11  x
6  2 x
x  3

At B: 3x  5  11  x
4 x  16
x4

The solutions are x  3 and x  4

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9 a 12

At A:  (2 x  9)  14  x
b The two graphs do not intersect, x  23
therefore there are no solutions to the x  23
1
equation 6  x  x  5
2 At B: 2 x  9  14  x
3x  5
10 The value for x cannot be negative as 5
it equals a modulus which is ≥ 0 x
3
11 a
The points of intersection are
5
x  23 and x 
3
So the solution to 2 x  9  14  x
5
is 23  x 
3

b At the left-hand point of intersection:

3x  4  2 x  9
x  13

At the right-hand point of

intersection:
(3 x  4)  2 x  9
5 x  5
x 1

The points of intersection are

x  13 and x  1

So the solution to  3x  4  2 x  9
is x < −13 and x > 1

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13 a For there to be one solution, the
1 b At the far left-hand and far right-hand
graphs y  6  x and y  x  k
2 points of intersection:
must intersect once at the vertex of
y  6 x x2  9 x  8  1  x
x 2  10 x  7  0
Using the formula:
10  102  4 1 7
x
2 1
10  72
x
2
10  6 2
x
2
x  5  3 2

At the two inside points of

This vertex occurs at (6, 0)
intersection:
1
Substituting (6, 0) into y  xk
2 ( x 2  9 x  8)  1  x
gives:
1 x2  9 x  8  x 1
0  6  k x2  8x  9  0
2
0=3+k
Using the formula:
k = −3

1 8  82  4 1 9
b 6 x  x 3 x
2 2 1
3 8  28
9 x x
2 2
x=6
8  2 7
x
Challenge 2
x  4  7
a
The four solutions are
x  5  3 2 and x  4  7

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Exercise 2B
2 a
1 a i

ii Every element in set A gets

mapped to one element in set B,
so the mapping is one-to-one.
i One-to-one as each value of x is
mapped to a single value of y
iii {f(x) = 12, 17, 22, 27}
ii Yes, this mapping could
b i
represent a function.

ii Two elements in set A get

mapped to one element in set B,
so the mapping is many-to-one.

iii {g(x) = −3, −2, 1, 6}

i One-to-one as each value of x is
c i mapped to a single value of y

ii Yes, this mapping could

represent a function.

ii Every element in set A gets

mapped to one element in set B,
so the mapping is one-to-one.

7
iii {h(x) = 1, , 7}
4

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2 c e

i One-to-one as each value of x

i One-to-many (see (except for x = b ) is mapped to a
explanation in part ii) single value of y.

ii Not a function. ii Not a function. The value x = b

Values of x which are less than a doesn't get mapped anywhere.
do not get mapped to a value of y.
Values of x which are greater than f
a get mapped to two values of y.

i Many-to-one as there are two

i One-to-many (see values of x which map to each
explanation in part ii) value of y.

ii Not a function. ii Yes, this mapping could represent

Values of x for which r  x  r a function.
get mapped to two values of y.
Values of x for which 3 a Substituting x = a and p( a ) = 16 into
x  r or x  r don't get mapped p : x a 3 x  2, x  gives:
to a value of y. 16 = 3a  2
18 = 3a
a=6

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3 b Substituting x = b and q(b ) = 17 into 4 b g:xa x
q : x a x 2  3, x  gives:
17 = b2  3 i
20 = b2
b = ± 20
b = ±2 5

c Substituting x = c and r(c ) = 34 into

r : x a 2  2 x  2, x  gives:
34 = 2  2 c  2
32 = 2  2 c
16 = 2c ii One-to-one function as each value
of x maps to a single value of y.
c=4
c h( x ) = x 2
d Substituting x = d and s( d ) = 0 into
s : x a x 2  x  6, x  gives: i
2
0= d d 6
0 = (d  3)(d  2)
d = 2,  3

4 a f ( x) = 2 x  1

ii Many-to-one function as there are

four values of x which map to two
values of y.

2
d j: x a
x

i
ii One-to-one function as each value
of x maps to a single value of y.

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4 d ii One-to-one function as each value 5 c i
of x maps to a single value of y.

e k( x ) = e x  3

ii Range of f(x) is 0 ≤ f(x) ≤ 2

iii Many-to-one function as there are

two values of x which map to a
single value of y

d i
ii Every element in set A gets
mapped to one element in set B,
so the mapping is one-to-one.

5 a i

ii Range of f(x) is f(x) ≥ 0

iii One-to-one function as each value

of x maps to a single value of y
ii Range of f(x) is f(x) ≥ 2
5 e i
iii One-to-one function as each value
of x maps to a single value of y.

b i

ii Range of f(x) is f(x) ≥ 1

iii One-to-one function as each value

of x maps to a single value of y
ii Range of f(x) is f(x) ≥ 9

iii One-to-one function as each value

of x maps to a single value of y

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5 f i 6 d

ii Range is f ( x ) 

iii One-to-one function as each value

of x maps to a single value of y The negative value of a is where
4  a = 90  a = 86
6 a Although g(x) is supposed to be
defined on all real numbers, it does
not map the element ‘4’ of the The positive value of a is where
domain to any point in the range. a 2  9 = 90
Hence g(x) is not a function.
a 2 = 81
f  4  = 25 , so for each x  there a = ±9
exists a y such that f  x  = y a=9

Hence, f  x  is a function.
The values of a are  86 and 9
b
7 a

b There is no solution to
10  x = 43 for x  0
c i f (3) = 4  3 = 1 s(a ) = 43 only when
(Use 4  x as 3  4)
x 2  6 = 43
ii f (10) = 102  9 = 109 x 2 = 49
(Use x 2  9 as 10  4) x = 7
x cannot be 7, since
s ( x ) = x 2  6 for x  0

