RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS &

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

 Chapter 02 79
RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS &
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

RELATIONS 3. TYPES OF RELATION

(a) Void Relation : Let A be a non-empty set. Then

1. CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF SETS f Í A × A and so it is a relation on set A. This relation
is called the void or empty relation on set A.
Definition : Given two non-empty sets P & Q. The cartesian
(b) Universal Relation : Let A be a non-empty set. Then,
product P × Q is the set of all ordered pairs of elements from
A × A is known as the universal relation set A.
P & Q i.e.
(c) Identity Relation : Let A be a non-empty set. Then,
P × Q = {(p, q); p Î P; q Î Q}
IA = {(a, a) : a Î A} is called the identity relation on A.
2. RELATIONS (d) Reflexive Relation : A relation R on a set A is said to
be reflexive if every element of A is related to itself.
2.1 Definition : Let A & B be two non-empty sets. Then
Thus, R is reflexive Û (a, a) Î R for all a Î A.
any subset ‘R’ of A × B is a relation from A to B.
(e) Symmetric Relation : A relation R on a set A is said
If (a, b) Î R, then we write it as a R b which is read as
to be a symmetric relation iff
‘a is related to b’ by the relation R, ‘b’ is also called
image of ‘a’ under R. (a, b) Î R Þ (b, a) Î R for all a, b Î A
2.2 Domain and range of a relation : If R is a relation i.e. aRb Þ bRa for all a, b Î A.
from A to B, then the set of first elements in R is (f) Antisymmetric Relation : A relation R on set A is
called domain & the set of second elements in R is said to be antisymmetric relation iff
called range of R. symbolically. (a, b) Î R and (b, a) Î R Þ a = b for all a, b Î A
Domain of R = { x : (x, y) Î R} (g) Transitive Relation :
Range of R = { y : (x, y) Î R} We say that a relation R on a set A is transitive if
The set B is called co-domain of relation R. whenever a R b and b R c, then a R c.
Note that range Ì co-domain. It means that if a related to b and b related to c then
a related to c for all (a,b,c) ÎA.
NOTES : (h) Equivalence Relation : A relation R on a set A is said
Total number of relations that can be defined from a set A to be an equivalence relation on A iff
to a set B is the number of possible subsets of A × B. If (i) it is reflexive
n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq and total number (ii) it is symmetric and
pq
of relations is 2 .
(iii) it is transitive

FUNCTIONS
2.3 Inverse of a relation : Let A, B be two sets and let R
be a relation from a set A to set B. Then the inverse of
–1
R, denoted by R , is a relation from B to A and is
defined by 1. DEFINITION
–1
R = {(b, a) : (a, b) Î R} A relation ‘f’ from a set A to set B is said to be a function if
–1 every element of set A has one and only one image in set B.
Clearly, (a, b) Î R Û (b, a) Î R
–1 –1
Also, Domain (R) = Range (R ) and Range (R) = Domain (R ).
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
80
Notations
Then express x in terms of y. From this find y for x to be
defined. (i.e., find the values of y for which x exists).
(iii) If domain Î a finite interval, find the least and greater
value for range using monotonocity.

NOTES :

Two functions f & g are said to be equal (identical) iff

1. Domain of f = Domain of g
2. Co-Domain of f = Co-domain of g
3. f(x) = g(x) " x Î Domain.

2. DOMAIN, CO-DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A 3. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTION

FUNCTION
Definition 1 : A function f : X ® Y is defined to be one-
Domain : When we define y = f (x) with a formula and the one (or injective), if the images of distinct
domain is not stated explicitly, the domain is assumed elements of X under f are distinct, i.e., for
to be the largest set of x–values for which the formula every x1, x2 Î X, f (x1) = f (x2) implies
gives real y–values. x1 = x2. Otherwise, f is called many-one.

The domain of y = f (x) is the set of all real x for which Definition 2 : A function f : X ® Y is said to be onto
f (x) is defined (real). (or surjective, if every element of Y is the
image of some element of X under f, i.e., for
Rules for finding Domain :
every y Î Y, there exists an element x in X
(i) Expression under even root (i.e. square root, fourth such that f (x) = y.
root etc.) should be non–negative.
(ii) Denominator ¹ 0.
(iii) logax is defined when x > 0, a > 0 and a ¹ 1.
(iv) If domain of y = f (x) and y = g(x) are D1 and D2
respectively, then the domain of f (x) ± g(x) or
f (x) . g(x) is D1 Ç D2. While domain of

f x
is D1 Ç D2 – {x: g(x) = 0}.
g x

Range : The set of all f -images of elements of A is known as

the range of f & denoted by f (A).
Range = f (A) = {f (x) : x Î A};
f (A) Í B {Range Í Co-domain}.
Rule for finding range :

First of all find the domain of y = f (x)

(i) If domain Î finite number of points
Þ range Î set of corresponding f (x) values.
(ii) If domain Î R or R – {some finite points}
Put y = f(x)
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
81

Methods to check one-one mapping

1. Theoretically : If f (x1) = f (x2)
Þ x1 = x2 only, then f (x) is one-one.
2. Graphically : A function is one-one, iff no line parallel
to x-axis meets the graph of function at more than
one point.
3. By Calculus : For checking whether f (x) is One-One,
find whether function is only increasing or only
decreasing in their domain. If yes, then function is
one-one,

i.e. if f ' x ³ 0, " x Î domain

5. COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
or if f ' x £ 0 , " x Î domain,
Let us consider two functions, f : X ® Y1 and g : Y1 ® Y. We
then function is one-one. define function h : X ® Y; such that
Methods to check into/onto mapping h (x) = g (f (x)) = (gof ) (x).
Find the range of f(x) and compare with co-domain. If range
equals co-domain then function is onto, otherwise it is into.

4. EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS

1. Even Function : f (–x) = f (x), " x Î Domain

The graph of an even function y = f (x) is symmetric about
the y–axis. i.e., (x, y) lies on the graph Û (–x, y) lies on the
graph.
To obtain h (x), we first take f–image of an element x Î X so
that f (x) Î Y1, which is the domain of g (x). Then take
g–image of f (x), i.e., g ( f (x)) which would be an element of Y.

NOTES :

It should be noted that gof exists iff; the range of

f Í domain of g. Similarly, fog exists; iff; the range of g
Í domain of f.

6. INVERSE OF FUNCTION
2. Odd Function : f (– x) = –f (x), " x Î Domain
6.1 Definition : Let f : A ® B be a one–one and onto function,
The graph of an odd function y = f (x) is symmetric about then there exists a unique function, g : B ® A such
origin i.e. if point (x, y) is on the graph of an odd function,
that f (x) = y Û g (y) = x, " x Î A and y Î B. Then
then (–x, –y) will also lie on the graph.
g is said to be inverse of f.
-1
Thus, g = f : B ® A = f x , x | x, f x Î f
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
82

Let us consider one–one function with domain A and 6.3 Properties of inverse of a function
range B. (i) The inverse of bijection is unique.
where A= {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8} and f : A® B is given by (ii) The inverse of bijection is also bijection.
–1
f (x) = 2x, then write f and f as a set of ordered pairs.
(iii) If f : A ® B is bijection and g : B ® A is inverse of f,
Here, member y Î B arises from one and only one member then fog = IB and gof = IA.
x Î A.
Where, IA and IB are identity function on the sets A
and B respectively.
(iv) If f : A ® B and g : B ® C are two bijections, then
–1 –1 –1
gof : A ® C is bijection and (gof ) = (f og ).
(v) In general, fog ¹ gof but if, (fog) (x) = x and
–1 –1
(gof) (x) = x. then f = g and g = f .

So, f = {(1, 2) (2, 4) (3, 6) (4, 8)} 7. FUNCTIONAL EQUATION

–1
and f = {(2, 1) (4, 2) (6, 3) (8. 4)} If x, y are independent variable then ;
(i) f (xy) = f (x) + f (y) Þ f (x) = k ln x or f(x) = 0
NOTES :
(ii) f (xy) = f (x) . f (y) Þ f (x) = xn , n Î R or f(x) = 0
–1
In above function, Domain of f = {1, 2, 3, 4} = range of f (iii) f (x + y) = f (x) . f (y) Þ f (x) = akx or f(x) = 0
–1
Range of f = {2, 4, 6, 8} = domain of f (iv) f (x) is continuous and takes rational values for all x
Which represents for a function to have its inverse, it must be Þ f (x) is constant function.
one–one onto or bijective. (v) By considering a general nth degree polynomial and
writting the expression.
6.2 Graph of the inverse of an invertible function :
Let (h, k) be a point on the graph of the function f. Then æ1ö æ1ö
f (x) × f ç ÷ = f (x) + fç ÷
(k, h) is the corresponding point on the graph of inverse of èxø èxø
–1
f i.e., f .
Þ f (x ) = ± xn + 1 = 1 ± xn

BINARY OPERATIONS

Definition 1 : A binary operations * on a set A is a

function* : A × A ® A. We denote * (a, b)
by a * b.
Definition 2 : A binary operation * on a set A is called
commutative, if a * b = b * a, for every
a, b Î A.
The line segment joining the points (h, k) and (k, h) is
bisected at right angle by the line y = x. Definition 3 : A binary operation * : A × A ® A is said to
So that the two points play object–image role in the line be associative if (a * b) * c = a * (b * c),
y = x as plane mirror. " a, b, c, Î A.
It follows that the graph of y = f (x) and its inverse written in
form y = g (x) are symmetrical about the line y = x.
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
83

Definition 4 : Given a binary operation * : A × A ® A, an element e Î A, if it exists, is called identity for the operation *,
if a * e = a = e * a, " a Î A.

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1. INTRODUCTION

Function Domain Range

LM- p , p OP
1. y = sin-1 x iff x = sin y –1 < x < 1,
N 2 2Q
2. y = cos-1 x iff x = cos y –1 < x < 1 [0, p ]

FG - p , p IJ
3. y = tan-1 x iff x = tan y -¥ < x < ¥ H 2 2K
4. y = cot-1 x iff x = cot y -¥ < x < ¥ (0, p )

LM- p .0IJ È FG 0, p OP
5. y = cosec-1 x iff x = cosec y -¥, - 1 È [1, ¥]
N 2 K H 2Q
LM0. p IJ È FG p , pOP
6. y = sec-1 x iff x = sec y -¥, - 1 È [1, ¥]
N 2K H 2 Q
NOTES :

(i) sin–1 x & tan–1 x are increasing functions in their domain. (ii) cos–1 x & cot–1 x are decreasing functions in their domain.

2. COMPOSITION OF TRIGONOMETRIC AND Hence, sin (sin–1 x) = x for all x Î [–1, 1]

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Similarly, we can prove other results.
2.2 T–1 (T(x)) ¹ x always
2.1 (i) sin (sin–1 x) = x, for all x Î [–1, 1]
T–1 (T(x)) = x when x lies in principal domain of T.
(ii) cos (cos–1 x) = x, for all x Î [–1, 1]
eg: sin–1 (sin q) ¹ q, if q Ï [– p/2, p/2]. Infact, we have
(iii) tan (tan–1 x) = x, for all x Î R
ì -p - q, if q Î [-3p / 2, - p / 2]
(iv) cosec (cosec–1 x) = x, for all x Î (–¥, –1] È [1, ¥) ï q,
ï if q Î [-p / 2, p / 2]
(v) sec (sec–1 x) = x, for all x Î (–¥, –1] È [1, ¥) sin -1 (sin q) = í
ï p - q, if q Î [ p / 2, 3p / 2]
(vi) cot (cot–1 x) = x, for all x Î R ïî -2p + q, if q Î [3p / 2, 5p / 2] and so on.
Proof. We know that, if f : A ® B is a bijection, then f–1 : B ® A Similarly,
exists such that fof–1 (y) = f (f–1 (y)) = y for all y Î B.
ì -q, if q Î [-p, 0]
Clearly, all these results are direct consequences of this ï q, if q Î [0, p]
ï
property. cos -1 (cos q) = í
ï 2p - q, if q Î [p, 2 p]
Aliter : Let q Î [–p/2, p/2] and x Î [–1, 1] such that sin q = x ïî-2p + q, if q Î [2p, 3p] and so on.
then, q = sin–1 x
\ x = sin q = sin (sin–1 x)
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
84

Thus, the curve y = cos–1 (cos x).

ì p + q, if q Î (-3p / 2, - p / 2)
ï q, Graph for y = tan–1 (tan x)
-1 ï if q Î ( -p / 2, p / 2)
tan (tan q) = í
ï q - p, if q Î ( p / 2, 3p / 2)
ïîq - 2p, if q Î (3p / 2, 5p / 2) and so on.

Graph for y = sin–1 (sin x)

As, y = sin–1 (sin x) is periodic with period 2p.
\ to draw this graph we should draw the graph for one interval
of length 2p and repeat for entire values of x.
This is the curve for y = tan–1 (tan x), where y is not defined
As we know,
p
ì p p for xÎ (2n+1) .
2
-1
ïï x, - £x£
2 2
sin (sin x) = í
ïp - x, p 3p
ïî
£x£ , 3. PROPERTIES
2 2
3.1 PROPERTY – I
which is defined for the interval of length 2 p, plotted as ;
(i) cos–1 (–x) = p – cos–1 (x), for all x Î [–1, 1]
(ii) sec–1 (–x) = p – sec–1 x, for all x Î (–¥, –1] È [1, ¥)
(iii) cot–1 (–x) = p – cot–1 x, for all x Î R
(iv) sin–1 (–x) = – sin–1 (x), for all x Î [–1, 1]
(v) tan–1 (–x) = – tan–1 x, for all x Î R
(vi) cosec–1 (–x) = – cosec–1 x, for all x Î (–¥, –1] È [1, ¥)
Thus, the graph for y = sin–1 (sin x), is a straight line up and Proof. (i) Clearly, – x Î [–1, 1] for all x Î [–1, 1]
a straight line down with slopes 1 and –1 respectively lying let cos–1 (–x) = q ... (i)
é p pù then, – x = cos q
between ê - , ú .
ë 2 2û Þ x = – cos q
Graph for y = cos–1 (cos x) Þ x = cos (p – q)
As, y = cos–1 (cos x) is periodic with period 2p. Þ cos -1 x = cos -1 cos p - q
\ to draw this graph we should draw the graph for one interval
of length 2p and repear for entire values of x of length 2p. cos–1 x = p – q { Q x Î (–1, 1) and p – q Î [0, p] for all q Î [0, p]}

As we know; Þ q = p – cos–1 x ... (ii)

from (i) and (ii), we get
ì x; 0£x£p
cos -1 (cos x) = í cos–1 (–x) = p – cos–1 x
î 2p - x; p £ x £ 2p,
Similarly, we can prove other results.
Thus, it has been defined for 0 £ x £ 2p that has length 2p. (iv) Clearly, – x Î [–1, 1] for all x Î [–1, 1]
So, its graph could be plotted as;
let sin–1 (–x) = q
then, – x = sin q ... (i)
Þ x = – sin q
-1 -1
Þ x = sin (–q) Þ sin ( x ) = sin sin -q
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
85
Þ – q = sin–1 x ... (ii)
æ1ö
{ Q x Î [–1, 1] and – q Î [–p/2, p/2] for all q Î [–p/2, p/2] q = tan -1 ç ÷ ... (ii) { Q q Î (0, p/2)}
èxø
from (i) and (ii), we get
from (i) and (ii), we get
sin–1 (–x) = – sin–1 (x)
æ1ö
tan -1 ç ÷ = cot -1 x, for all x > 0.
3.2 PROPERTY – II èxø
Case II : When x < 0
æ1ö
(i) sin ç ÷ = cosec–1 x, for all x Î (– ¥, 1] È [1, ¥)
–1
In this case q Î (p/2, p) { Q x = cot q < 0)
èxø
p
Proof. Let, cosec–1 x = q ... (i) Now, <q< p
2
then, x = cosec q
p
1 1 Þ - <q-p<0
Þ = sin q Þ sin -1 æç ö÷ = sin -1 sin q = q 2
x èxø
Þ q – p Î (–p/2, 0)
1 \ cot–1 x = q
{ Q x Î (–¥, –1] È [1, ¥) Þ Î [–1, 1] – {0}
x
Þ x = cot q
cosec–1 x = q Þ q Î [– p/2, p/2] – {0}
1
Þ = tan q
æ1ö x
Þ q = sin -1 ç ÷ ... (ii)
èxø
1
from (i) and (ii); we get Þ = - tan (p - q)
x
æ1ö
sin -1 ç ÷ = cos ec -1x 1
= tan (q - p)
èxø Þ { Q tan (p–q) = – tan q}
x