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7 c The negative solution is where 9 a
x2 − 6 = x
2
x −x−6=0
(x − 3)(x + 2) = 0
x = 3 or x = −2
As x < 0, x = −2

The positive solution is where

10 − x = x
2x = 10
x=5
b Range of h(x) is {2 ≤ h(x) ≤ 27}
The solutions are x = −2 and x = 5
c h(a) = 12
8 a
One solution is for the function
h(x) = −2x − 6

 −2a − 6 = 12
 a = −9

The other solution is for the function

5
h(x) = x  12
2
5
b p(a) = 50  a  12 = 12
2
The negative solution is where  a=0
e−a = 50
−a = ln(50) The solutions are a = −9 and a = 0
a = −3.91

The positive solution is where

a3 + 4 = 50
a3 = 46
a = 3.58

The solutions are

a = −3.91 and a = 3.58

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10 g( x) = cx  d 12 h( x) = x 2  6 x  20
g(3) = 10  c  3  d = 10 = (x  3)2  9  20
 3c  d = 10 (1) = (x  3)2 11
g(8) = 12  c  8  d = 12 This is a  shaped quadratic with
 8c  d = 12 (2) minimum point at (3, 11)

(2)  (1)  5c = 2
2
 c=
5

2
Substitute c = into (1):
5
2
3   d = 10
5
6
 d = 10
5
44
d= This is a many-to-one function.
5
For h( x) to be one-to-one,
11 f ( x) = ax 3  bx  5 we must restrict domain to x  3

f (1) = 4  a 13  b  1  5 = 4
 a  b  5 = 4
 a b =1 (1)
f (2) = 9  a  23  b  2  5 = 9
 8a  2b  5 = 9
 8a  2b = 14
 4a  b = 7 (2)

(2)  (1)  3a = 6
 a=2

Substitute a = 2 in (1) : Hence smallest value of a is a = 3

2b =1
b = 1

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Exercise 2C
1
2 c gh( x) = g  
 −8  x
1 a pq(−8) = p  
 4  1
2

=   −4
= p ( −2 ) x
= 1 − 3(−2) 1
= 2 −4
=7 x

b qr(5) = q[(5 − 2)2] 1

= q(9) d fh( x) = f  
9 x
=
4 1
= 4×   +1
x
6 4
c rq(6) = r   = +1
4 x
3
= r  e f 2 ( x ) = ff ( x )
2 = f (4 x + 1)
2
3  = 4(4 x + 1) + 1
=  − 2
2  = 16 x + 5
1
=
4 3 a fg( x ) = f ( x 2 )
= 3x 2 − 2
d p2(−5) = p(1 − 3(−5))
= p(16)
b gf=
( x) g(3 x − 2)
= 1 − 3(16)
= −47 = (3x − 2)2
e pqr(8) = pq[(8 − 2)2] When fg( x) = gf ( x) then
= pq(36) 3 x 2 − 2= (3 x − 2) 2
 36 
= p  3 x 2 − 2= 9 x 2 − 12 x + 4
 4
= p(9) 0 = 6 x 2 − 12 x + 6
= 1 − 3(9) 0 = x2 − 2 x + 1
= −26
0= ( x − 1) 2
2 a fg(
= x) f ( x 2 − 4) Hence x = 1

b gf=
( x) g(4 x + 1)

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  1 
4 a qp( x) = q    3x − 2 
 x−2 5 b fg(x) = f  
 1   2 
= 3×  +4
 x−2  3x − 2 
= 9 − 4 
3 4( x − 2)  2 
= +
x−2 x−2 = 9 − 6x + 4
4x − 5 = 13 − 6x
=
x−2
b If qp(m) = 16 then Now fg ( x ) = x when 13 − 6x =
x
 1 
3 +4 = 16
m−2
3
= 12
m−2
3 = 12(m − 2)
3
= m−2
12
1
= m−2
4
9 At A: 13 − 6x = x
m=
4 13 = 7x
13
x=
7
 3(6) − 2 
5 a fg(6) = f   At B: −(13 − 6x) = x
 2 
= f(8) 5x = 13
13
= 9 − 4(8) x=
5
= −23 The solutions are
13 13
= 23 x= and x =
7 5

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  1  9 a qp(x) = q(ln(x + 3))
6 a f2(x) = f   = e3(ln(x + 3)) − 1
 x +1 
ln( x+ 3)3
  =e −1
  3
1 = (x + 3) − 1
= 
  1  +1 
  x +1   Since x > −3, so qp(x) > −1
  
 
 1  b qp(7) = (7 + 3)3 − 1
= 
  1+ x +1   = 999
 
  x +1   c From part a
 x +1  qp ( x ) =( x + 3) − 1
3
= 
 x+2
When qp ( x ) = 124
( x + 3) − 1 =124
3
3  x +1 
b f (x) = f  
 x+2 ( x + 3) =
3
125
 
  x+3=5
1
=  x=2
  x +1  +1 
 x+2 
   10 t2(x) = t(5 − 2x)
  = 5 − 2(5 − 2x)
 1  = 5 − 10 + 4x
= 
  x +1+ x + 2   = −5 + 4x
 x+2

 
t2(x) − (t(x))2 = 0
 x+2  −5 + 4x − (5 − 2x)2 = 0
= 
 2x + 3  −5 + 4x − 25 + 20x − 4x2 = 0
−4x2 + 24x − 30 = 0
7 a st(x) = s(x + 3) 2x2 − 12x + 15 = 0
= 2x + 3
Using the formula:
12 ± (−12) 2 − 4 × 2 ×15
b ts(x) = t(2x) x=
= 2x + 3 2× 2
12 ± 24
=
8 a gf(x) = g(e5x) 4
= 4 ln(e5x) 12 ± 2 6
= 4(5x) =
4
= 20x
6
= 3±
b fg(x) = f(4 lnx) 2
= e5(4 lnx)
ln x 20
= e
= x20