æ1ö æ1ö
(ii) cos–1 ç ÷ = sec–1 x, for all x Î (– ¥, 1] È [1, ¥) Þ tan -1 ç ÷ = tan -1 tan q - p
èxø è xø

1 ìï cot -1 x , for x > 0 æ1ö

(iii) tan–1 æç ö÷ = í Þ tan -1 ç ÷ = -p + q ... (iii) { Q q – p Î (–p/2, 0)}
è x ø ïî-p + cot -1 x, for x < 0 èxø
from (i) and (iii), we get
Proof. Let cot–1 x = q. Then xÎR, x ¹ 0 and q Î (0, p) ... (i)
Now two cases arises : æ1ö
tan -1 ç ÷ = - p + cot -1 x, if x < 0
Case I : When x > 0 èxø
In this case, q Î (0, p/2) Hence,
–1
\ cot x = q
-1
Þ x = cot q æ 1 ö ì cot x, for x > 0
tan -1 ç ÷ = í -1
x
è ø î-p + cot x, for x < 0
1 æ1ö
Þ = tan q Þ tan -1 ç ÷ = tan -1 tan q
x èxø
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
86

3.3 PROPERTY – III

So, cos q = 1 - x 2 Þ q = cos -1 1 - x2
(i) sin–1 x + cos1 x = p/2, for all x Î [ –1, 1]
(ii) tan–1 x + cot–1 x = p/2, for all x Î R
Þ sin -1 x = cos -1 1 - x2
p
(iii) sec–1x + cosec–1 x = , for all x Î (– ¥, –1] È [1, ¥)
2
x æ x ö
Proof. Let, sin–1 x = q ... (i) and tan q = Þ q = tan -1 ç ÷
ç ÷
then, q Î [– p/2, p/2] ( Q x Î [–1, 1]) 1 - x2 è 1- x
2
ø
Þ – p/2 £ q £ p/2 Similarly, sin –1x canbe converted to any other inverse
Þ – p/2 £ – q £ p/2 trigonometric function.

p Similar procedure can be applied to convert any inverse

Þ 0£ -q£p
2 trigometric ratio to any other inverse trigonometric ratio.

p 4.2 when x < 0

Þ 2
– q Î [0, p]
We can convert these to positive number first.
Now, sin–1 x = q
eg. sin–1x = sin–1 (- (-x)) = - sin–1(-x) and
Þ x = sin q
cos–1(x) = cos–1(-(-x) = p - cos–1(-x).
æp ö æ æp öö
Þ x = cos ç - q ÷ Þ cos -1 x = cos-1 ç cos ç - q ÷ ÷ Now (-x) is positive and so procedure learnt in 4.1 can be
è2 ø è è2 øø
applied to it.

p
Þ cos -1 x = -q 5. SUM AND DIFFERENCE FORMULAE
2
{ Q x Î [–1, 1] and (p/2–q) Î [0, p])
Þ q + cos–1 x = p/2 ... (ii) ì -1 æ x + y ö
ï tan ç ÷, x ³ 0, y ³ 0, xy < 1
ï è 1 - xy ø
from (i) and (ii), we get ïï
-1 æ x + y ö
(i) tan–1 x + tan–1 y = íp + tan ç ÷ , x ³ 0, y ³ 0, xy > 1
–1
p
–1 ï è 1 - xy ø
sin x + cos x = ï
2 p
ï , x ³ 0, y ³ 0, xy = 1
ïî 2
4. INTERCONVERSION
4.1 If x > 0
æ x- y ö
–1
(ii) tan–1 x – tan–1 y = tan -1 ç ÷ , x ³ 0, y ³ 0
If sin x = q {q lies in I quadrant} è 1 + xy ø
Then to convert sin–1 x to other inverse trigonometric
ì sin -1 x 1 - y 2 + y 1 - x2 if x ³ 0, y ³ 0, x 2 + y 2 £ 1
x p ï
functions, sin q = = (iii) sin–1 x + sin–1 y = í
1 h ïp - sin -1 x 1 - y 2 + y 1 - x 2 if x ³ 0, y ³ 0, x2 + y 2 > 1
î

(iv) sin–1 x – sin–1 y = sin–1 (x 1 - y 2 - y 1 - x 2 ) , if 0 £ x,y £ 1

é 2 2 ù
(v) cos–1 x + cos–1y = cos–1 ê xy - 1 - x 1 - y ú , 0 £ x, y £ 1
ë û

1 - x2
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
87

ì
7. SIMPLIFICATION
cos -1 é xy + 1 - x 2 1 - y 2 ù , 0 £ x < y £ 1
ïï êë ûú
(vi) cos–1 x – cos–1y = í Terms involving inverse trigonometric ratios can be
ï - cos -1 é xy + 1 - x 1 - y ù , 0 £ y < x £ 1
2 2
îï êë úû simplified using proper trigonometric substitutions. For
example,

6. SUMMATION OF SERIES æ 2x ö
1. tan -1 ç ÷ = 2 tan x, | x | < 1.
è 1 - x2 ø
The formula to be used in such problems is
For this we use substitution x = tan q in LHS.
-1 æx- y ö -1 -1
tan ç ÷ = tan x - tan y
1 + xy æ 2x ö
è ø 2. sin -1 ç -1
÷ = 2 tan x, | x | £1
è 1 + x2 ø
So first convert tan inverse term to form given in L.H.S.
Substitution used : x = tan q
If series given is in some other inverse trigonometric
function, then first convert it to tan inverse using 1
interconversion. 3. sin-1 2x 1- x2 = 2sin-1 x , | x|£
2
Substitution used : x = sin q
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 88

SOLVED EXAMPLES

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS–II Þ 2|a-b + b-c

Þ 2|a-c Þ (a, c) Î R
Example – 1
Example – 3
Let L be the set of all lines in a plane and R be the relation
in L defined as R = {(L1, L2) : L1 is perpendicular to L2}. Let f : X ® Y be a function. Define a relation R in X given by
Show that R is symmetric but neither reflexive nor R = {(a, b) : f (a) = f (b)}. Examine whether R is an equivalence
transitive. relation or not.
Sol. R is not reflexive: As a line L1 can not be perpendicular to Sol. R is reflexive: Since f(a) = f(a) " a Î X
itself, i.e., (L1, L1) Ï R, Þ (a, a) Î R Þ R is reflexible
R is symmetric : As (L1, L2) Î R. R is symmetric : Let (a, b) Î R
Þ f(a) = f(b)
Þ f(b) = f(a)
Þ (b, a) Î R
Þ R is symmetric
R is transitive : Let (a, b) & (b,c) Î R
Þ L1 is perpendicular to L2
Þ f(a) = f(b) & f(b) = f(c)
Þ L2 is perpendicular to L1
Þ f(a) = f(c)
Þ (L2, L1) Î R.
Þ (a, c) Î R
R is not transitive: If (L1, L2) ÎR & (L2, L3) Î R
Þ R is transitive
Þ L1 is perpendicular to L2 & L2 is perpendicular to L3.
Then L1 can not be perpendicular to L3 as L1 is parallel Example – 4
to L3.
Þ (L1, L3) Ï R. Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. Let R be the relation on A
defined by
Example – 2 R = {(x, y) : x Î A, y Î A and x divides y}.
Find (i) R; (ii) domain of R; (iii) range of R; (iv) R–1
Show that the relation R in the set Z of integers given by
State whether or not R is (a) reflexive (b) symmetric
R = {(a, b) : 2 divides a – b}
(c) transitive.
is an equivalence relation.
Sol. Here, x R y iff x divides y, therefore,
Sol. R is reflexive: As 2|a-a " a Î Z ( | this symbol mean divide)
(i) R = {(2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (2, 8), (3, 3), (3, 6), (3, 9), (4, 4),
Þ (a, a) Î R, (4, 8), (5, 5) (6, 6) (7, 7), (8, 8) (9, 9)}
R is symmetric : Let (a, b) Î R (ii) Domain of R = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} = A
Þ 2|a-b (iii) Range of R = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} = A
–1
Þ 2|-(b-a) (iv) R = {(y, x) : (x, y) Î R}
Þ (b, a) Î R = {(2, 2), (4, 2), (6, 2), (8, 2) (3, 3), (6, 3), (9, 3),
R is transitive : Let (a, b) Î R & (b, c) Î R (4, 4), (8, 4) (5, 5) (6, 6), (7, 7) (8, 8), (9, 9)}
–1
Þ 2|a-b & 2|b-c Infact R is {(y, x) : x, y Î A, y is divisible by x}.
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 89

(a) As (2, 2) (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6), (7, 7), (8, 8), 1
(9, 9) belong to R, therefore, (R) is reflexive. Sol. f x = . exists if;
l og1/2 x 2 – 7x +13
(b) Here, R is not symmetric. We may observe that
(2, 4) Î R but (4, 2) Ï R. Infact, ‘x divides y’ does not log1/2 (x2 – 7x + 13) > 0
imply ‘y divides x’ when x ¹ y.
Þ (x2 – 7x + 13) < 1 ...(i)
(c) As x’ divides y’ and ‘y divides z’ imply ‘x divides z’, 2
and x – 7x + 13 > 0 ...(ii)
therefore, the relation R is transitive.
2
considering equation (ii), x – 7x + 13 > 0, we have
Example – 5
æ 2 49 ö 49
Determine which of the following binary operations on ç x – 7x + ÷ + 13 – >0
è 4 ø 4
the set R are associative and which are commutative.
2
(a) a * b = 1 " a, b Î R æ 7ö 3
Þ çx – ÷ + > 0
è 2ø 4
a+b
(b) a * b = " a, b Î R
2 which is true for all x Î R

Sol. (a) Clearly, by definition a * b = b * a = 1, 7ö

2
æ
as ç x – ÷ ³ 0 for all x. ....(a)
" a, b Î R. Also (a * b) * c = (1) * c = 1 and è 2ø
a * (b * c) = a * (1) = 1, " a, b c Î R. Hence R is both again taking (i), x2 – 7x + 13 < 1
associative and commutative.

a +b b+a
(b) a * b = = = b * a, shows that * is
2 2 Þ x2 – 7x + 12 < 0
commutative. Further, Þ (x – 3) (x – 4) < 0
æa+bö Þ 3<x<4 ....(b)
(a * b) * c =ç ÷ *c
è 2 ø combining (a) and (b), we have
Hence domain of f (x) Î (3, 4) or ]3, 4[
æa+bö
ç ÷ + c a + b + 2c
=è 2 ø = . Example – 7
2 4
æ 1+ x 2 ö
æb+cö Find domain for f x = sin –1 ç ÷.
But a * (b * c) = a * ç ÷ è 2x ø
è 2 ø
æ 1+ x 2 ö
b+c Sol. f x = sin –1 ç ÷ is defined for ;
a+ è 2x ø
= 2 = 2a + b + c ¹ a + b + 2c
2 4 4
1+ x 2 1+ x 2
in general. – 1£ £1 or £1
2x 2x
Hence * is not associative.
(since domain of sin -1 x = -1,1 )
Example – 6
Þ |1 + x2| £ |2x|
Find the domain of Þ 1 + x2 £ |2x|, {as 1 + x2 > 0}
Þ x2 – 2|x| + 1 £ 0
1
f x = . Þ |x|2 – 2|x| + 1 £ 0 {as x2 = |x|2}
l og1/2 x 2 – 7x +13
Þ (|x| – 1)2 £ 0
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 90

But (|x| – 1)2 is either always positive or zero. 2

9 æ 5ö 49 ö
Thus, (|x| – 1)2 = 0 Þ £ ç sin x - ÷ £ ÷
4 è 2ø 4 ÷ø
Þ |x| = 1
Þ x=±1 squaring both sides ...(ii)
Thus, domain for f (x) is {–1, 1} \ From Eqs (i) and (ii),
– 10 £ f (x) £ 0
Example – 8
\ Range of f (x) Î [–10, 0].
Find the range of the function :
Example – 10

æ pö Find the range of the function :

f x = 3sin x + 8cos ç x – ÷ + 5
è 3ø
f x = ln x 2 + 4x + 5

æ pö
Sol. Here f x = 3sin x + 8cos ç x – ÷ + 5 Sol. Here f (x) = l n x 2 + 4x + 5 = l n x+2
2
+1
è 3ø
i.e. x2 + 4x + 5 takes all values in [1, ¥)
= 3sin x + 4(cos x + 3 sin x) + 5
2
since x + 2 +1 ³ 1
= (3 + 4 3 ) sin x + 4 cos x + 5.
Þ f (x) will take all values in [0, ¥).
Put 3 + 4 3 = r cos q ..(i) and 4 = r sin q ... (ii)
Hence range of f (x) is [0, ¥).
squaring and adding (1) & (2), dividing (i) and (2)

4 Example – 11
r = 73 + 24 3 and q = tan–1
3+4 3 Find the range of the function

Þ f (x) = 73 + 24 3 sin (x + q) + 5 p2
f x = tan - x 2 is
9
Þ Range of f (x) is

é5 – 73 + 24 3 , 5 + 73 + 24 3 ù . p2
Sol. For f (x) to be defined, - x2 ³ 0
êë úû 9
p p
Example – 9 Þ - £x£
3 3
The range of the function sin2 x – 5 sin x – 6 is é p pù
\ Domain of f = ê - , ú .
2
Sol. Here, f (x) = sin x – 5 sin x – 6 ë 3 3û

æ 2 25 ö 25 p2
= ç sin x - 5sin x + ÷ - 6 - The greatest value of f (x) = tan - 0 , when x = 0
è 4 ø 4 9
2 p
æ 5 ö 49 = tan
= ç sin x - ÷ - ...(i) 3
è 2ø 4
= 3
2
9 æ 5ö 49
where £ ç sin x - ÷ £ ... (ii) p2 p 2 p
4 è 2ø 4 and the least value of f (x) = tan - , when x = .
9 9 3
= tan 0
æ -7 5 -3
ç since - 1 £ sin x £ 1 Þ £ sin x - £ =0
è 2 2 2

Squaring Both 2 sides 2

RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 91

Example – 15
\ The greatest value of f x = 3 and the least value
of f (x) = 0. Let f : R® R be defined by f (x) = 3x – 2 and g : R ® R be

\ Range of f = é0, 3 ùû x+2

ë defined by g x = . Show that fog = IR = gof.
3
Sol. For all x Î R, (fog) (x) = f (g (x))
Example – 12
æx+2ö æ x+2ö
Find the period of the function. =f ç ÷ = 3ç ÷ – 2 = x = IR (x)
è 3 ø è 3 ø
f (x) = sin x + {x} Hence fog = IR
Sol. Here f (x) = sin x + {x} Again,
Period of sin x is 2p and that of {x} is 1.
3x - 2 + 2
But the L.C.M. of 2p and 1 does not exist. (gof) (x) = g (f (x)) = g (3x – 2) = = x = IR (x)
3
Hence sin x + {x} is not periodic. \ gof = IR.