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11 a Range of g is −8 ≤ x ≤ 12

b From the graph,

1
g(x) = − x + 12 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 14
2
and g(0) = 12

So gg(0) = g(12)
1
= − (12) + 12
2
=6

 2(7) − 5 
c gh(7) = g  
 10 − 7 
= g(3)
1
= − (3) + 12
2
= 10.5

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Exercise 2D
1 a i y ℝ c i y ℝ

ii Let y = f(x) ii Let y = f(x)

y = 2x + 3 y = 4 − 3x
y 3 4 y
x x
2 3
x3 4 x
f−1(x) = f−1(x) =
2 3

iii The domain of f−1(x) is x  ℝ iii The domain of f−1(x) is x  ℝ

The range of f−1(x) is y  ℝ The range of f−1(x) is y  ℝ

iv iv

d i y ℝ
b i y ℝ
ii Let y = f(x)
ii Let y = f(x) y = x3 − 7
x5 x  3 y 7
y
2 f−1(x) = 3
x7
x  2y  5
f−1(x) = 2x − 5 iii The domain of f−1(x) is x  ℝ
The range of f−1(x) is y  ℝ
iii The domain of f−1(x) is x  ℝ
The range of f−1(x) is y  ℝ iv
iv

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2 a Range of f is f ( x )  ℝ 3
Let y = f(x)
y = 10 − x
x = 10 − y
−1
f (x) = 10 − x, {x ∈ ℝ}

b Range of f is f ( x )  ℝ
Let y = g(x)
x
y
5
x  5y
−1
g (x) = 5x, {x ∈ ℝ}
g : x| → 4 − x, {x ∈ ℝ, x > 0}
c Range of f is f ( x )  0 g has range {g(x) ∈ ℝ, g(x) < 4}
Let y = h(x)
3 The inverse function is g 1 ( x )  4  x
y
x Now {Range g}  {Domain g 1}
3
x and {Domain g}  {Range g}
y
Hence, g−1(x) = 4 − x, {x ∈ ℝ, x < 4}
3
h−1(x) = , {x  0}
x Although g( x) and g 1 ( x) have identical
d Range of f is f ( x )  ℝ equations, their domains and hence ranges
Let y = k(x) are different, and so are not identical.
y=x−8
x=y+8 4 a i Maximum value of g when x  3
k−1(x) = y + 8, {x ∈ ℝ} 1
Hence {g(x) ∈ ℝ, 0 < g(x) ≤ }
3

1
ii g 1 ( x ) 
x

iii Domain g–1 = Range g

1
 Domain g−1 :{x ∈ ℝ, 0 < x ≤ }
3
–1
Range g = Domain g
 Range g−1(x):{g−1(x)∈ℝ, g−1(x) ≥ 3}

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4 a iv 4 c i g  x    as x  2
Hence {g(x) ∈ ℝ, g(x) > 0}

3 2y 3
ii Letting y  x
x2 y
2x  3
Hence g 1 ( x ) 
x

iii Domain g–1 = Range g

 Domain g−1 :{x ∈ ℝ, x > 0}
Range g–1 = Domain g
 Range g−1(x):{g−1(x)∈ℝ, g−1(x) > 2}

b i Minimum value of g  x   1 iv
when x  0
Hence {g(x) ∈ ℝ, g(x) ≥ −1}

y 1
ii Letting y  2 x  1  x 
2
x 1
Hence g 1 ( x) 
2

iii Domain g–1 = Range g

 Domain g−1 :{x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ −1}
Range g–1 = Domain g
g ( x)  ,
1

 Range g 1 ( x) :  
 g 1 ( x)  0 d i Minimum value of g  x   2
when x  7
iv Hence {g(x) ∈ ℝ, g(x) ≥ 2}

ii Letting y  x  3  x  y 2  3
Hence g 1 ( x )  x 2  3

iii Domain g–1 = Range g

 Domain g−1 :{x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 2}
Range g–1 = Domain g
 Range g−1(x):{g−1(x)∈ℝ, g−1(x) ≥ 7}

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4 d iv 4 f iii Domain g–1 = Range g
 Domain g−1 :{x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0}

Range g–1 = Domain g

g 1 ( x)  , 
 Range g 1 ( x) :  
 g 1 ( x)  2 
iv

e i 22  2  6
Hence {g(x) ∈ ℝ, g(x) > 6}

ii Letting y = x2 + 2
y − 2 = x2
x = y2
Hence g−1(x) = x2

5 t(x) = x2 − 6x + 5, {x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 5}
iii Domain g–1 = Range g
 Domain g−1 :{x ∈ ℝ, x > 6}
Range g–1 = Domain g Let y  x 2  6 x  5
g 1 ( x)  , y  ( x  3)2  9  5 (completing the square)
1 
 Range g ( x) :  
g 1 ( x)  2 y  ( x  3)2  4

iv This has a minimum point at (3,  4)

For the domain x  5, t( x) is a

one-to-one function so we can find
an inverse function.