Example – 13 Example – 16

Find the period of the function Let X = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3} and Y = {0, 1, 2, ..., 10} and
f : X ® Y be a function defined by f (x) = x2 for all
x
f (x) = tan + sin 2x x Î X, find f –1 (A) where (A) = {0, 1, 2, 4}.
3 –1 –1 –1 –1
Sol. Here, we have to find f (0), f (1), f (2) and f (4).
Sol. Here f (x) = tan x/3 + sin 2x. 2 –1
Now f (x) = 0 Þ x = 0 Þ x = 0 Þ f (0) = {0},
Here tan (x/3) is periodic with period 3p and sin 2x is periodic 2
with period p. f (x) = 1 Þ x = 1 Þ x = –1, 1
–1 2
Hence f (x) will be periodic with period 3p. Þ f (1) = {–1, 1}, f (x) = 2 Þ x = 2

(Since L.C.M of 3p & p is 3p) Þ x=– 2, 2 but none of these is in X.

–1 2
Þ f (2) = f, f (x) = 4 Þ x = 4 Þ x = – 2, 2
Example – 14 –1
Þ f (4) = {–2, 2}.
–1
Find the period of the function Hence, f (A) = {0, –1, 1, –2, 2}.
f (x) = |sin x| + |cos x|.
Example – 17
Sol. Here f (x) = |sin x| + |cos x|
Let A be a non-empty set and f : A ® A, g : A ® A
1– cos 2x
Now, |sin x| = sin 2 x = , which is periodic be two functions such that fog = I A = gof, show
2 that f and g are bijections and that g = f –1 .
with period p. Sol. Consider f : A ® A, Let y Î A be arbitrary. Since fog = IA,
Similarly, |cos x| is periodic with period p. therefore, (fog) (y) = y
Hence, according to rule of LCM, period of f (x) must Þ f (g (y)) = y
be p. Þ f (t) = y, where t = g (y) Î A.
This means that for y Î A, there exists t Î A such that
æp ö æp ö f (t) = y. Hence f is onto.
But sin ç + x ÷ = cos x and cos ç + x ÷ = sin x
è2 ø è2 ø Let x, y Î A such that f (x) = f (y)
Since p/2 < p, period of f (x) is p/2. Þ g (f (x)) = g (f (y))
(Q g is a function)
Þ (gof ) (x) = (gof ) (y)
Þ IA (x) = IA (y)
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 92
Þ x = y. f –1
x
Since, e is always positive.
So, f (x) = f (y) Þ x = y Þ f is one-one. Thus, we see that f is
So, neglecting negative sign.
both one-one and onto i.e. f is a bijection. Similarly, we can
show that g is a bijection. –1 2
Hence, f x = l og x + x +1
Moreoever, for all x Î A,
x = IA(x) = (fog) (x) = f (g (x))
–1 Example – 19
Þ x = f (g(x)) Þ f (x) = g (x)
–1
Þ f = g. Let f : [1/2, ¥) ® [3/4, ¥), where f (x) = x2 – x + 1.
Find the inverse of f (x). Hence, solve the equation
Example – 18
1 3
x2 – x + 1 = + x- .
e –ex –x 2 4
Let f : R ® R be defined by f x = . Is f (x)
2 Sol. (a) f (x) = x – x + 1
2

invertible ? If so, find its inverse.

2
Sol. Let us check invertibility of f (x) : æ 1ö 3
Þ f (x) = ç x - ÷ + > 0 , which is clearly one-one
è 2ø 4
ex + e – x and onto in given domain and co-domain.
(a) One-one : Here, f ¢ x =
2
Þ f(x) is strictly increasing.

e 2x +1 Þ f (x) is one-one.
Þ f¢ x = which is strictly increasing as
2e x Also f(x) is onto.
e2x > 0 for all x. (b) Thus, its inverse can be obtained.
Thus, one-one. Let f (x) = y
(b) Onto : Let y = f (x) 2
æ 1ö 3
Þ y = çx - ÷ +
ex – e – x è 2ø 4
Þ y= where y is strictly monotonic.
2
1 3
Þ x- =± y-
Hence, range of f (x) = ( f (–¥)), f (¥)) 2 4
(Since domain of f = (-¥, ¥))
1 3 –1
Þ range of f (x) = (–¥, ¥) Þ x= ± y- [f (x) = y Þ x = f (y)]
2 4
So range of f (x) = co-domain.
1 3
Hence, f (x) is one-one and onto. Þ f -1 y = + y-
2 4
Þ f is invertiable [neglecting –ve sign as x > 0]

e 2x – 1 (as x is always +ve)

(c) To find f–1 : y =
2e x 1 3
Þ f -1 x = + x-
Þ 2x x
e – 2e y – 1 = 0 2 4

2 1 3
x 2y ± 4y 2 + 4 (c) To solve x – x + 1 = + x - , as f (x) = f –1 (x) has only
Þ e = 2 4
2 one solution in this case.
ie, f (x) = x
Þ x = l og y ± y 2 + 1 Þ
2
x –x+1=x
2
Þ x – 2x + 1 = 0
–1 2
Þ f y = l og y ± y +1 Þ (x – 1) = 0
2

[as f (x) = y Þ x = f –1(y)] x = 1 is the required solution.

RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 93

Example – 20
ìï f 2 x , –1£ f x < 2
gof = g f x =í
If f (x) = x2 – 3x + 2 be a real valued function of the real ïî f x + 2, 2 £ f x £ 3
variable, find fof.
Let us consider –1 < f (x) < 2
Sol. We are given that the function f : R ® R, defined by
2
f (x) = x – 3x + 2 for all x Î R. (i) –1 £ x + 1 < 2, x £ 1
2
Now, ( fof ) (x) = f (f (x)) = ( f (x)) – 3 f (x) + 2 Þ –2 £ x < 1, x £ 1
2 2 2
= (x – 3x + 2) – 3 (x – 3x + 2) + 2 Þ –2 £ x < 1
4 2 3 2 2
= x + 9x + 4 – 6x – 12x + 4x – 3x + 9x – 6 + 2 (ii) –1 £ 2x + 1 < 2, 1 < x £ 2
4 3
= x – 6x + 10x – 3x.
2 Þ –1 £ x < 1/2, 1 < x £ 2
Þ x = f.
Example – 21 Let us consider 2 < f (x) < 3

Two functions are defined as under : (iii) 2 £ x + 1 < 3, x £ 1

Þ 1 £ x £ 2, x £ 1
ì x + 1, x £1 Þ x=1
f x =í ,
î2x +1, 1< x £ 2 (iv) 2 £ 2x + 1 < 3, 1 < x £ 2
Þ 1 £ 2x £ 2, 1 < x £ 2
ì x 2 , – 1£ x < 2
g x =í Þ 1/2 £ x £ 1, 1 < x £ 2
îx + 2, 2 £ x £ 3
Þ x = f.
Find fog and gof.
ìï x +1 2 , –2 £ x <1
ì g x +1, g x £1 g f x =í
Sol. ( fog) (x) = f (g(x)) = ïí ïî x + 3, x =1
ïî2g x +1, 1< g x £ 2
If we like we can also write g ( f (x)) = (x + 1)2, –2 £ x £ 1.
Let us consider -1 £ f(x) < 2
(i) x2 £ 1, –1 £ x < 2 Example – 22
Þ –1 £ x £ 1, –1 £ x < 2
Let f : R ® R defined by f (x) = x3 + ax2 + 3x + 100. Then find
Þ –1 £ x £ 1
the values of a for which f is a one-one function.
(ii) x+ 2 £ 1, 2 £ x < 3
Sol. f (x) = x3 + ax2 + 3x + 100
Þ x £ –1, 2 £ x £ 3
Þ f¢ (x) = 3x2 + 2ax+ 3.
Þ x = f.
For f (x) to be one-one. f¢ (x) > 0 or < 0
(so no value of x is possible)
But f (x) is a quadratic expression and coefficient of
Let us consider, 1 < g(x) £ 2. x2 > 0 so that f¢ (x) > 0
(iii) 1 < x2 £ 2, –1 £ x < 2 Þ D<0
Þ 4a2 – 36 < 0
Þ x Î éë – 2 ,– 1 È 1, 2 ùû , –1 £ x < 2
Þ a2 < 9
Þ 1<x £ 2. Þ –3 < a < 3.
(iv) 1 < x + 2 £ 2, 2 £ x £ 3 Example – 23
Þ –1 < x £ 0, 2 £ x £ 3, x = f
Find whether the given function is even or odd ?
ìï x 2 +1, –1£ x £1
Thus f g x =í 2 x x
f x = + +1
ïî2x +1, 1< x £ 2 ex –1 2

Now, Let us consider gof :

RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 94

Sol. We have
9
f (1 – x) = 3 3 + 9 x ...(ii)
–x x –ex . x x
f –x = –x
– +1 = – +1
e –1 2 1 – ex 2
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

e x – 1 +1 x x 9x 9
=
ex –1
–
2
+1 f (x) + f (1 – x) = 9 x + 3 + 3 3 + 9 x

x x x x 3.9 x + 9 3 9x + 3
=x+ x
– +1 = x + +1= f x =
e –1 2 e –1 2 =
3 9x + 3 3 9x + 3
Hence f (x) is an even function.
\ f (x) + f (1 – x) = 1 ...(iii)
Example – 24 1 2 3 998
Now, putting x = , , ,...,
1996 1996 1996 1996
If f is an even function, find the real values of x satisfying
in (Eq. (iii), we get
æ x +1 ö
the equation f x = f ç ÷.
è x+2ø æ 1 ö æ 1995 ö
fç ÷+ f ç ÷ =1
Sol. Since, f (x) is even, so f (–x) = f (x) è 1996 ø è 1996 ø

x +1 x +1 æ 2 ö æ 1994 ö
Thus, x= or -x = Þ fç ÷+ fç ÷ =1
x+2 x+2 è 1996 ø è 1996 ø
2 2
Þ x + 2x = x + 1 or – x – 2x = x + 1
2 2 æ 3 ö æ 1993 ö
Þ x + x – 1 = 0 or – x – 3x –1 = 0 Þ fç ÷+ f ç ÷ =1
è 1996 ø è 1996 ø
-1 ± 5 -3 ± 5 .........................................
Þ x= or x=
2 2
.........................................

ïì -1 + 5 -1 - 5 -3 + 5 -3 - 5 ïü æ 997 ö æ 999 ö
Thus, x Î í 2 , 2
,
2
,
2 ïþ
ý Þ fç ÷+ fç ÷ =1
ïî è 1996 ø è 1996 ø

Example – 25 æ 998 ö æ 998 ö

Þ fç ÷+ f ç ÷ =1
è 1996 ø è 1996 ø
9x
Let f (x) = . Show f (x) + f (1 – x) = 1, and hence æ 998 ö 1
9x + 3 or fç ÷=
evaluate è 1996 ø 2

æ 1 ö æ 2 ö æ 3 ö æ 1995 ö Adding all the above expressions, we get

fç ÷+ fç ÷+ fç ÷ +... + fç ÷.
è 1996 ø è 1996 ø è 1996 ø è 1996 ø
æ 1 ö æ 2 ö æ 1995 ö
fç ÷ +fç ÷ + ... + f ç ÷
9 x
è 1996 ø è 1996 ø è 1996 ø
Sol. f (x) = x ...(i)
9 +3
1
91- x = (1 + 1 + 1 + ... .997 times) +
and f (1 – x) = 1- x 2
9 +3
9 1
= 997 +
9x = 9 2
Þ f (1 – x) = x
9
x
+ 3 9 + 3.9 = 997.5.
9
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 95

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS æ -1 æ 3 ö ö

æ 3 ö
= 2 sin ç sin -1 æç ö÷ ÷ cos ç sin ç ÷ ÷
è è 5 øø è è 5 øø
Example – 26
2
3 æ3ö
æ 3ö p = 2´ 1 - ç ÷ ( Q cos (sin–1 x) = 1 - x 2 for | x | £ 1)
Prove that (i) sin–1 çç - ÷÷ = - , 5 è5ø
è 2 ø 3

3 4 24
æ æ 5p ö ö p = 2´ ´ =
(ii) cos–1 ç cos ç ÷ ÷ = . 5 5 25
è è 3 øø 3
æ æ 4ö æ 4 öö
(ii) sin ç 2 sin -1 ç - ÷ = sin ç -2 sin -1 ÷ ÷
æ 3ö é p pù è è 5 ø è 5 øø
Sol. (i) Let sin–1 çç - ÷÷ = q so that q Î ê - ,
è 2 ø ë 2 2 úû
( Q sin–1 (–x) = – sin–1 x)

æ é -p p ù ö
-1
ç since range of sin x is ê , ú÷ = – sin æç 2 sin -1 æç 4 ö÷ ö÷
è ë 2 2 ûø è è 5 øø

3 æ 4 ö
Þ - = sin q = – sin ç 2 sin -1 æç ö÷ ÷
2 è è 5 øø

p æ pö p é p pù
Þ sin q = – sin = sin ç - ÷ note that - 3 Î ê - 2 , æ 4ö
3 è 3ø ë 2 úû = – sin 2 q, where q = sin–1 ç ÷ = 2 sin q cos q
è5ø

p æ 3ö p æ
æ 4 ö æ 4 öö
Þ q=–
3
Þ sin–1 çç - ÷÷ = - . = – 2 sin ç sin -1 æç ö÷ ÷ cos ç sin -1 ç ÷ ÷
è 2 ø 3
è è 5 øø è è 5 øø

æ æ 5p ö ö æ æ p öö 2
(ii) cos–1 ç cos ç ÷ ÷ = cos–1 ç cos ç 2p - ÷ ÷ æ4ö æ4ö
è è 3 ø ø è è 3 øø = -2 ç ÷ 1 - ç ÷
è5ø è5ø

æ æ p öö p
= cos–1 ç cos ç ÷ ÷ = , ( Q cos (sin–1 x) = 1 - x 2 )
è è 3 øø 3
8 3 24
p =- ´ =-
note that Î[0, p] = range of cos–1 x. 5 5 25
3
æ æ 3 öö æ 3ö
(iii) sin ç 2 cos -1 ç - ÷ ÷ = sin (2 q), where q = cos–1 ç- ÷
Example – 27 è è 5 øø è 5ø

Evaluate = 2 sin q cos q

æ æ 3öö æ 4 ö
(i) sin ç 2sin -1 ç ÷ ÷ (ii) sin ç 2sin -1 æç - ö÷ ÷ æ 3 ö æ -1 æ 3 ö ö
= 2 sin ç cos -1 æç - ö÷ ÷ cos ç cos ç - ÷ ÷
è è 5øø è è 5 øø è è 5 øø è è 5 øø

æ æ 3 öö æ æ 2 öö
(iii) sin ç 2cos -1 ç - ÷ ÷ (iv) sin ç 3sin -1 ç ÷ ÷ 2
è è 5 øø è è 5 øø æ 3ö æ 3ö
= 2 1 - ç - ÷ ç - ÷ (Q sin (cos–1 x) = 1 - x 2 for | x | £ 1)
è 5ø è 5ø
æ æ 3 öö æ3ö
Sol. (i) sin ç 2 sin -1 ç ÷ ÷ = sin 2 q, where q = sin–1 ç ÷
è è 5 øø è5ø
æ 4ö æ 3ö 24
= 2 ç ÷ ç- ÷ = - .
= 2 sin q cos q è 5ø è 5ø 25
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 96
(ii) We know that
æ æ 2 öö æ 2ö
(iv) sin ç 3 sin -1 ç ÷ ÷ = sin 3q, where q = sin–1 ç ÷
è è 5 øø è5ø 3 p 8 p æ 3ö
0 £ sin–1 £ and 0 £ sin–1 £ , therefore, 0 £ sin-1 ç ÷ +
= 3 sin q – 4 sin3 q
5 2 17 2 è5ø

3 æ8ö
æ2ö æ2ö sin–1 ç ÷ £ p
= 3ç ÷-4ç ÷ è 17 ø
è5ø è5ø
We compute
æ -1 æ 2 ö 2ö
çQ q = sin ç ÷ , \ sin q = ÷ æ æ3ö æ 8 öö
è è5ø 5ø cos ç sin -1 ç ÷ + sin -1 ç ÷ ÷
è è5ø è 17 ø ø
6 32 118
= - = . æ -1 æ 3 ö ö æ -1 æ 8 ö ö
5 125 125
= cos ç sin ç ÷ ÷ cos ç sin ç ÷ ÷
è è 5 øø è è 17 ø ø
Example – 28
æ -1 æ 3 ö ö æ -1 æ 8 ö ö
Prove that – sin ç sin ç ÷ ÷ sin ç sin ç ÷ ÷
è è 5 øø è è 17 ø ø
æ3ö æ 8 ö æ 84 ö
(i) sin–1 ç ÷ – sin–1 ç ÷ = cos–1 ç 85 ÷ 2 2
è5ø è 17 ø è ø æ3ö æ 8ö 3 8 4 15 3 8 36
= 1- ç ÷ 1- ç ÷ - ´ = ´ - ´ =
è5ø è 17 ø 5 17 5 17 5 17 85
æ3ö æ 8ö æ 77 ö
(ii) sin–1 ç ÷ + sin–1 ç ÷ = sin–1 ç ÷
è5ø è 17 ø è 85 ø
æ 8ö æ 36 ö æ æ 36 ö
2 ö
æ3ö
Sol. (i) Since sin–1 x is an increasing function in [–1, 1] and Þ sin–1 ç ÷ + sin–1 ç 17 ÷ = cos–1 ç 85 ÷ = sin–1 ç 1 - ç ÷ ÷
è5ø è ø è ø ç è 85 ø ÷
3 8 è ø
> , therefore,
5 17
( Q cos–1 x = sin–1 1 - x 2 for 0 £ x £ 1)
æ3ö æ8ö æ3ö æ8ö
sin–1 ç ÷ > sin–1 ç ÷ Þ sin–1 ç ÷ – sin–1 ç ÷ > 0.
è5ø è 17 ø è5ø è 17 ø æ 3ö æ 8ö æ 77 ö
Þ sin–1 ç ÷ + sin–1 ç ÷ = sin–1 ç ÷ , as desired.
è5ø è 17 ø è 85 ø
3 æ8ö
Þ sin–1 æç ö÷ – sin–1 ç ÷ Î [0, p] = range of cos–1 x
5
è ø è 17 ø Example – 29

æ -1 æ 3 ö p -1 æ 8 ö pö æ 16 ö p
çQ 0 £ sin ç ÷ £ and 0 £ sin ç ÷ £ ÷ æ 4ö æ5ö
è 5 ø 2 è 17 ø 2ø Show that sin–1 ç ÷ + sin–1 ç ÷ + sin–1 ç ÷ = .
è è5ø è 13 ø è 65 ø 2

ì æ 3ö æ 8 öü æ4ö æ5ö
Now cos ísin -1 ç ÷ - sin -1 ç ÷ ý Sol. Let q = sin–1 ç ÷ + sin–1 ç ÷
î è5ø è 17 ø þ è5ø è 13 ø

æ æ 3 öö æ -1 æ 8 ö ö æ -1 æ 3 ö ö then 0 < q < p

= cos ç sin -1 ç ÷ ÷ cos ç sin ç ÷ ÷ + sin ç sin ç ÷ ÷ sin
è è 5 øø è è 17 ø ø è è 5 øø
æ -1 æ 4 ö p -1 æ 5 ö pö
æ -1 æ 8 ö ö çQ 0 < sin ç ÷ < ,0 < sin ç ÷ < ÷
ç sin ç ÷ ÷ è 5
è ø 2 è ø 2ø
13
è è 17 ø ø

9 64 3 8 4 15 3 8 84 æ 4 5ö
= 1- 1- + ´ = ´ + ´ = Now cos q = cos ç sin -1 + sin -1 ÷
25 289 5 17 5 17 5 17 85 è 5 13 ø

æ 3ö æ 8ö æ 84 ö
Þ sin -1 ç ÷ - sin -1 ç ÷ = cos -1 ç ÷ . æ 4ö æ -1 5 ö æ -1 4 ö
è 5ø è 17 ø è 85 ø = cos ç sin -1 ÷ cos ç sin ÷ – sin çè sin 5 ÷ø sin
è 5ø è 13 ø
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 97

Example – 31
æ -1 5 ö
ç sin ÷
è 13 ø
p æ 4ö
( Q cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B) Prove that 2 tan–1 (–3) = – + tan–1 ç - ÷ .
2 è 3ø
2 2
æ 4ö æ5ö 4 5 æ1ö
= 1- ç ÷ 1- ç ÷ - . Sol. L.H.S. = 2 tan–1 (–3) = – 2 tan–1 3 = – 2 cot–1 ç ÷
è5ø è 13 ø 5 13 è3ø

(Q cos (sin -1 x) = 1 - x 2 ) æp -1 æ 1 ö ö -1 æ 1 ö
= -2 ç - tan ç ÷ ÷ = -p + 2 tan ç ÷
è2 è 3 øø è3ø
3 12 20 36 - 20 16 æ 16 ö
= . - = = Þ q = cos -1 ç ÷
5 13 65 65 65 è 65 ø ì 2 (1/ 3) ü
= – p + tan–1 í 2 ý
æ 16 ö î1 - (1/ 3) þ
æ 4ö æ5ö
Hence sin–1 ç ÷ + sin–1 ç ÷ + sin
–1
ç 65 ÷
è5ø è 13 ø è ø
æ 2x ö
çQ 2 tan x = tan
-1 -1
for | x |< 1÷
ì -1 æ 4 ö è 1 - x2 ø
-1 æ 5 ö ü -1 æ 16 ö
= ísin ç ÷ + sin ç ÷ ý + sin ç ÷
î è5ø è 13 ø þ è 65 ø
3 4 p æ 4ö
= – p + tan–1 = – p + cot–1 = – p + – tan–1 ç ÷
4 3 2 è 3ø
æ 16 ö æ 16 ö
= cos–1 ç ÷ + sin–1 ç ÷
è 65 ø è 65 ø
p æ 4ö p -1 æ 4ö
= - - tan -1 ç 3 ÷ = - 2 + tan ç - 3 ÷ = R.H.S.
2 è ø è ø
p
( Q sin–1 t + cos–1 t = for – 1 £ t £ 1)
2
Example – 32
p
=
2 p
Find x if sin–1 x + sin–1 2x = .
3
Example – 30
p p
Sol. Given sin–1 x + sin–1 2x = Þ sin–1 2x = – sin–1 x
–1 –1
Prove that cot (13) + cot (21) + cot (–8) = p.–1 3 3
Sol. L.H.S. = cot–1 (13) + cot–1 (21) + cot–1 (–8) æp -1 ö
Þ 2x = sin ç - sin x ÷
è3 ø
æ1ö æ 1ö
= tan–1 ç ÷ + tan–1 ç ÷ + p – cot–1 8 p p
13
è ø è 21 ø Þ 2x = sin cos (sin–1 x) – cos sin (sin–1 x)
3 3
( Q cot–1 (–x) = p – cot–1 x, x Î R)
3 1 x 3
Þ 2x = 1- x2 - x Þ 2x + = 1- x2
æ 1 1 ö 2 2 2 2
ç 13 + 21 ÷ æ1ö
= tan–1 ç ÷ + p – tan–1 çè 8 ÷ø 5x 3
çç 1 - 1 . 1 ÷÷ Þ = 1- x2
2 2
è 13 21 ø
On squaring both sides, we get

æ1ö 25 x 2 3
æ 21 + 13 ö
–1 –1 = (1 - x 2 )
= tan ç ÷ + p – tan çè 8 ÷ø 4 4
è 13 ´ 21 - 1 ø
3 3
æ 34 ö æ 34 ö æ1ö æ1ö Þ 28x2 = 3 Þ x2 = Þ x± .
= tan–1 ç ÷ tan -1 ç ÷ = tan -1 ç ÷ + p – tan–1 ç 8 ÷ 28 28
è 272 ø è 272 ø è8ø è ø
3
= p = R.H.S. Þx=
28
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 98

Sol. Let cos–1 x = A, cos–1 y = B, cos–1 z = C

3
(Q x = – does not satisfy the given equation) so that x = cos A, y = cos B, z = cos C and A + B + C = p.
28
\ x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C + 2 cos A cos
B cos C
Example – 33
1 + cos 2A 1 + cos 2B 1 + cos 2C
= + + + 2 cos A cos B cos C
2 2 2
æxö æyö
If cos–1 ç ÷ + cos–1 ç ÷ = a,
èaø èbø 3 1
= + (cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2 C) + 2 cos A cos B cos C
2 2
x 2 2xy y2 =
3 1
+ (–1 –4 cos A cos B cos C) + 2 cos A cos B cos C
Prove that - cos a + 2 = sin2 a.
a 2 ab b 2 2
(Using a result from conditional identities)
æxö æyö = 1, as required.
Sol. Given cos–1 ç ÷ + cos–1 ç ÷ = a
èaø èbø
Example – 35
æyö æxö
Þ cos–1 ç ÷ = a – cos–1 ç ÷ 2 sin–1 x = cos–1 (1–2x2), 0 £ x £ 1.
èbø èaø
p p
y æ Sol. Let sin–1 x = q Þ x = sin q, – £q£
æ x öö 2 2
Þ = cos ç a - cos -1 ç ÷ ÷
b è è a øø p
But 0 £ x £ 1 Þ 0 £ q £
2
y æxö æ -1 æ x ö ö Hence cos–1 (1–2x2) = cos–1 (1–2 sin2 q), 0 £ 2q £ p
Þ = cos a ç ÷ + sin a sin ç cos ç ÷ ÷
b èaø è è a øø
= cos–1 (cos 2q), 0 £ 2 q £ p = 2q
Þ cos–1 (1 – 2x2) = 2q = 2 sin–1 x.
2
y x æxö
Þ - cos a = sin a 1 - ç ÷
b a èaø Example – 36

( Q sin (cos–1 x) = 1 - x 2 for |x| £ 1) 1

3 cos–1 x = cos–1 (4x3 – 3x), £ x £ 1.
2
2 æ x2 ö Sol. Let cos–1 x = q so that
æy x ö 2 ç1 - 2 ÷
Þ ç - cos a ÷ = sin a x = cos q and 0 £ q £ p
èb a ø è a ø
é1 ù 1
As x Î ê , 1ú , therefore, £ x £ 1
y2 x 2 æ yöæxö æ x2 ö ë 2 û 2
Þ + cos2
a – 2 ç ÷ç ÷ cos a = sin2
a ç1 - 2 ÷
b2 a 2 èbøèa ø è a ø p
Þ cos £ cos q £ cos 0
3
x2 2 xy y2
Þ (cos2
a + sin 2
a) – cos a + = sin2 a p
a2 ab b2 Þ ³q³0
3
Note (that cos q is decreasing in [0, p])
x 2 2xy y2
Þ 2
- cos a + 2 = sin 2 a Þ 0 £ 3q £ p, i.e. 3q Î [0, p]
a ab b
\ cos–1 (4 x3 – 3x)
Example – 34 = cos–1 (4 cos3 q – 3 cos q)
= cos–1 (cos 3q)
If cos–1 x + cos–1 y + cos–1 z = p,
= 3q (Note that 0 £ 3q £ p)
Prove that x2 + y2 + z2 + 2 xyz = 1.
= 3 cos–1 x.
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 99

Example – 37 Example – 39

æ ö æ 1+ x ö
Prove that tan–1 ç
x -1 æ x ö Prove that sin2 ç 2 tan -1 2
÷÷ = 1 – x where – 1 £ x < 1.
ç 2 ÷÷ = sin ç ÷ , | x | < a. ç 1- x
è a -x
2
ø èaø è ø

p p æ 1+ x ö
æxö Sol. L.H.S. sin2 ç 2 tan -1 2
÷÷ = sin (2 q),
Sol. Let sin–1 ç ÷ = q Þ x = a sin q, and – < q < ç 1 - x
èaø 2 2 è ø

( Q | x | < a)
where q = tan–1 1+ x
Now a 2 - x 2 = a 2 - a 2 sin 2 q = a 2 cos2 q = a cos q 1- x

æ p p ö
çQ - 2 < q < 2 Þ cos q > 0 ÷ ie. tan q =
1+ x
è ø
1- x

æ x ö -1 æ a sin q ö 2
Hence tan -1 ç ÷÷ = tan ç ÷ æ 2 tan q ö
ç 2 2
è a cos q ø Thus L.H.S. = (sin 2q) 2 = ç 2 ÷
è a -x ø è 1 + tan q ø

x
= tan–1 (tan q) = q = sin–1 . ì ü
2
a
ïï 2 1 + x / 1 - x ïï
=í ý
Example – 38 ï 1 + æç 1 + x ö÷ ï
ïî è 1 - x ø ïþ

æ 1+ x2 +1ö p 1
Show that tan–1 ç ÷ = - tan–1 x, x > 0 4 (1 + x) (1 - x)
ç x ÷ 2 2 = = 1 – x2 = R.H.S.
è ø (1 - x + 1 + x) 2

p Example – 40
Sol. Let q = tan–1 x Þ x = tan q, 0 < q <
2
æ 1 + x 2 + 1 - x2 ö p 1
æ 1+ x2 +1 ö
-1
æ 1 + tan 2 q + 1 ö æ sec q + 1 ö Prove that tan–1 ç ÷ = + cos -1 (x 2 ) .
\ tan ç ÷ = tan -1 ç ÷ = tan -1 ç ÷ ç 1+ x2 - 1- x2 ÷ 4 2
ç x ÷ ç tan q ÷ è tan q ø è ø
è ø è ø

p p
Sol. Let x2 = cos 2q so that 0 £ 2q £ , i.e., 0 £ q £ .
æ 1 ö æ 2 q ö 2 4
ç cos q + 1 ÷ æ 1 + cos q ö ç 2 cos 2 ÷
= tan–1 ç ÷ = tan–1 ç ÷ = tan–1 ç ÷
ç sin q ÷ è sin q ø çç 2 sin q cos q ÷÷ Now, 1 + x 2 = 1 + cos 2q = 2 cos 2 q = 2 cos q
ç cos q ÷ è 2 2ø
è ø
and 1 - x 2 = 1 - cos 2q = 2 sin 2 q = 2 sin q
æ qö
= tan–1 ç cot ÷
è 2ø æ 1 + x2 + 1 - x2 ö æ 2 cos q + 2 sin q ö
Hence, tan–1 çç 2 2
÷ = tan–1 ç
÷ ç 2 cos q - 2 sin q ÷÷
è 1+ x - 1- x ø è ø
æ æ p q öö
= tan–1 ç tan ç - ÷ ÷
è è 2 2 øø æ 2 cos q + 2 sin q ö
ç ÷
ç 2 cos q ÷ æ 1 + tan q ö
p q p 1 = tan–1 ç = tan–1 ç ÷
= - = - tan -1 x . 2 cos q - 2 sin q ÷ è 1 - tan q ø
2 2 2 2 çç ÷÷
è 2 cos q ø
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 100

é æp öù p p 1 1 2 tan q ö
= tan–1 ê tan ç + q ÷ ú = + q = + cos -1 (x 2 ) Þ = -1, 0, 1 (As tan 2q = ÷
ë è4 øû 4 4 2 tan (2 tan -1 x) 1 - tan 2 q ø

1 1- x2
[ Q cos 2q = x2 Þ 2q = cos–1 (x2) Þ q = cos–1 (x2)] Þ = -1, 0,1
2 2x

Example – 41 1- x2 1 - x2 1- x2
Þ = -1, = 0 or =1
2x 2x 2x
æ x - 1 ö + tan–1 æ x + 1 ö p
Solve the equation tan–1 ç Þ x2 – 2x – 1 = 0, x2 = 1 or x2 + 2x – 1 = 0
÷ ç ÷= ,
è x-2ø è x+2ø 4
Þ x=1± 2 , ± 1 or – 1 ± 2 .
|x| < 1.