Make y the subject:

y  ( x  3)2  4
y  4  ( x  3)2
f i Minimum value of g  x   0 y  4  x 3
when x  2
y 4 3  x
Hence {g(x) ∈ ℝ, g(x) ≥ 0}

ii Letting y  x3  8  x  3 y  8
Hence g−1(x) = 3
x 8

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5 (continued) 6 c Domain of m−1(x): {x ∈ ℝ, x > 5}

Domain t–1 = Range t 5

7 a As x  2,
 Domain g−1 :{x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0} x20
Hence, t−1(x) = x  4  3, {x ∈ ℝ, x ≥ 0} and hence h( x )  

b To find h1 (3) we can find what element

of the domain gets mapped to 3

6 a m(x) = x2 + 4x + 9, {x ∈ ℝ, x > a} Suppose h (a )  3 for some a such that

Let y  x 2  4 x  9 a2
2a  1
y  ( x  2) 2  4  9 Then 3
a2
y  ( x  2) 2  5 2a  1  3a  6
This has a minimum value of (2, 5) 7a
1
So h (3)  7

2x 1
c Let y  and find x as a
x2
function of y
y ( x  2)  2 x  1
yx  2 y  2 x  1
yx  2 x  2 y  1
x( y  2)  2 y  1
For m( x) to have an inverse it must 2 y 1
x
be one-to-one. Hence the least value y2
of a is  2 2x  1
So h 1 ( x)  , x  , x  2
x2
b Changing the subject of the formula:
y  ( x  2) 2  5
y  5  ( x  2) 2
y 5  x  2
y 5  2  x
Hence m 1 ( x )  x  5  2

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7 d If an element b is mapped to itself,  3 x 
then h(b )  b 9 st(x) = s  
 x 
2b  1 3
b  3 x
b2  x  1
2b  1  b (b  2) 
3
2b  1  b 2  2b  3 x  x
x 
x
0  b 2  4b  1
 3 
4  16  4 4  20 st(x) = t  
b   x 1 
2 2

 3  x31 
42 5
  2 5 3
 x 1 
2

 3 x  3 3
x 1 
The elements 2  5 and 2  5 get
 3
x 1
mapped to themselves by the function. x

8 a nm(x) = n  2 x  3 The functions s(x) and t(x) are the

2x  3  3 inverse of each other as st(x) = ts(x) = x

2
x 10 a Let y  2x 2  3

 x 3 The domain of f 1 ( x ) is the range of f ( x).

b mn(x) = m  
 2  f(x) = 2x2 −3, {x ∈ ℝ, x < 0}
 x 3 has range f(x) > −3
 2 3
 2  x 3
Letting y  2 x 2  3  x  
x 2
The functions m(x) and n(x) are the We need to consider the domain of
inverse of each other as f ( x) to determine if either
mn(x) = nm(x) = x.
x3 x3
f 1  x    or f 1  x   
2 2
2
f(x) = 2x − 3 has domain {x ∈ ℝ, x < 0}
Hence f 1 ( x ) must be the negative square root
x3
f 1 ( x )   , {x ∈ ℝ, x > −3}
2

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10 b If f( a )  f 1 ( a) then a is negative 11 d Let y = g(x)
(see graph). y = ln(x − 4)
ey = x − 4
Solve f(a)  a x = ey + 4
2a 2  3  a g−1(x) = ex + 4
2a 2  a  3  0 Range of g(x) is g(x) ∈ℝ,
so domain of g−1(x) is { x  ℝ}
(2a  3)(a  1)  0
3 e g−1(x) = 11
a  , 1 ex + 4 = 11
2
Therefore a  1 ex = 7
x = ln7
x = 1.95

3( x  2) 2
12 a f(x) = 
x  x  20 x  4
2

3( x  2) 2
= 
( x  5)( x  4) x  4
3( x  2) 2( x  5)
= 
( x  5)( x  4) ( x  5)( x  4)
3 x  6  2 x  10
=
( x  5)( x  4)
11 a Range of f(x) is f(x) > −5 x4
=
( x  5)( x  4)
b Let y = f(x) 1
y = ex − 5 = , x4
x5
ex = y + 5
x = ln(y + 5) b The range of f is
−1
f (x) = ln(x + 5) 1
Range of f(x) is f(x) > −5, {f(x) ∈ ℝ, f(x) < }
9
so domain of f−1(x) is {x ∈ ℝ, x > −5}
c Let y = f(x)
c
1
y=
x5
yx + 5y = 1
yx = 1 − 5y
1 5y
x=
y
1
x = 5
y
1
f−1(x) =  5
x
The domain of f−1(x) is
1
{x ∈ ℝ, x > and x ≠ 0}
9

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Exercise 2E
1 a 2 c

3 a

c
b

2 a

3 c

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4 a 5 b

6 a
b There is no need to sketch y  k( x)
and y  k( x ) as these graphs would
match the original graph.

d i k( x)  m( x) is true:
a a
k( x )  2
 2  m( x )
x x

ii k( x )  m( x ) is false:
a a 7 a
k( x )  2  2  m( x )
x x

iii m( x)  m( x ) is true:
a a
m( x )  2
 2
 m( x )
x x

5 a

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7 c c

8 a

10 a

b y  m( x) and y  m( x ) are
reflections of each other in the
x-axis.
m( x)  m( x )
b
9 a

b The graphs of y  f ( x) and

y  g( x) are the same as the original
graph.

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Exercise 2F
1 a y  3f ( x ) b y  f ( x  2).
Vertical stretch, scale factor 3. Horizontal translation of  2.

y  f ( x  2)  5.
y  3f ( x )  2. Vertical translation of +2.
Vertical translation of  5.

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1 c y  f ( x  1) d y  f (2 x )
Horizontal translation of  1. Horizontal stretch, scale factor
1
2

1
y f ( x  1)
2
y   f (2 x )
1
Vertical stretch, scale factor Reflection in the x -axis.
2
(or Vertical stretch, scale factor  1).

e y  f ( x) . Reflect, in the x-axis, the

parts of the graph that lie below the
x-axis.