æ x -1 ö x +1 ö p Example – 43
–1 æ
Sol. Given equation is tan–1 ç ÷ + tan ç ÷=
è x-2ø è x+2ø 4
é p pù
Solve : 2 tan–1 (cos x) = tan–1 (2 cosec x), x Î ê - , ú
ë 2 2û
æ x -1 x + 1 ö
ç + ÷ Sol. Given that,
Þ tan -1 ç x-2 x+2 ÷ = p
ç æ x -1 ö æ x + 1 ö ÷ 4 2 tan–1 (cos x) = tan–1 (2 cosec x)
ç1- ç x - 2 ÷ ç x + 2 ÷ ÷
è è øè øø
æ 2 cos x ö
Þ tan–1 ç 2
–1
÷ = tan (2 cosec x)
è 1 - cos x ø
ì -1 æ x + y ö
ü
ïQ tan x + tan y = tan ç
-1 -1
÷ for xy < 1ï
ï è 1 - xy ø ï 2 cos x
í ý Þ = 2 cosec x
2
ï and for | x | < 1, æ x - 1 ö æ x + 1 ö = 1 - x < 1 ï 1 - cos 2 x
ï ç ÷ç ÷ 2 ï
î è x -2øè x+2ø 4-x þ 2 cos x 2
Þ =
(x - 1) (x + 2) + (x + 1) (x - 2) p sin 2 x sin x
Þ = tan
(x - 2) (x + 2) - (x - 1) (x + 1) 4 cos x
Þ =1 ( Q sin x ¹ 0)
2
2x - 4 sin x
Þ = 1 Þ 2x2 – 4 = – 3
(x 2 - 4) - (x 2 - 1) p é p pù
Þ cot x = 1 Þ x = as x Î ê- 2 , 2 ú
1 1 4 ë û
Þ 2x2 = 1 Þ x2 = Þx=± .
2 2
Example – 44
Example – 42
p
Solve the equation sin {2 cos–1 (cot (2 tan–1 x))} = 0. Solve for x : sin–1 (1 – x) – 2 sin–1 x = .
2
Sol. Given equation is sin {2 cos–1 (cot (2 tan–1 x))} = 0
Þ 2 cos–1 (cot (2 tan–1 x) = n p, nÎI p
Sol. We have sin–1 (1–x) – 2 sin–1 x =
2
np
Þ cos–1 {cot (2 tan–1 x)} = , nÎI p
2 Þ sin–1 (1–x) = + 2 sin–1 x
2
p
Þ cos–1 {cot (2 tan–1 x)} = 0, ,p
2 Þ 1 – x = sin æç p + 2 sin -1 x ö÷
è2 ø
( Q cos–1 x lies in [0, p])
Þ 1 – x = cos (2 sin–1 x)
p
Þ cot (2 tan–1 x) = cos 0, cos , cos p Þ 1 – x = 1 – 2 sin2 (sin–1 x)
2
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 101

Þ 1 – x = 1 – 2 [sin (sin–1 x)]2 Sol. (i) We have,

Þ1–x=1–2x 2
ïì 1 - cos x ïü
tan -1 í ý
2
Þ 2x – x = 0 ïî 1 + cos x ïþ
Þ x (2x –1) = 0 ì 2 x
ü
ïï 2 sin ï ïì ü
2 ï = tan -1 2 xï -1 æ xö
= tan -1 í ý í tan ý = tan ç tan ÷
1
Þ x = 0, ï 2 cos2 x ï îï 2 þï è 2ø
2 îï 2 þï
ì -1 æ xö
1
For x = , sin–1 (1–x) – 2 sin–1 x ï tan ç - tan ÷ , if - p < x < 0
ï è 2ø
2 =í
ï tan -1 æ tan xö
æ 1ö 1 ïî ç ÷ , if 0 £ x < p
= sin ç 1 - ÷ – 2 sin–1
–1 è 2ø
è 2ø 2
ì -1 ì æ - x öü x
1 1 ï tan í tan ç ÷ ý = - , if - p < x < 0
= sin–1 – 2 sin–1 ï î è øþ2 2
2 2 =í
ï ì xü x
tan -1 í tan ý = , if 0 < x < p
1 -p ïî î 2þ 2
= – sin–1 = ¹ R.H.S.
2 6 (ii) We have,

1 ì x x ü
x= is not a solution of given equation. Hence, x = 0 is the æ cos x ö ï cos 2 - sin 2 ï
2 tan ç -1 -1 2 2
÷ = tan í ý
required solution. è 1 + sin x ø ï cos 2 x + sin 2 x + 2 sin x cos x ï
î 2 2 2 2þ
Example – 45 ìæ x xöæ x x öü ì x xü
ï ç cos - sin ÷ ç cos + sin ÷ ï ï cos 2 - sin 2 ï
–1 –1 –1 -1 ïè 2 2øè 2 2 øï -1
If tan x + tan y + tan z = p, prove that x + y + z = xyz. = tan í 2 ý = tan í ý
ï æ x x ö ï ï cos x + sin x ï
–1 –1
Sol. Let tan x = a, tan y = b and tan z = g –1
ïî ç cos + sin ÷ ïþ î 2 2þ
è 2 2ø
Þ x = tan a, y = tan b and z = tan g
Now, given that, ì xü
-1
ï1 - tan 2 ï = tan -1 ì æ p x öü
tan–1 x + tan–1 y + tan–1 z = p = tan í í tan ç - ÷ ý
ï1 + tan x ýï î è 4 2 øþ
Þa+b+g=p î 2þ
Þa+b=p–g
p x
Þ tan (a + b) = tan (p – g) = -
4 2

Þ
tan a + tan b é p p p x p p x pù
ê Q- 2 < x < 2 Þ - 4 < - 2 < 4 Þ 0 < 4 - 2 < 2ú
= - tan g
1 - tan a tan b
ë û
Cross multiply, we have ALITER We have,
Þ tan a + tan b = – tan g + tan a tan b tan g
ì æp ö ü
Þ tan a + tan b + tan g = tan a tan b tan g æ cos x ö ïï sin ç 2 + x ÷ ïï
tan ç-1 -1 è ø
Þ x + y + z = xyz. Hence, the result. ÷ = tan í ý
è 1 + sin x ø p
ï1 - cos æç + x ö÷ ï
îï è2 ø þï
Example – 46
ì æp xö æ p x öü
Express each of the following in the simplest form : ïï 2 sin ç 4 + 2 ÷ cos ç 4 + 2 ÷ ïï
= tan -1 è ø è ø = tan -1 ìcot æ p + x ö ü
ïì 1 - cos x ïü í ý í ç ÷ý
ï æp xö ï î è 4 2 øþ
–1
(i) tan í ý, – p < x < p 2 sin 2 ç + ÷
îï 1 + cos x þï ïî è4 2ø þï
æ cos x ö p p ì ì p æ p x ö üü ì æ p x öü p x
(ii) tan–1 ç ÷, - < x < = tan -1 ítan í - ç + ÷ ýý = tan -1 í tan ç - ÷ ý = -
è 1 + sin x ø 2 2
î î 2 è 4 2 ø þþ î è 4 2 øþ 4 2
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 102

Example – 47 æ ö
ç since - 1 £ cos q £ 1÷
Write the following functions in the simplest form : ç ÷
çÞ 0 £q £ p ÷
ç q p ÷
ìï x üï çÞ 0 £ £ ÷
(i) tan–1 í ý , –a < x < a è 2 2 ø
2 2
îï a - x þï
q 1 x
= = cos -1
2 2 a
ïì a - x ïü
(ii) tan–1 í ý , –a < x < a
ïî a + x ïþ é x -1 x ù
êQ x = a cos q Þ cos q = a Þ q = cos a ú
ë û

ïì x ïü (iii) Putting x = a tan q, we have

(iii) sin–1 í ý
2 2
ïî x + a ïþ
ïì x ïü
sin -1 í ý
Sol. (i) Putting x = a sin q, we have ïî x + a 2
2
ïþ

ìï x üï
tan -1 í ý ìï a tan q üï
ïî a 2 - x 2 ïþ = sin -1 í ý
2 2 2
ïî a tan q + a ïþ
ìï a sin q üï
= tan -1 í ý ì a tan q ü
2 2 2
ïî a - a sin q ïþ = sin -1 í ý
î a sec q þ

ì a sin q ü = sin–1 (sin q)

-1 -1 -1 x
= tan í ý = tan (tan q) = q = sin
î a cos q þ a x
= q = tan–1
a
é xù
êQ x = a sin q Þ sin q = aú é x -1 x ù
ê
x
ú êQ x = a tan q Þ tan q = a Þ q = tan a ú
ê ú ë û
Þ q = sin -1
êë a úû
Example – 48

æ p pö Prove that :
ç since - a < x < a Þ -1 £ sin q £ 1 Þ - 2 £ q £ 2 ÷
è ø
ì -1 2 1 1
(ii) Putting x = a cos q, we have ïsin (2x 1 - x ) ,if - £x£
ï 2 2
a-x ï 1
tan -1 2 sin -1 x = íp - sin -1 (2x 1 - x 2 ) , if £ x £1
a+x ï 2
ï 2 1
a - a cos q ï -p - sin (2x 1 - x ) , if - 1 £ x £ -
= tan -1 î 2
a + a cos q
Sol. Let sin–1 x = q. Then,
1 - cos q x = sin q,
= tan -1
1 + cos q
Þ cos q = 1 - x 2
2 q
2sin
= tan -1 2 = tan -1 æ tan q ö -1 æ qö [ Q cos q > 0 for q Î [–p/2, p/2]
ç ÷
2 cos 2 q è 2 ø = tan ç tan 2 ÷
è ø \ sin 2 q = 2 sin q cos q ... (i)
2
Þ sin 2 q = 2x 1 - x 2
é q pù
êQ -a < x < a Þ 0 < q < p < 2 < 2 ú
ë û
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 103

1 1 Þ p – 2q = sin–1 (2x 1 - x 2 )
CASE I: When – £x£
2 2
Þ p – 2 sin–1 x = sin–1 (2x 1 - x 2 )
We have,
Þ 2 sin–1 x = p – sin–1 (2x 1 - x 2 ).
1 1
- £x£
2 2 1
CASE III: When – 1 £ x £ –
2
p p
Þ - £q£
4 4 We have,
1
p p –1£x£–
Þ - £ 2q £ 2
2 2
1
Þ – 1 £ sin q £ –
1 1 2
Also, - £x£
2 2
p p
Þ - £q£-
2 4
Þ –1 £ 2x 1 - x 2 £ 1
p
Þ –p£2q£–
\ sin 2 q = 2x 1 - x 2 ... (i) 2
p
Þ 0£p+2q£
Þ 2q = sin–1 (2x 1 - x 2 ) 2

Þ 2 sin–1 x = sin–1 (2x 1 - x 2 ) 1

Also,–1 £ x £ – Þ –1 £ 2x 1 - x 2 £ 0
2
1
CASE II: When £x£1: \ sin 2 q = 2x 1 - x 2 [From (i)]
2
We have, Þ – sin (p + 2q) = 2x 1 - x 2
1
£x£1 Þ sin (–p –2 q) = 2x 1 - x 2
2
1 Þ – p – 2 q = sin–1 (2x 1 - x 2 )
Þ £ sin q £ 1
2
Þ 2 q = – p – sin–1 (2x 1 - x 2 )
p p
Þ £q£
4 2
Þ 2 sin–1 x = –p – sin–1 (2x 1 - x 2 )
p
Þ £2q£p
2
Example – 49
p
Þ –p£ –2q£–
2 Prove that :
p
Þ 0 £ p – 2q £ ïì 1 + cos x + 1 - cos x ïü p x p
2 tan -1 í ý= + ,0< x<
1 ïî 1 + cos x - 1 - cos x ïþ 4 2 2
Also, £ x £ 1 Þ 0 £ 2x 1 - x 2 < 1
2 Sol. We have,
\ sin 2q = 2x 1 - x 2 from (i)
ìï 1 + cos x + 1 - cos x üï
2 tan -1 í ý
Þ sin (p – 2q) = 2x 1 - x
îï 1 + cos x - 1 - cos x þï
(since sin p - x = sin x)
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 104

ì 2 x xü é 3p p x ppù
ïï 2cos + 2sin 2 ï êQ p < x < 2 Þ-
2 4 2
£ <- ú
4
-
= tan -1 2 2ï ê ú
í ý 3p x p ú
ï 2 cos2 x - 2sin 2 x ï ê Þ- <- <-
ê 4 2 2 ú
îï 2 2 ïþ ê ú
ê p x 3p ú
ì x xü Þ < <
ê 2 2 4 ú
ï cos
-1 2
+ sin
2ï ê ú
= tan í 3p
ï cos x x ýï ê Þp < x< ú
- sin ë 2 û
î 2 2þ
ì x xü
é x p x x ù ï cos - sin
2ï
êëQ 0 < 2 < 4 \ cos 2 > 0, sin 2 > 0úû = tan -1 í
2
ý
ï cos x xï
+ sin
ì xü î 2 2þ
ï1 + tan 2ï
= tan -1 í ì xü
ï1 - tan x ýï ï 1 - tan 2 ï
î 2þ = tan -1 í ý
ï1 + tan x ï
ì æ p x öü î 2þ
= tan -1 í tan ç + ÷ ý
î è 4 2 øþ ì æ p x öü
= tan -1 í tan ç - ÷ý
p x î è 4 2 øþ
= +
4 2 p x
= -
é p p p x pù 4 2
êQ 0 < x < 2 \ 4 < 4 + 2 < 2 ú
ë û é 3p p p x pù
êQ p < x < 2 \- 2 < 4 - 2 < - 4 ú
ë û
Example – 50
-3p - x -p
< <
Prove that : 4 2 2

ìï 1 + cos x + 1 - cos x üï p x 3p
tan -1 í ý = - , if p < x <
îï 1 + cos x - 1 - cos x þï 4 2 2

Sol. We have,
ìï 1 + cos x + 1 - cos x üï
tan -1 í ý
ïî 1 + cos x - 1 - cos x ïþ

ì 2 x x ü
ïï 2 cos + 2 sin 2 ï
= tan -1 í 2 2 ï
ý
ï 2 cos2 x - 2 sin 2 x ï
îï 2 2 þï

ì x x ü
ïï 2 cos 2 + 2 sin 2 ïï
= tan -1 í ý
ï 2 cos x - 2 sin x ï
ïî 2 2 ïþ

ì x xü
ï - cos 2 + sin 2 ï
-1
= tan í ý
ï - cos x - sin x ï
î 2 2þ
RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 105

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Relation and its Types 6. The range of the function y = log3 (5 + 4x – x2) is
(a) (0, 2] (b) (–¥, 2]
1. Let R = {(3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12), (6, 12), (3, 9),
(3, 12), (3, 6)} be a relation on the set A = {3, 6, 9, 12}. The (c) (0, 9] (d) none of these
relation is 7. If ex + ef(x) = e, then range of the function of f is
(a) reflexive and symmetric only (a) (–¥, 1] (b) (–¥, 1)
(b) an equivalence relation (c) (1, ¥) (d) [1, ¥)
(c) reflexive only
(d) reflexive and transitive only x2 + x + 2
8. Range of the function f (x) = ; x Î R is
x2 + x + 1
2. Let W denotes the words in the English dictionary. Define
the relation R by R = {(x, y) Î W × W : the words x and y
have at least one letter in common}. Then, R is æ 11 ö
(a) (1, ¥) (b) ç 1, ÷
è 7ø
(a) reflexive, symmetric and not transitive
(b) reflexive, symmetric and transitive
æ 7ù æ 7ö
(c) reflexive, not symmetric and transitive (c) ç 1, ú (d) ç 1, ÷
è 3û è 5ø
(d) not reflexive, symmetric and transitive
3. Let N be the set of natural numbers and a relation R on N x 1 p
9. The equation 2 sin2 . cos2 x = x + , 0 < x < has
be defined by 2 x 2

R= x, y Î N ´ N : x 3 - 3x 2 y - xy 2 + 3y 3 = 0 . (a) one real solution

Then the relation R is: (b) no real solution

(a) reflexive and symmetric, but not transitive (c) infinitely many real solutions

(b) reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive (d) none of these
(c) an equivalence relation
x - [ x]
(d) symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive 10. Let f(x) = , x Î R, then the range of f is :
1 + x - [ x]
Functions and its classifications
(a) [0, 1] (b) [0, 1/2]
(c) [0, 1/2) (d) (0, 1)
ax 2
4. Let f (x) = , x ¹ - 1 . The value of a for which 11. The range of k for which ||x–1|–5| = k have four distinct
x +1
f (a) = a, (a ¹ 0) is solutions -
(a) [0, 5] (b) (–¥, 5)
1 1
(a) 1 - (b) (c) [0, ¥) (d) (0, 5)
a a
2
1 1 12. The function f (x) = cos log x + x + 1 is :
(c) 1 + (d) - 1
a a
(a) even (b) odd
log 2 x + 3 (c) constant (d) None of these
5. The domain of f (x) = is
x 2 + 3x + 2 13. Let f : R ® R be a function such that f (x) = x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6. Then
(a) R – {–1, –2} (b) (–2, + ¥) (a) f is one-one and into (b) f is one-one and onto
(c) R – {–1, –2, –3} (d) (–3, + ¥) – {–1, –2} (c) f is many-one and into (d) f is many-one and onto
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 106

14. Let f : R ® R be a function such that 22. Which of the following function has period p ?
f (x) = x3 + x2 + 3x + sin x. Then
æ 2px ö æ px ö
(a) f is one-one and into (b) f is many-one and into (a) 2cos ç ÷ + 3sin ç ÷
è 3 ø è 3 ø
(c) f is one-one and onto (d) f is many-one and onto
(b) |tan x| + cos 2 x
15. Let f be a function from R to R given by f (x) = 2x + |cos x|.
Then f is æ pö æ pö
(c) 4cos ç 2px + ÷ + 2sin ç px + ÷
(a) one-one and into (b) one-one and onto è 2ø è 4ø

(c) many-one and into (d) many-one and onto (d) none of the above

23. Let f (x) = cos 3x + sin 3 x. Then f (x) is

x2 – 4
16. Let f be a function from R to R given by f (x) = .
x 2 +1 (a) a periodic function of period 2p.

Then f (x) is. (b) a periodic function of period 3 p.

(a) one-one and into (b) one-one and onto (c) not a periodic function
(c) many-one and into (d) many-one and onto (d) none of these
2
2
24. The period of sin q is
17. f (x) = x + x is a function from R ® R. Then f (x) is 2
(a) p (b) p
(a) injective (b) surjective 3
(c) p (d) p/2
(c) bijective (d) none of these 25. Which one is not periodic
18. A function f : A ® B, where A {x : – 1 £ x £ 1} and 2
2
B = {y : 1 £ y £ 2} is defined by the rule y = f (x) = 1 + x . (a) |sin 3x| + sin x (b) cos x + cos 2 x
2 2
Which of the following statement is true? (c) cos 4x + tan x (d) cos x + sin x
(a) f is injective but not surjective Composition of a function
(b) f is surjective but not injective
26. Let f (x) be a function defined on [0, 1] such that
(c) f is both injective and surjective
(d) f is neither injective nor surjective ì x x ÎQ
ï
f x =í
ì x, if x is rational ï1 - x, x Ï Q
19. f x =í and î
î0, if x is irrational
Then for all x Î [0, 1], fof (x) is
ì0, if x is rational (a) a constant (b) 1 + x
g x =í . Then, f – g is
î x, if x is irrational (c) x (d) none of these

(a) one-one and into (b) neither one-one nor onto 27. If f x = 2 - x and g x = 1 - 2 x , then the domain of
(c) many one and onto (d) one-one and onto f [g (x)] is
(a) (– ¥, 1/2] (b) [1/2, ¥)
20. If f : R ® S, define by f (x) = sin x – 3 cos x + 1, is onto,
(c) (– ¥, –3/2] (d) none of these
then the interval of S is
28. Let f (x) = sin x and g(x) = In |x|. If the ranges of the
(a) [0, 1] (b) [–1, 1] composition functions fog and gof are R 1 and R 2
(c) [0, 3] (d) [–1, 3] respectively, then
21. If a function f : [2, ¥) ® B defined by f (x) = x2 – 4x + 5 is a (a) R1 = {u : –1 < u < 1}, R2 = {v : –¥ < v < 0}
bijection, then B is : (b) R1 = {u : –¥ < u < 0}, R2 = {v : –1 < v < 0}
(a) R (b) [1, ¥) (c) R1 = {u : –1 < u < 1}, R2 = {v : –¥ < v < 0}
(c) [4, ¥) (d) [5, ¥) (d) R1 = {u : –1 < u < 1}, R2 = {v : –¥ < v < 0}
RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 107

2 34. Let f : [–1, ¥) ® R be given by f (x) = (x + 1)2 –1,

29. If g {f (x)} = |sin x| and f {g (x)} = sin x , then x > –1. Then f –1 (x), is :

(a) f x = sin 2 x ,g x = x (a) – 1 + x +1

(b) f x = sin x ,g x = x (b) – 1 – x +1

(c) does not exist because f is not one-one

(c) f x = x 2 ,g x = sin x
(d) does not exist because f is not onto
(d) f and g cannot be determined 4 1/7
35. The inverse of the function y = [1 – (x – 3) ] is
7 1/4 7 1/4
30. If f(x) = sin2x, g x = x and h(x) = cos–1x, 0 £ x £ 1, then - (a) 3 + (1 – x ) (b) 3 – (1 – x )
7 1/4
(a) hogof(x) = gofoh(x) (c) 3 – (1 + x ) (d) none of these

(b) gofoh(x) = fohog(x) Functional Equations

(c) fohog(x) = hogof(x)
(d) None of these æ1ö 1
36. If 3 f (x) + 5 f ç ÷ = – 3, " x(¹ 0) Î R, then f (x) is
èxø x
31. If f(g(x)) = | cos x |, g(f(x)) = cos2 x , then -
equal to :
(a) f(x) is a periodic function and g(x) is a non-periodic
function. 1 æ3 ö 1 æ 3 ö
(a) ç + 5x – 6 ÷ (b) ç – + 5x – 6 ÷
(b) f(x) is a non-periodic function and g(x) is a periodic 16 è x ø 16 è x ø
function.
(c) Both f(x) and g(x) are periodic functions 1 æ3 ö
(c) ç - 5x - 6 ÷ (d) none of these
16 èx ø
(d) Neither f(x) nor g(x) is a periodic function

32. Consider the functions f x = x and g(x) = 7x + b. If 37. Let f : R ® R be a function given by f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) for
all x, y Î R such that f (1) = a. Then, f (x) =
the function y = fog(x) passes through (4, 6) then the
(a) ax (b) ax
value of b is
a
(c) x (d) a + x
(a) 8 (b) – 8
38. Let f be a real valued function satisfying
(c) – 25 (d) 4 - 7 6 f (x + y) = f (x) f (y) for all x, y Î R such that f (1) = a. Then,
f (x) =
Inverse of a Function
(a) ax (b) ax
a
(c) x (d) none of these
a x - a -x
33. The inverse of the function f x = x is
a + a -x
æ 1 ö
39. If a f (x + 1) + bf ç ÷ = x, x ¹ -1, a ¹ –b, then f (1) is
(where codomain of f(x) is (–1, 1)) è x +1 ø

equal to
1 æ1- x ö 1 æ1+ x ö
(a) log a ç ÷ (b) log a ç ÷
2 è1+ x ø 2 è1- x ø (a) a + b (b) a2 – b2

1
æ 1+ x ö (c) (d) f(1) = 0
(c) log a ç (d) none of these a+b
÷
è 1- x ø
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 108

Simplification problems of ITF Properties of ITF

æ 5p ö æ 2p ö p
40. If a = tan–1 ç tan ÷ and b = tan–1 ç – tan ÷ , then 46.
-1
If sin x = , for some x Î (–1, 1), then the value of
è 4 ø è 3 ø 5
cos–1 x is :
(a) 4a = 3b (b) 3a = 4b
7p 3p 5p
(c) a – b = (d) none of these (a) (b)
12 10 10

41. Which one of the following is correct? 7p 9p

(c) (d)
(a) tan 1 > tan 1 –1
(b) tan 1 < tan 1–1 10 10
(c) tan 1 = tan–1 1 (d) None of the above
3 5
47. The value of cot -1 + sin -1 is :
ép -1 æ 3 öù 4 13
42. The value of sin ê - sin çç - ÷÷ ú is :
êë 2 è 2 ø úû
-1 63 12
(a) sin (b) sin -1
65 13
3 3
(a) (b) -
2 2 -1 65 5
(c) sin (d) sin -1
68 12
1 1
(c) (d) -
2 2 y
48. If cos –1 x – cos–1 = a, then 4x2 – 4xy cos a + y2 is
2
43. cot -1 cos a - tan -1 cos a = x, then sin x is equal
equal to
to (a) –4 sin2 a (b) 4 sin2 a
(c) 4 (d) 2 sin 2a
æaö 2 æaö
(a) tan 2 ç ÷ (b) cot ç ÷
è2ø è2ø x -1 x +1 p
49. If tan -1 + tan -1 = , then x is equal to :
x+2 x+2 4
æaö
(c) tan a (d) cot ç ÷
è2ø 1 1
(a) (b) -
2 2
1
44. If tan(cos–1 x) = sin æç cot -1 ö÷ , then x is equal to :
è 2ø 5 1
(c) (d) ±
2 2
5 5
(a) ± (b) ± 50. If 2 tan–1 (cos x) = tan–1 (2 cosec x), then the value of x is :
3 3
3p p
5 (a) (b)
(c) ± (d) None of these 4 4
3

45. cos [tan–1 {sin (cot–1 x)}] is equal to : p

(c) (d) None of these
3

x2 + 2 x2 + 2
(a) (b) 11p
x2 + 3 x2 +1 51. The equation 2cos-1 x + sin -1 x = has :
6

x2 +1 (a) no solution (b) only one solution

(c) (d) None of these (c) two solutions (d) three solutions
x2 + 2
RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 109

ITF- Domain & Range

æaö æbö p
52. If tan -1 ç ÷ + tan -1 ç ÷ = , then x is equal to :
x
è ø èxø 2
–1 é æ x öù
58. The domain of sin êl og3 ç 3 ÷ ú is
(a) ab (b) 2ab ë è øû
(c) 2ab (d) ab (a) [1, 9] (b) [–1, 9]
–1 –1
53. If cos x > sin x, then : (c) [–9, 1] (d) [–9, –1]
(a) x < 0 (b) –1 < x < 0
sin –1 x – 3
1 1 59. The domain of the function f (x) = is
(c) 0 £ x < (d) -1 £ x < 9 – x2
2 2
(a) [1, 2] (b) [2, 3]
54. Set of values of x satisfying cos–1 x > sin–1 x
(c) [2, 3) (d) [1, 2)

æ 1ö é 1ö p p
(a) ç 0, ÷ (b) ê0, ÷ 60. The largest interval lying in æç - , ö÷ for which the
è 2ø ë 2ø è 2 2ø

æ1 ö æ1 ù 2 æx ö
function f (x) = 4- x + cos -1 ç - 1÷ + log (cos x) is
(c) ç , 1÷ (d) ç , 1ú è2 ø
è2 ø è2 û
defined, is
1
55. The value of cos (2 cos–1 x + sin–1 x) at x = is : æ p pö
5 (a) [0, p] (b) ç - , ÷
è 2 2ø
(a) 1 (b) 3

2 6 é p pö é pö
(c) ê - , ÷ (d) ê 0, ÷
(c) 0 (d) - ë 4 2ø ë 2ø
5
61. If q = sin–1 x + cos–1 x – tan–1 x, x ³ 0, then the smallest
¥
æ 1 ö interval in which q lies, is given by :
56. The value of å tan -1 çè 1 + r + r 2 ÷ø is equal to :
r =0
p 3p p
(a) £q£ (b) - £q£0
2 4 4
p 3p
(a) (b)
2 4 p p p
(c) 0 £ q £ (d) £q£
4 4 2
p
(c) (d) None of these 62. Range of f(x) = sin–1 x + tan–1 x + sec–1 x is
4

1 1 1 æ p 3p ö é p 3p ù
57. If tan -1 + tan -1 + tan -1 (a) ç , ÷ (b) ê , ú
1+ 2 1+ 2 3 1+ 3 4 è4 4 ø ë4 4 û

ì p 3p ü
1 (c) í , ý (d) None of these
+..... + tan -1
= tan -1 q , then q = î4 4 þ
1+ n n +1
63. Range of f (x) = sin–1x + cot–1x + tan–1x is
n n +1
(a)
n +1
(b)
n+2 (a) [0, p] (b) é p , pù
êë 2 úû

n n -1 ép ù
(c) (d) (c) ê , pú (d) [–p, p]
n+2 n+2 ë4 û
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 110

Numerical Value Type Questions

æ 1 ö
73. If 2f (x + 1) + f ç ÷ = 2x and x ¹ –1, then f (2) is equal to
64. Let n(A) = 4 and n(B) = 6. Then the number of one-one è x +1ø
functions from A to B is k/6. Then the value of k is.
4 4
65. The period of the function f (x) = sin x + cos x is p/k. Then 74. If f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c satisfies the identity
the value of k is f (x + 1) – f (x) = 8x + 3 for all x Î R. Then, a + b =
66. The period of the function f (x) = |sin 4x| + |cos 4x| is p/k. Then 75. sec2 (tan–1 2) + cosec2 (cot–1 3) is equal to
the value of k is
20 20
67. Let [x] denote the greatest integer £ x. If f (x) = [x] and 76. If å sin -1 x i = 10p , then å
i =1
x i is equal to :
i =1
æ 8 ö æ 8 ö
g(x) = |x|, then the value of f ç g æç ö÷ ÷ - g ç f æç - ö÷ ÷ is
è è øø è è 5 øø
5 3 4
77. If cos -1 - sin -1 = cos -1 x, then x is equal to
5 5
68. If f : R ® R is given by
78. If k £ sin–1 x + cos–1 x + tan–1 x £ K and k + K = mp. Then the
ì-1, when x is rational value of m is.
f x =í ,
î 1, when x is irrational 79. The value of tan–1 (1) + tan–1 (0) + tan–1 (2) + tan–1 (3) is
equal to kp. Then the value of k is
then ( fof ) 1 - 3 is equal to
æ p pö
80. If x Îç- , ÷ , then the value of
69. The number of real solutions of the equation ex = x is è 2 2ø
70. The number of real solutions of the equation log0.5 x = |x| is
æ tan x ö -1 æ 3sin 2x ö
71. The number of real solutions of the equation tan -1 ç ÷ + tan ç ÷ is kx. Then the value
è 4 ø è 5 + 3cos 2x ø
sin (ex) = 5x + 5–x is
of k is
72. If f is a real valued function such that f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) and
f (1) = 5, then the value of f (100) is
RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 111

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

5. Let f (x) = 210 . x + 1 and g (x) = 310 . x – 1.
–1 –1 æ 2x ö
1. If f(x) = 2tan x + sin ç ÷ , x > 1, then f(5) is equal to
è 1+ x
2
ø If (fog)(x) = x, then x is equal to : (2017/Online Set–1)