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 1 
y  f  x  . Reflection in the y-axis. 2 b y  f  x
1 f 2 
Horizontal stretch, scale factor 2.
y  f x .
Reflect, in the x-axis, the parts of the
graph that lie below the x-axis.

2 a y  f ( x  2)
Horizontal translation of  2
1 1 
y f  x
2 2 
1
Vertical stretch, scale factor
2

y  3f ( x  2)
Vertical stretch, scale factor 3.

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2 c y  f (x) 2 d y  f ( x  1)
Horizontal translation of 1.
Reflection in the x-axis.
(Or vertical stretch, scale factor 1).

y   2f ( x  1)
Reflection in the x-axis,
and vertical stretch, scale factor 2.

y  f ( x)  4
Vertical translation of  4.
2 e y  f  x  can be written
 f  x  , x  0
y
f   x  , x  0
y  f  x  is a reflection of
y  f  x in the y-axis.
Hence, y  f  x  is the following:

y  2f  x 
Vertical stretch, scale factor 2.

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3 a y  3f ( x ) 3 b y  f ( x  2)
Vertical stretch, scale factor 3. Horizontal translation of  2.

y  f ( x  2)  4
Vertical translation of  4.

y  3f ( x )  1
Vertical translation of  1.

Asymptotes: x  0, y  4
A: (–2, 5)

Asymptotes: x  2, y  1
A: (0, 2)

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3 c y  f (2 x ) 3 d y  f  x  can be written
1
Horizontal stretch, scale factor  f  x  , x  0
2 y
f   x  , x  0
y  f  x  is a reflection of
y  f  x in the y-axis.
Hence, y  f  x  is the following:

y   f (2 x ). Reflection in the x -axis.

Asymptotes are x = −2, x = 2 and
y = 0.
A: (0, 1)

4 a

b i (2 + 4, −9 × 2) = (6, −18)

Asymptotes: x  1, y  0
A: (0, –1) 1
ii (2 × , −9) = (1, −9)
2

iii (2, −9 × −1) = (2, 9)

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4 c y  g  x  can be written
1 
 g  x    x  2 2  9, x  0 5 c ii h  x  is a horizontal stretch
y 2 
g   x    x  2   9, x  0
2
scale factor 2
1 1 
y  g  x is a reflection of h  x  is a vertical stretch
4 2 
y  g  x in the y-axis. scale factor
1
4
Hence, y  g  x  is the following:

iii h   x  is a reflection in the

y-axis
5 a y = 2 sin x is a vertical stretch of
h   x  causes the part of the
y = sin x by a scale factor 2.
graph below the x-axis to be
reflected in the x-axis.

1
h   x  is a vertical stretch
2
1
scale factor
2

b minimum A(−90º, −2) and maximum

B(90º, 2)

c i h ( x  90 ) is a horizontal
translation of +90º
h( x  90)  1 is a vertical
translation of +1.

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Exercise 2G

1 a i Start with y  x b I Start with y  x

y  x  2 is a horizontal
y  4 x is a vertical stretch by
translation by –2
scale factor 4
1
y x  2 is a vertical stretch
3
1
by scale factor
3

y  4 x  3 is a horizontal
translation by –3
1
y x  2  1 is a vertical
3
translation by –1

ii The range is f(x) ≥ −3

ii The range is f(x) ≥ −1

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1 c i Start with y  x 1 c ii The range is f(x) ≤ 6

d i Start with y  x

y  x  1 is a horizontal 5
y x is a vertical stretch by
translation by +1 2
5
scale factor 
2

y  2 x  1 is a vertical stretch
by scale factor –2
5
y x  4 is a horizontal
2

translation by –3

y  2 x  1  6 is a vertical
d ii The range is f(x)  4
translation by +6

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2 a Start with y  x 2 b The region where y  p( x ) is the
region which lies on and above
y  x  4 is a horizontal
the line y  2 x  4  5
translation of –4

3 a Start with y  x
y  3 x is a vertical stretch
scale factor –3

y  2 x  4 is a vertical stretch
scale factor 2

y  3 x  6 is a vertical
translation of +6

y  2 x  4  5 is a vertical
translation of –5

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3 b The region where y  q( x ) is the 4 b The range is f(x) ≥ 1
region which lies below
the line y  3 x  6 c At one point of intersection:
1
4( x  6)  1   x  1
2
1
4 x  23   x  1
2
8x  46   x  2
48  7x
48
x
4 a Start with y  x 7
At other point of intersection:
y  x  6 is a horizontal 1
4( x  6)  1   x  1
translation of –6 2
1
4 x  25   x  1
2
8x  50   x  2
9x  48
16
x
3
So the solutions are
48 16
x and x  
7 3

y  4 x  6 is a vertical stretch
scale factor 4

y  4 x  6  1 is a vertical
translation of +1

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5 a Start with y  x 5 c At one point of intersection:
5
y  x  2 is a horizontal  ( x  2)  7  x  1
2
translation of +2 5
 x  12  x  1
2
5x  24  2x  2
22  7x
22
x
7

At other point of intersection:

5
( x  2)  7  x  1
2
5
5 x  2  x 1
y x  2 is a vertical stretch 2
2 5x  4  2 x  2
5 3x  2
scale factor 
2 2
x
3
So the solutions are
2 22
x   and x 
3 7

5
y x  2  7 is a vertical
2
translation of +7

b The range is g(x) ≤ 7

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6 For the equation m(x) = n(x) to have no 8 a The range is h(x) ≥ −7
real roots, it must be the case that
y = m(x) and y = n(x) do not intersect. b h(x) is many-to-one, therefore h–1(x)
would be one-to-many, and so would
not be a function.

c At one point of intersection:

2
 ( x  1)  7  6
3
2x  2  21  18
2x  1
1
x
2
At other point of intersection:
2
( x  1)  7  6
3
2x  2  21  18
The least value of
2x  5
y  n( x)  3 x  4  6 is
5
y  6 when x  4 x
2
Hence, we need m(4) < 6 to avoid So the solutions are
intersection 1 5
So −2(4) + k < 6 x   and x 
2 2
−8 + k < 6
h(x) < –6 between the two points of
k < 14
intersection, so the solution to the
inequality h(x) < −6 is
7 For the equation s(x) = t(x) to have
1 5
exactly one real root, it must be the case  x
that y = s(x) and y = t(x) intersect at the 2 2
minimum point of t(x).
d Since h  x   7 and h 1  7 ,
2
then for the equation h  x  xk
3
to have no solutions, we require
2
1  k  7
3
23
k 
3

The least value of

y  t( x)  2 x  b  8 is
y  8 when x   b
Hence, we need s(–b) = –8 to ensure
one intersection
 8  10   b 
b=2

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9 a We can write h as 10 a The range of m(x) is m(x) ≤ 7
 a  2( x  3), x  3
h( x )   3
 a  2( x  3), x  3 b m(x) = x2
5
At one point of intersection:
The line which has gradient –2 and
3
passes through (0, 4) is y  2 x  4 4( x  3)  7  x  2
5
3
So, for x  3 4 x  5  x  2
−2(x + 3) + a = −2x + 4 5
−2x − 6 + a = −2x + 4 20x  25  3x  10
a = 10 23x  35
35
x
b At P, h(x) = 10 (from part a) 23

So 10 = 10 − 2(x + 3) At other point of intersection:

−2x − 6 = 0 3
x = −3 4( x  3)  7  x  2
5
3
At Q, h(x) = 0 4 x  19  x  2
So 0 = 10 − 2(x + 3) 5
4 − 2x = 0 20x  95  3x  10
x=2 17x = −85
x  5
P(−3, 10) and Q(2, 0) So the solutions are x  5 and
35
x
1 23
c h(x) = x6
3
At one point of intersection: c For two distinct roots, there are two
1 points of intersection, so m(x) < 7.
10  2( x  3)  x  6 Therefore, k < 7.
3
1
4  2x  x  6
3
12  6x  x  18
7 x  6
6
x
7
At other point of intersection:
1
10  2( x  3)  x  6
3
1
16  2 x  x  6
3
48  6x  x  18
5x = −30
x  6
So the solutions are
6
x  6 and x  
7

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Challenge 2 At the first point of intersection:
x − 3 + 10 = −2(x − 3) + 2
1 a At A: x + 7 = −2x + 8
2( x  4)  8  x  9 3x = 1
2x  x  9 x=
1
3x  9 3
x3 At the other point of intersection:
y = 3 − 9 = −6 −(x − 3) + 10 = 2(x − 3) + 2
−x + 13 = 2x − 4
At B: −3x = −17
2( x  4)  8  x  9 17
x=
2x 16  x  9 3
x7 Maximum point of f(x) is
y = 7 − 9 = −2 f(x) = 10 when x = 3, so at (3, 10)
Minimum point of g(x) is
A(3, −6) and B(7, −2) g(x) = 2 when x = 3, so at (3, 2)
1
Area of a kite = × width × height
b Taking the shaded triangle R and 2
enclosing it in a rectangle looks like: 1  17 1 
= ×    × (10 − 2)
2  3 3
1 16
= × ×8
2 3
64
= units2
3

1  1  1 
R   4  6     4  4     6  3     2  1
2  2  2 
R  24  8  9  1
R = 6 units2

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Chapter review
1 a 1 b Intersection point A :
2( x  1)  2  x
2x  2  2  x
3x  0
x0
Intersection point B is on
the reflected part of the
modulus graph.
2( x  1)  2  x
 2x  2  2  x
x4
x  4

Minimum value of y  2 x  11 is
11
y  0 at x 
2
For two distinct solutions to
1
2 x  11  x  k , we must have
2
1 11
x  k  0 at x 
2 2
1 11
× +k>0
2 2
11
k> 
4

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3  12 
4 a y  12  5 x  5   x  
 5
Start with y  x
12
y  x is a horizontal
5
12
translation of 
5

At A:
1
(5 x  2)   x  8
4
20 x  8   x  32
19 x  24
24
x
19
At B:
12
1 y 5 x is a vertical stretch,
5x  2   x  8 5
4
20 x  8   x  32 scale factor 5
21x  40
40
x
21
So the solution are
24 40
x and x 
19 21
b The graphs do not intersect, so there
are no solutions.

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5 a i One-to-many. 5 c i Many-to-one.

ii Not a function. ii Is a function.

x value a gets mapped to two

values of y. d i Many-to-one.
x value b gets mapped to no
values. ii Is a function.

b i One-to-one.

ii Is a function.

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5 e i One-to-one. 6 a

ii Not a function.

For x ⩽ 1, f(x) = −x
This is a straight line of gradient  1.
x value a doesn’t get mapped to At point x  1, its y -coordinate is  1.
any value of y. It could be
redefined as a function if the
domain is said to exclude point a. For x  1, f ( x )  x  2
This is a straight line of gradient  1.
f i One-to-one. At point x  1, its y -coordinate is also  1.
ii Not a function for this domain.
Hence, the graph is said to be continuous.
b There are two values x in the range
1
−2 ⩽ x ⩽ 6 for which f ( x )  
2

x values less than a don’t get

mapped anywhere. Again, we
could define the domain to be
x ⩽ a and then it would be a
function.

Point a is where
1 1
x    x 
2 2
Point b is where
1 1
x  2    x 1
2 2

Hence, the values of x for which

1 1 1
f ( x )   are x  and x  1
2 2 2

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7 a pq(x) = p(2x + 1) 8 b The range is g−1(x) ⩾ 0.
= (2x + 1)2 + 3(2x + 1) − 4 To find the equation of the inverse
= 4x2 + 4x + 1 + 6x + 3 − 4 function, you can use a flow chart.
= 4x2 + 10x

b qq(x) = q(2x + 1)
= 2(2x + 1) + 1
= 4x + 3

pq(x) = qq(x) gives x7

4x2 + 10x = 4x + 3 g 1 ( x)  and has domain x ⩾ 7
2
4x2 + 6x − 3 = 0
c
Using the formula:
6  62  4  4  (3)
x
2 4
6  84
x
8
6  2 21
x
8
3  21
x
4

8 a y  2 x  7 is a straight line with g 1 ( x ) is the reflection of

gradient 2 and y-intercept 7 g( x ) in the line y  x.

9 a To find f 1 ( x), you can change the

subject of the formula.

2x  3
Let y 
x 1
y ( x  1)  2 x  3
yx  y  2 x  3
yx  2 x  y  3
For x ⩾ 0, the range is g(x) ⩾ 7 x( y  2)  y  3
y 3
x
y2
x3
Therefore f 1 ( x) 
x2

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9 b i Domain f ( x)  Range f 1 ( x)  1 
10 c gf ( x )  g  
 Range f ( x)   y  , y  1
1
 ( x  1)( x  1) 
2

ii Range f ( x)  Domain f 1 ( x)  1 
Now range of f ( x ) is  ( x  1)( x  1) 
 
{f ( x )  , f ( x )  2} ( x  1)( x  1)
 2
 Domain f 1 ( x)   x  , x  2 1
 2  x  1 x  1
x 1
10 a f ( x )  
x 1 x 1
2
gf ( x )  70  2( x  1)( x  1)  70
x 1 ( x  1)( x  1)  35
 
( x  1)( x  1) ( x  1) x 2  1  35
x x 1
  x 2  36
( x  1)( x  1) ( x  1)( x  1)
x  6
x  ( x  1)

( x  1)( x  1) 11 a f (7)  4(7  2)
1  45

( x  1)( x  1)  20
g(3)  33  1
b Consider the graph of  27  1
1
y for x  :  28
( x  1)( x  1)
h(2)  32
1
 2
3
1

9

For x  1, f ( x )  0

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11 b f ( x )  4( x  2)  4 x  8 11 e First find gh( x ) :
This is a straight line with gradient 4 gh( x )  g(3x )
and intercept −8.
 (3x )3  1
The domain tells us that x ⩾ 0, so the
graph of y  f ( x ) is:  33 x  1

gh(a)  244
33a  1  244
33a  243
33a  35
3a  5
5
a
3

The range of f ( x ) is 12 a f 1 exists when f is one-to-one.

f ( x )  , f ( x ) ⩾ −8
Now f(x) = x2 + 6x − 4
g ( x)  x3  1 Completing the square:
f(x) = (x + 3)2 − 13
The minimum value is
f ( x )  13 when x + 3 = 0
 x = −3
Hence, f is one-to-one when x  3
So least value of a is a = −3

b Let y = f(x)
y = x2 + 6x − 4
y = (x + 3)2 – 13
y + 13 = (x + 3)2
x  3  y  13
The range of g( x ) is g( x )  x  y  13  3

c Let y  x 3  1 So f 1 : x a x  13  3
(change the subject of the formula)
y  1  x3 For a = 0, Range f(x) is y  4
So Domain f 1 ( x) is x > −4
3 y 1  x
Hence g 1 ( x)  3 x  1 {x  }

d fg( x )  f ( x 3  1)
 4( x3  1  2)
 4( x3  1)

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13 a f : x a 4 x  1 x
14 a Let y 
Let y  4 x  1 and change x2
the subject of the formula. y ( x  2)  x
 y  1  4x yx  2 y  x (rearrange)
y 1 yx  x  2 y
 x
4 x ( y  1)  2 y
x 1 2y
Hence f 1 : x a , x x
4 y 1
2x
b gf ( x )  g(4 x  1) f 1 ( x )  , x 1
x 1
3

2(4 x  1)  1 b The range of f 1 ( x ) is the domain
3 of f ( x):

8x  3 {f 1 ( x )  , f 1 ( x )  2}
3
Hence gf : x a
8x  3  1.5 
gf ( x) is undefined when 8 x  3  0 c gf (1.5)  g  
 1.5  2 
3
That is, at x   1.5 
8  g 
 0.5 
 3
 Domain gf(x)   x  , x    g(3)
 8
3
c If 2f ( x )  g( x ) 
3
3
2  (4 x  1)   1
2x 1
3 d If g( x )  f ( x )  4
8x  2 
2x 1 3 x
(8 x  2)(2 x  1)  3  4
x x2
16 x 2  12 x  2  3 3( x  2)  x 2  4 x ( x  2)
16 x 2  12 x  1  0 3x  6  x 2  4 x 2  8 x
b  b 2  4ac 0  5 x 2  11x  6
Use x 
2a 0  (5 x  6)( x  1)
with a  16, b  12 and c  1.
6
12  144  64  x  ,1
Then x  5
32
12  208

32
 0.826,  0.076
Values of x are  0.076 and 0.826

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15 y  5  x is a straight line with gradient 15 b From the diagram, you can see there
1 passing through 5 on the y axis. are two values of x for which
n( x )  50
y  x 2 is a  -shaped quadratic passing
through (0, 0)