(2015/Online Set–1)
310 - 1 210 - 1
(a) (b)
p 3 - 2 -10
10
2 - 3-10
10
æ 65 ö
(a) (b) tan -1 ç ÷
2 è 156 ø
1 - 3-10 1 - 2-10
(c) (d)
(c) 4 tan -1 5 (d) p 210 - 3-10 310 - 2 -10

1
2. If f (x) + 2f æç ö÷ = 3x, x ¹ 0, and (2016) 1 + x2 + 1- x2 1
èxø 6. The value of tan -1 , | x |< , x ¹ 0 , is
2 2 2
1+ x - 1- x

S = x Î R : f (x) = f (–x) ; then S :

equal to : (2017/Online Set–1)
(a) contains exactly one element
p 1 p
(b) contains exactly two elements. (a) + cos -1 x 2 (b) + cos -1 x 2
4 2 4
(c) contains more than two elements.
(d) is an empty set. p 1 p
(c) - cos -1 x 2 (d) - cos -1 x 2
4 2 4
1
3. For x Î R, x ¹ 0, x ¹ 1, let f 0 x =
1- x 7. A value of x satisfying the equation
sin [cot–1 (1 + x)] = cos [tan–1 x], is :
and fn +1 x = f0 fn x , n = 0, 1, 2, … Then the value
(2017/Online Set–2)
8 æ2ö æ3ö
of f100 (3) + f1 ç ÷ + f 2 ç ÷ is equal to:
3 è3ø è2ø 1
(a) - (b) –1
2
(2016/Online Set–1)
1
8 5 (c) 0 (d)
(a) (b) 2
3 3

4 1 éxù
(c) (d) 8. The function f : N ® N defined by f (x) = x - 5 ê ú ,
3 3 ë5û

where N is the set of natural numbers and [x] denotes the

é 1 1ù x greatest integer less than or equal to x, is :
4. The function f : R ® ê - , ú defined as f x = ,
ë 2 2û 1+ x2
(2017/Online Set–2)
is: (2017)
(a) one-one and onto.
(a) invertible
(b) one-one but not onto.
(b) injective but not surjective
(c) onto but not one-one.
(c) surjective but not injective
(d) neither one-one nor onto.
(d) neither injective nor surjective.
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 112

t
9. Let S = { l,m Î R × R : f t = éë l e - m ùû . æ 2 × 3x ö æ 1ö
13. If f x = sin -1 ç x ÷ , then f ¢ ç - ÷ equals:
è 1+ 9 ø è 2ø
sin 2 t , t Î R is a differentiable function}. Then S is a (2018/Online Set–2)
subset of : (2018/Online Set–1)
(a) - 3 log e 3 (b) 3 log e 3
(a) R × 0,¥ (b) 0, ¥ × R
(c) - 3 log e 3 (d) 3 loge 3
(c) R × -¥,0 (d) -¥, 0 × R 14. Let N denote the set of all natural numbers. Define two
binary relations on N as
10. Consider the following two binary relations on the set
R1={( x, y) Î N × N : 2 x + y =10} and
A ={a, b, c} :
R2={( x, y) N N : x + 2 y =10}. Then :
R1={(c, a), (b, b), (a, c), (c, c), (b, c), (a, a)} and
(2018/Online Set–3)
R2={(a, b), (b, a), (c, c), (c, a), (a, a), (b, b), (a, c)}. Then :
(a) Range of R1 is {2, 4, 8}.
(2018/Online Set–1) (b) Range of R2 is {1, 2, 3, 4}.
(a) both R1 and R2 are not symmetric. (c) Both R1 and R2 are symmetric relations.
(b) R1 is not symmetric but it is transitive. (d) Both R1 and R2 are transitive relations.
(c) R2 is symmetric but it is not transitive.
-1 æ 3 ö -1 æ 1 ö p
(d) both R1 and R2 are transitive. 15. If a = cos ç ÷ , b = tan ç ÷ , where 0 < a , b < ,
è5ø è3ø 2

x -1 then a - b is equal to : (2019-04-08/Shift-1)

11. Let f : A ® B be a function defined as f x = , where
x-2
-1 æ 9 ö -1 æ 9 ö
(a) tan ç ÷ (b) cos ç ÷
A = R - {2} and B = R - {1}. Then f is : è 5 10 ø è 5 10 ø
(2018/Online Set–2) -1 æ 9 ö -1 æ 9 ö
(c) tan ç ÷ (d) sin ç ÷
è 14 ø è 5 10 ø
3 y -1
(a) Invertible and f -1 (y) =
y -1 æ 1- x ö æ 2x ö
16. If f x = log e ç ÷ , x < 1, then f ç 2 ÷
is equal
è1+ x ø è 1+ x ø
2 y -1 to : (2019-04-08/Shift-1)
(b) Invertible and f -1 (y) =
y -1 2
(a) 2 f x (b) 2 f x

2
2 y +1 (c) f x (d) -2 f x
(c) Invertible and f -1 (y) =
y -1
17. The sum of the solutions of the equation
(d) Not invertible
x -2 + x x - 4 + 2 = 0, x > 0 is equal to:
1 k -1 (2019-04-08/Shift-1)
12. If the function f defined as f x = - 2x , x ¹ 0, is
x e -1
10

continuous at x =0, then the ordered pair (k, f(0)) is equal 18. Let åf a + k = 16 210 - 1 , where the function f
k =1
to : (2018/Online Set–2)
(a) (3, 2) (b) (3, 1) satisfies f x + y = f x f y for all natural numbers x,

y and f 1 = 2. Then the natural number ‘a’ is:

æ1 ö
(c) (2, 1) (d) ç , 2 ÷
è3 ø (2019-04-09/Shift-1)
RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 113
19. Let f(x) = x 2 , x Î R. For any A Í R, define 24. If [x] denotes the greatest integer £ x, then the system of
g(A) = {x Î R: f(x) Î A}. If S = [0, 4], then which one of the
linear equations sinq x + - cosq y = 0 , cot q x + y = 0
following statements is not true ?
(2019-04-12/Shift-2)
(2019-04-10/Shift-1)
(a) g(f(S)) ¹ S (b) f(g(S)) = S p 2p ö
(a) have infinitely many solutions if q Î æç , ÷ and
(c) g(f(S)) = g(S) (d) f(g(S)) ¹ f(S) è2 3 ø
20. Let f x = loge sin x , 0 < x < p 7p ö
has a unique solution if q Î æç p , ÷
è 6 ø
and g x = sin -1 e - x x ³ 0 . If a is a positive real

number such that a = fog ¢ a and b = fog a , æ p 2p ö æ 7p ö

(b) has a unique solution if q Î ç , ÷ È çp , ÷
è2 3 ø è 6 ø
then: (2019-04-10/Shift-2)
(a) aa 2 + ba + a = 0 (b) aa 2 - ba - a = 1 æ p 2p ö
(c) has a unique solution if q Î ç , ÷ and have
(c) aa 2 - ba - a = 0 (d) aa 2 + ba - a = -2a 2 è2 3 ø

y æ 7p ö
If cos -1 x - cos-1 infinitely many solutions if q Î ç p ,
21.
2
= a , where
è 6 ÷ø

y (d) have infinitely many solutions if

-1 £ x £ 1, -3 £ y £ 2, x £ , then for all
2
æ p 2p ö æ 7p ö
q Îç , È p,
2 2
x, y , 4 x - 4 xy cos a + y is equal to: 2 3 ÷ ç
è ø 6 ÷
è ø
(2019-04-10/Shift-2)
-1 æ 2 ö -1 æ 3 ö pæ 3ö
(a) 4sin 2 a (b) 2sin 2 a 25. If cos ç ÷ + cos ç ÷ = ç x > ÷ , then x is equal
è 3x ø è 4x ø 2 è 4ø
(c) 4 sin 2 a - 2x 2 y 2 (d) 4 cos 2 a + 2x 2 y 2 to (2019-01-09/Shift-1)

æ 3ö 145 145
22. For x Î ç 0, ÷ let f x = x , g x = tan x and (a) (b)
è 2ø 12 10

1 - x2 æp ö
h x = . If f x = hof og x , then f ç ÷ is 146 145
1 + x2 è3ø (c) (d)
12 11
equal to (2019-04-12/Shift-1)
26. If x = sin-1 (sin 10) and y = cos-1(cos10), then y – x is equal
p 11p to: (2019-01-09/Shift-2)
(a) tan (b) tan
12 12
(a) 0 (b) 10
7p 5p (c) 7 p (d) p
(c) tan (d) tan
12 12
æ 19 æ n öö
-1 æ 12 ö -1 æ 3 ö
27. The value of cot çç å cot -1 ç1 + å 2 p ÷ ÷÷ is:
23. The value of sin ç ÷ - sin ç ÷ is equal to è n =1 è p =1 ø ø
13
è ø è5ø
(2019-04-12/Shift-1) (2019-01-10/Shift-2)

-1 æ 63 ö p æ 56 ö 21 19
(a) p - sin ç ÷ (b) - sin -1 ç ÷ (a) (b)
è 65 ø 2 è 65 ø 19 21

p æ 9 ö -1 æ 33 ö
22 23
(c) - cos -1 ç ÷ (d) p - cos ç ÷ (c) (d)
2 è 65 ø è 65 ø 23 22
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 114
28. All x satisfying the inequality 33. Let R1 and R2 be two relations defined as follows :
2
cot -1 x - 7 cot -1 x + 10 > 0, lie in the interval : R1 = {(a, b) Î R 2 : a 2 + b 2 Î Q} and

(2019-01-11/Shift-2)
R 2 = {(a, b) Î R 2 : a 2 + b2 Ï Q}, where Q is the set of all
(a) -¥,cot 5 È cot 4,cot 2 rational numbers. Then : (2020-09-03/Shift-2)
(b) cot 2, ¥ (a) R1 is transitive but R2 is not transitive

(c) -¥,cot 5 È cot 2, ¥ (b) R1 and R2 are both transitive

(c) R2 is transitive but R1 is not transitive
(d) cot 5, cot 4
(d) Neither R1 nor R2 is transitive
29. Considering only the principal values of inverse
34. Let A={a,b,c} and B={1,2,3,4}. Then the number of
functions, the set
elements in the set C = {f : A ® B 2Îf (A) and f is not
ì pü
A = í x ³ 0 : tan -1 2 x + tan -1 3 x = ý one-one} is_____ (2020-09-05/Shift-2)
î 4þ
35. For a suitably chosen real constant a, let a function, f:
(2019-01-12/Shift-1)
(a) contains two elements a-x
R-{-a} ® R be defined by f x = . Further suppose
a+x
(b) contains more than two elements
(c) is a singleton that for any real number x ¹ - a and f ( x ) ¹ -a ,
(d) is an empty set
æ 1ö
fof x = x. Then f ç - ÷ is equal to:
æ | x | +5 ö è 2ø
30. The domain of the function f (x) = sin -1 ç ÷ is
è x2 +1 ø (2020-09-06/Shift-2)
(-¥, - a] È [a, ¥). Then a is equal to : (a) -3 (b) 3
(2020-09-02/Shift-1) 1 1
(c) (d) -
17 - 1 17 3 3
(a) (b)
2 2
36. If g ( x) = x 2 + x - 1 and ( gof )( x) = 4 x 2 - 10 x + 5
1 + 17 17
(c) (d) +1
2 2 5
then, f æç ö÷ is equal to (2020-01-07/Shift-1)
31. Let f : R ® R be a function which satisfies è4ø

f(x + y) = f (x) + f (y) "x, y Î R. If f (1) = 2 and

3 1
(a) - (b) -
(n -1) 2 2
g (n) = å
k =1
f (k), n Î N then the value of n, for which
1 3
g (n) = 20, is : (2020-09-02/Shift-2) (c) (d)
2 2
(a) 9 (b) 5
(c) 4 (d) 20 82 x - 8-2 x
37. The inverse function of f x = , x Î -1,1 , is
4 5 16 ö 82 x + 8-2 x
æ
32. 2p - ç sin -1 + sin -1 + sin -1 ÷ is equal to :
è 5 13 65 ø (2020-01-08/Shift-1)
(2020-09-03/Shift-1)
1 æ1- x ö 1 æ 1+ x ö
5p 3p (a) log 8 e log e ç ÷ (b) log 8 e log e ç ÷
(a) (b) 4 è 1+ x ø 4 è1- x ø
4 2
7p p 1 æ1+ x ö 1 æ 1- x ö
(c) (d) (c) log e ç ÷ (d) log e ç ÷
4 2 4 è1- x ø 4 è1+ x ø
RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 115

x2 - x - 2 æ 1 -1 63 ö
38. Let f x = sin -1 x and g x = . If A possible value of tan çç 4 sin ÷
2x 2 - x - 6 42.
è 8 ÷ø is :

g 2 = lim g x then the domain of the function fog is (24-02-2021/Shift-2)

x®2

(26-02-2021/Shift-2) 1
(a) 2 2 - 1 (b)
7
é 4 ö
(a) -¥, -1 È 2, ¥ (b) -¥, -2 È ê - , ¥ ÷
ë 3 ø 1
(c) (d) 7 -1
2 2
é 3 ö
(c) -¥, -2 È -1, ¥ (d) -¥, -2 È ê - , ¥ ÷
ë 2 ø 43. If a + a = 1, b + b = 2 and

39. Let A = 1, 2, 3,...,10 and f : A ® A be defined as æ1ö b

af x + af ç ÷ = bx + , x ¹ 0, then the value of the
èxø x
ì k + 1 if k is odd
f k =í
î k if k is even æ1ö
f x +f ç ÷
expression è x ø is _____.
Then the number of possible functions g : A ® A such 1
x+
that gof = f is (26-02-2021/Shift-2) x

(a) 105 (b) 10

C5 (24-02-2021/Shift-2)

(c) 5! (d) 55 44. Let f : R ® R be defined as f x = 2x - 1 and

40. Let R = {(P, Q)| P and Q are at the same distance from the 1
origin} be a relation, then the equivalence class of (1, –1) x-
g : R - 1 ® R be defined as g x = 2 . Then the
is the set: (26-02-2021/Shift-1) x -1
(a) S = x, y | x 2 + y 2 = 4
composition function f g x is (24-02-2021/Shift-2)

(b) S = x, y | x 2 + y 2 = 1 (a) One-one but not onto

(b) Both one-one and onto
(c) S = x, y | x 2 + y 2 = 2 (c) Neither one-one nor onto
(d) Onto but not one-one
(d) S = x, y | x 2 + y 2 = 2
x -2
45. Let f : R - {3} ® R - {1} be defined by f (x) = .
41. Let f , g : N ® N such that x -3

f n + 1 = f n + f 1 " n Î N and g be any arbitrary

function. Which of the following statements is NOT true? Let g : R ® R be given as g x = 2x - 3. Then, the sum
(25-02-2021/Shift-1)
-1 -1 13
(a) If g is onto, then fog is one-one of all the values of x for which f (x) + g (x) = is
2
(b) f is one-one equal to. (18-03-2021/Shift-2)

(c) If f is onto, then f n = n " n Î N (a) 2 (b) 7

(c) 5 (d) 3
(d) If fog is one-one, then g is one-one
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 116

46. Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5, ..., 30} and ' ' be an equivalence relation
52. Let x denote the greatest integer £ x, where x Î R. If
on A × A, defined by (a, b) (c, d), if and only if ad = bc.
Then the number of ordered pairs which satisfy this
equivalence relation with ordered pair (4, 3) is equal to x -2
the domain of the real valued function f x =
(16-03-2021/Shift-2) x -3
(a) 6 (b) 5
(c) 8 (d) 7 is -¥,a È b, c È 4, ¥ ,a < b < c, then the value of