The negative value of x is where

5  x  50
x  5  50
x  45
a n(  3)  5  (  3) The positive value of x is where
 53 x 2  50
8 x  50
x5 2
n(3)  32
The values of x such that n( x )  50
9
are  45 and  5 2

16 a

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16 b y  tan  x  reflects the negative 18 a g(x) ⩾ 0
parts of tan x in the x axis. b gf(x) = g(4 − x)
= 3(4 − x)2
= 3x2 − 24x + 48

gf(x) = 48
3x2 − 24x + 48 = 48
3x2 − 24x = 0
3x(x − 8) = 0
x = 0 or x = 8
c y  tan  x  reflects tan x in the
c
y-axis.

f ( x)  2 when 4  x  2 , so
4 x  2  x  2
or   4  x   2  x  6

17 a

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19 a 19 b y  f (2 x )
1
Horizontal stretch, scale factor
2

c 2x  a  1 x
2
Either (2 x  a )  1 x
2
For y | 2 x  a | : a3x
2
When x  0, y  |  a |  a (0, a) Given that x  4,
When y  0, 2 x  a  0 3 4
a 6
a a  2
 x  ,0
2 2  Or
1
(2 x  a)  x
2
5
a x
2
Given that x  4,
5 4
a  10
2

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20 a 1
20 b x  2a  x
3
1
Either ( x  2a)  x
3
1
 x  x  2a
3
2
 x  2a
3
 x  3a
1
or  ( x  2a)  x
3
1
  x  2a  x
3
For y  | x  2a |:
4
When x  0, y  | 2a |  2a (0, 2a )  x  2a
3
When y  0, x  2a  0 3
 x a
 x  2a (2a, 0) 2

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20 c y   | x  2a| 21 a & b
Reflect y  |x  2 a| in the x-axis

For y | 2 x  a | :
When x  0, y | a | a (0, a)

y  a  | x  2 a| Vertical translation by  a
When y  0, 2 x  a  0
For y  a  | x  2a | : a  a 
 x   , 0
When x  0, 2  2 
y  a  |  2a |
 a  2a
 a (0, a )
When y  0,
a  | x  2a |  0
| x  2a |  a
Either x  2a  a
 x  3a (3a, 0)
or  ( x  2a)  a
  x  2a  a
 xa (a, 0)
c Intersection of graphs in b
gives solutions to the equation:
1
2x  a 
x
x x  a 1
x 2x  a 1  0

The graphs intersect once only, so

x 2 x  a  1  0 has only one
solution.

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21 d The intersection point is on the non- 22 b y  f ( x  2)
reflected part of the modulus graph, Horizontal translation of  2.
so here 2 x  a  2 x  a Graph looks like:

x(2 x  a )  1  0
2 x 2  ax  1  0
a  a 2  8
x
4
As shown on the graph,
x is positive at intersection,
a  a 2  8
so x  y   3 f ( x  2)
4
Reflection in the x-axis, and
22 a f ( x )  x 2  7 x  5ln x  8 vertical stretch, scale factor 3.
5 Graph looks like:
f ( x )  2 x  7 
x
At stationary points, f ( x )  0 :
5
2x  7   0
x
2x  7 x  5  0
2

(2 x  5)( x  1)  0
5
x  , x 1
2
Point A : x  1,
f ( x)  1  7  5 ln1  8
2
A is (1, 2)
5
Point B : x  ,
2
25 35 5
f ( x)    5 ln  8
4 2 2
5 13
 5ln 
2 4
5 5 13 
B is  , 5 ln  
2 2 4

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22 c Using the transformations, 23 d Look at each section of f ( x)
point ( X , Y ) separately.
becomes ( X  2, 3Y ) −5 ⩽ x ⩽ −3:
Gradient = 2  6  4
3  (5)
(1, 2)  (3, 6) f (x)  (2)  4(x  (3))  f (x)  4x 14
Minimum So in this region, f (x)  2 when x  4
fg(x)  2 has a corresponding solution if
5 5 13  g(x)  4  g(x)  4  x2  7x 14  0
 2 , 5ln 2  4  
  Discriminant (7)2  4(1)(14)  7  0
 9 39 5 
 ,  15ln  So no solution
2 4 2  18  (2)
−3 ⩽ x ⩽ 7: Gradient  2
Maximum 7  (3)
f(x)  (2)  2(x  (3))  f (x)  2x  4
23 a The range of f(x) is −2 ⩽ f(x) ⩽ 18
So in this region, f (x)  2 when x  1
b ff(−3) = f(−2) fg(x)  2 has a corresponding solution if
Using f(x) = 2x + 4
g(x)  1  g(x) 1  x2  7x 11  0
f(−2) = 2 × (−2) + 4 = 0
(7)  (7)2  4(1)(11) 7  5
c x 
2(1) 2

x  7  5 or x  7  5
2 2

24 a The range of p(x) is p(x) ⩽ 10

b p(x) is many-to-one, therefore the

inverse is one-to-many, which is not
a function.

c At first point of intersection:

2(x + 4) + 10 = −4
2x + 18 = −4
x = −11
At the other point of intersection:
−2(x + 4) + 10 = −4
−2x + 2 = −4
x=3
−11 < x < 3

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24 d For no solutions, p(x) > 10 at x = −4

1
So  x  k  10 at x = −4
2
1
 (4)  k  10
2
2  k  10
k 8

Challenge
a

b y = (a + x)(a − x)
When y = 0, x = −a or x = a
When x = 0, y = a2
(−a, 0), (a, 0), (0, a2)

c When x = 4, y = a2 − x2
= a2 − 16
and y=x+a
=4+a
a2 − 16 = 4 + a
a2 − a − 20 = 0
(a − 5)(a + 4) = 0
As a > 1, a = 5

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