47. The inverse of y = 5log x is : (17-03-2021/Shift-1) a + b + c is: (20-07-2021/Shift-1)

1 (a) –3 (b) 1
(a) x = y log 5 (b) x = y log5
(c) –2 (d) 8
1
(c) x = 5log y (d) x = 5 log y ìa ü 5x + 3
53. Let f : R - í ý ® R be defined by f x = . Then
6
î þ 6x -a
48. If

cot -1 (a ) = cot -1 2 + cot -1 8 + cot -1 18 + cot -1 32 + ........ the value of a for which fof x = x, for all

upto 100 terms, then a is (17-03-2021/Shift-1)

ìa ü
(a) 1.03 (b) 1.02 x Î R - í ý , is ? (20-07-2021/Shift-2)
î6þ
(c) 1.01 (d) 1.00
49. The sum of possible values of x for (a) No such a exists (b) 5
(c) 6 (d) 8
-1 æ 1 ö
-1 -1 æ 8 ö
tan ( x + 1) + cot ç ÷ = tan ç ÷ is : 54. Let g : N ® N be defined as
è x - 1ø è 31 ø

(17-03-2021/Shift-1) g 3n + 1 = 3n + 2,

32 31
(a) - (b) - g 3n + 2 = 3n + 3,
4 4

30 33 g 3n + 3 = 3n + 1, for all n ³ 0.
(c) - (d) -
4 4
Then which of the following statements is true ?
æ -1 æ 1 - 2 2 x öö (25-07-2021/Shift-1)
50. If f ( x ) = sin çç cos ç 1 + 2 2 x ÷ ÷÷ and its first derivative
è è øø (a) gogog = g

b (b) There exists an onto function f : N ® N such that

with respect to x is - log e 2 when x = 1, where a and b
fog = f
a
2 2
are integers, then the minimum value of a – b is (c) There exists a one-one function f : N ® N such that
fog = f
................. . (17-03-2021/Shift-1)
(d) There exists an function f : N ® N such that gof = f
p
51. The number of solutions of the equation x + 2 tan x = in
2 55. Let S = 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7 . Then the number of possible
the interval [0, 2p] is : (17-03-2021/Shift-2)
functions f : S ® S such that f m.n = f m .f n for
(a) 4 (b) 5
(c) 3 (d) 2 every m, n Î S and m. n Î S is equal to _____

(27-07-2021/Shift-1)
RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 117

56. Let f : R ® R be defined as

2
60. If be a polynomial of degree 3 such that f k = - for
æ1ö k
f x + y + f x - y = 2f x f y , f ç ÷ = -1. Then, the
è2ø
k = 2,3, 4,5 . Then the value 52 - 10f 10 is equal to
20
1
value of å is equal to: ___________ (01-09-2021/Shift-2)
k =1 sin k sin k+f k

(27-07-2021/Shift-2) æ 1+ x ö
61. The domain of the function cosec -1 ç ÷ is :
2
(a) cosec 1 cosec 21 sin 20 è x ø

(b) sec 2 1 sec 21 cos 20 (26-08-2021/Shift-2)

(c) cosec 2 21 cos 20 cos 2 é 1 ö æ 1 ö

(a) ê - , ¥ ÷ - 0 (b) ç - , ¥ ÷ - 0
ë 2 ø è 2 ø
(d) sec 2 21 sin 20 sin 2

57. Let x denote the greatest integer less than or equal to é 1 ö æ 1ù

(c) ê - , 0 ÷ È 1, ¥ (d) ç -1, - ú È 0, ¥
x. Then, the values of x Î R satisfying the equation ë 2 ø è 2û
2
éëe x ùû + éëe x + 1ùû - 3 = 0 lie in the interval:
62. Let z be the set of all integers,
(22-07-2021/Shift-2)
2
A= x, y Î Z ´ Z; x - 2 + y 2 £ 4
é 1ö
(a) ln 2, ln 3 (b) ê0, ÷
ë eø
B= x, y Î Z ´ Z; x 2 + y 2 £ 4 and
(c) 0, ln 2 (d) 1,e

58. Consider function f : A ® B and 2 2

C= x, y Î Z ´ Z; x - 2 + y - 2 £4
-1
g : B ® C A, B, C Í R such that gof exists, then:
If the total number of relation from A Ç B to A Ç C is
(25-07-2021/Shift-2)
(a) f and g both are one-one 2p , then the value of p is : (27-08-2021/Shift-2)
(b) f is onto and g is one-one
(a) 16 (b) 25
(c) f is one-one and g is onto
(c) 49 (d) 9
(d) f and g both are onto
59. The range of the function 63. Let M and m respectively be the maximum and minimum

æ æ 3p ö æp ö values of the function f x = tan -1 sin x + cos x in

f x = log 5 ç 3 + cos ç + x ÷ + cos ç + x ÷
è è 4 ø è 4 ø
é pù
æp ö æ 3p öö ê0, 2 ú . Then the value of tan M - m is equal to:
+ cos ç - x ÷ - cos ç - x ÷ ÷ ë û
(01-09-2021/Shift-2)
è4 ø è 4 øø
(27-08-2021/Shift-2)
é 1 ù
(a) ê , 5 ú (b) 0, 5 (a) 3 - 2 2 (b) 3 + 2 2
ë 5 û

(c) 0, 2 (d) -2, 2 (c) 2 - 3 (d) 2 + 3

RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 118

64. Which of the following is not correct for relation R on the 69. The number of solutions of the equation
set of real numbers? (31-08-2021/Shift-1)
2 2 p
(a) x, y Î R Û x - y £ 1 is reflexive and symmetric. 32 tan x
+ 32sec x
= 81, 0 £ x £ is: (31-08-2021/Shift-2)
4

(b) x, y Î R Û 0 < x - y £ 1 is symmetric but not (a) 0 (b) 1

transitive. (c) 2 (d) 3

(c) x, y Î R Û x - y £ 1 is reflexive but not 70. If the functions are defined as f (x) = x and
symmetric.
g (x) = 1 - x, then what is the common domain of the
(d) x, y Î R Û 0 < x - y £ 1 is neither transitive nor
f g
symmetric. following functions f + g, f - g, , , g - f where
g f
65. Let f : N ® N be a function such that
f (x)
f m + n = f m + f n for every m, n Î N. If (f ± g) (x) = f (x) ± g (x), (f / g) (x) =
g (x)
f 6 = 18, then f 2 × f 3 is equal to:
(18-03-2021/Shift-1)
(31-08-2021/Shift-2)
(a) 0 £ x < 1 (b) 0 < x £ 1
(a) 36 (b) 6
(c) 18 (d) 54 (c) 0 £ x £ 1 (d) 0 < x < 1

cos -1 x 2 - x + 1 cosec-1x
66. If the domain of the function f x = is 71. The real valued function f (x) = , where x
x - [x]
æ 2x - 1 ö
sin -1 ç ÷
è 2 ø denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, is
defined for all x belonging to : (18-03-2021/Shift-1)
the interval a, b , then a + b is equal to : (a) all integers except 0, –1, 1
(22-07-2021/Shift-2) (b) all reals except the interval [–1, 1]

3 (c) all reals except integers

(a) 2 (b) (d) all non-integers except the interval [–1, 1]
2
72. Let x denote the total number of one - one functions from
1 a set A with 3 elements to a set B with 5 elements and y
(c) (d) 1
2 denote the total number of one one functions from the set
67. The number of real roots of the equation A to the set A × B. Then: (25-02-2021/Shift-2)

e 4x - e3x - 4e 2x - e x + 1 = 0 is equal to ______. (a) y = 91x (b) 2y = 91x

(27-07-2021/Shift-2) (c) y = 273x (d) 2y = 273x
2 2
68. If x + 9y – 4x + 3 = 0, x, y Î R, then x and y
5x
respectively lie in the intervals: (27-08-2021/Shift--1) 73. A function f x is given by f x = , then the sum
5x + 5
é 1 1ù 1 2 3 39
(a) 1, 3 and ê – , ú of the series f æç ö÷ + f æç ö÷ + f æç ö÷ + ..... + f æç ö÷
ë 3 3û è 20 ø è 20 ø è 20 ø è 20 ø
é 1 1ù (25-02-2021/Shift-2)
(b) ê – , and 1, 3
ë 3 3 úû
49 29
(a) (b)
(c) 1, 3 and 1, 3 2 2

é 1 1ù é 1 1ù 39 19
(c) (d)
(d) ê – , ú and ê – , ú 2 2
ë 3 3û ë 3 3û
RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 119
74. Let f be any function defined on R and let it satisfy the
-1 -1 p
2 77. If 0 < a, b < 1, and tan a + tan b = , then the value of
condition f x - f y £ x - y , " x, y Î R 4

If f(0) = 1, then : (26-02-2021/Shift-1) æ a 2 + b 2 ö æ a 3 + b3 ö æ a 4 + b 4 ö

a +b -ç ÷+ç ÷-ç ÷ + ........... is:
(a) f x > 0, "x Î R è 2 ø è 3 ø è 4 ø

(26-02-2021/Shift-2)
(b) f x = 0, "x Î R
æeö
(c) f x < 0, "x Î R (a) log e ç ÷ (b) log e 2
è2ø

(d) f x can take any value in R (c) e2 - 1 (d) e

78. Given that the inverse trigonometric functions take
é æ 4 öù principal values only. Then, the number of real values of x
75. cosec ê 2 cot -1 5 + cos -1 ç ÷ ú is equal to:
ë è 5 øû
-1 æ 3x ö -1 æ 4x ö -1
which satisfy sin ç ÷ + sin ç ÷ = sin x is equal to
(25-02-2021/Shift-2) è 5 ø è 5 ø

65 65 (16-03-2021/Shift-2)
(a) (b)
56 33 (a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) 0
75 56
(c) (d) 79. The number of solutions of the equation
56 33
é 1ù é 2 2ù
sin -1 x cos -1 x tan -1 y sin -1 ê x 2 + ú + cos -1 2
ê x - 3 ú = x , for x Î[ -1, 1], and
76. If = = ;0 < x < 1 , then the value ë 3û ë û
a b c
x denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, is:
æ pc ö
of cos ç ÷ is: (26-02-2021/Shift-1) (17-03-2021/Shift-2)
èa+bø
(a) 4 (b) 0
1- y 2
1 - y2 (c) Infinite (d) 2
(a) (b)
1 + y2 y y 80. The number of real roots of the equation
p
1 - y2 tan -1 x x + 1 + sin -1 x 2 + x + 1 = is:
(c) (d) 1 - y 2 4
2y
(20-07-2021/Shift-1)
(a) 0 (b) 4
(c) 1 (d) 2
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 120

EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option] 7. Let f : (–¥, 2] ® (–¥, 4] be a function defined by
f (x) = 4x – x2. Then f –1 (x) is :

æ 1 ö (a) 2 – 4 – x (b) 2 + 4 – x
1. The domain of the function f (x) = 4 l og3 çç ÷÷ is :
è cos x ø
(c) 4–x (d) 4+x
(a) (–¥, ¥)
8. Let f : R ® R, g : R ® R be two functions given by
(b) (–¥, ¥) – {np| n Î I} f (x) = 2x – 3, g(x) = x3 + 5. Then ( f og)–1 (x) is equal to :
1/ 3 1/ 2
ì p ü æ x –7 ö æ x +7 ö
(c) (–¥, ¥) – í 2n +1 : n ÎI ý (a) ç ÷ (b) ç ÷
î 2 þ è 2 ø è 2 ø

(d) none of the above 1/ 3 1/ 3

æ 7ö æ x–2ö
2. The range of the function f (x) = cos [x], (c) ç x – ÷ (d) ç ÷
è 2ø è 7 ø
for -p/2 < x < p/2 contains.
(a) {–1, 1, 0} (b) {cos 1, 1, cos 2} é p 2p ù
9. Let f : ê – , ú be a function defined as
(c) {cos 1, –cos 1, 1} (d) [–1, 1] ë 3 3 û

3. Let f : R ® R be a function defined by f (x) = 3 sin x – cos x + 2. The f –1 (x) is given by

x2 – 8 æ x–2ö p –1 æ x – 2 ö p
f (x) = , then f is : (a) sin –1 ç (b) sin ç ÷+
x2 + 2 ÷– è 2 ø 6
è 2 ø 6
(a) one-one but not onto (b) one-one and onto 2p æ x –2ö
(c) + cos –1 ç ÷ (d) none of these
(c) onto but not one-one (d) neither one-one nor onto 3 è 2 ø
4. Let f : R – {n} ® R be a function defined by
10. If the function f : [1, ¥ ) ® [1, ¥ ) is defined by
x–m f (x) = 2
x(x–1) –1
, then f (x) is
f(x) = , where m ¹ n . This function is-
x–n
x x -1
æ1ö æ1ö
(a) one-one onto (b) one-one into (a) ç ÷ (b) ç ÷ éë1 + 1 + 4log 2 x ùû
è2ø è2ø
(c) many-one onto (d) many one into
5. Let A = (x1, x2,…..,x8), B = (y1, y2, y3), the total no. of æ1ö
(c) ç ÷ éë1 - 1 + 4log 2 x ùû (d) not defined
functions f : A ® B that are onto and there are exactly è2ø
four elements (x) in A such that f(x) = y3, is equal to
11. If the function f : R ® R be such that f (x) = x – [x], where
(a) 16 × 8C4 (b) 14 × 8C4 [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x,
(c) 16 × 4C4 (d) None of these then f –1 (x) is
6. If f (x + y) = f (x) . f (y) for all real x, y and f (0) ¹ 0 then the 1
(a) (b) [x] – x
x– x
f x
function g(x) = 2 is
1+ f x (c) not defined (d) none of these
12. The range of the function f (x) = |x – 1| + |x – 2|, –1 < x < 3, is
(a) even function (b) odd function
(a) [1, 3] (b) [1, 5]
(c) odd if f (x) > 0 (d) neither even nor odd
(c) [3, 5] (d) none of these
RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 121

19. The domain of the function

æ 1 ö
13. The domain of the function f (x) = ç – 1÷ is :
é æ 1 ö ù
è sin x ø f x = l og 3 ê – log1/2 ç 1 + 1/ 5 ÷ –1ú is
ë è x ø û

ì pü (a) (–¥, 1) (b) (0, 1)

(a) í 2np, 2np + ý , " n Î I
î 2þ (c) (1, ¥) (d) none of these

(b) (2np , (2n + 1)p ) " n Î I 20. Let f be a real valued function defined by

(c) ((2n – 1)p , 2np) " n Î I ex – e– x

f (x) = then range of f (x) is :
(d) None of the above ex + e x

(a) R (b) [0, 1]

tan x + tan x
14. f x = is defined for : (c) [0, 1) (d) [0, 1/2)
3x
21. The number of pairs, (x, y), x, y Î R, satisfying

1 4x2 – 4x + 2 = sin2 y and x2 + y2 < 3 are

(a) R+ (b) R + – ìí üý
î3þ (a) 0 (b) 4
(c) 2 (d) infinite
+ ì p ü
(c) R – ínp+ n ÎW ý (d) none of these x –1
î 2 þ 22. If f (x) = , then f (2x) is :
x +1
1
log x
15. The domain of the function f (x) = x is : f x +1 3 f x +1
(a) (b)
f x +3 f x +3
(a) (0, ¥) – {1} (b) (0, ¥)
(c) [0, ¥) (d) [0, ¥) – {1}
f x +3 f x +3
(x2–3)3 + 27 (c) (d)
16. The minimum value of 2 is :
f x +1 3 f x +1
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 227 (d) None of these ì x , x £1
17. 2
Let f (x) = min {x, x }, for every x Î R. Then : ï
23. If f x = í , then f ( f (x)) is equal to
ï 2 - x, x > 1
î
ì x , x ³1
ï ì x 2 , x ³1
(a) f x = í x 2 , 0 £ x <1 (b) f x = í
ïx , x < 0 î x , x <1
î ì2 - x , x < -1 ì x, x < -1
ï ï
ï ï
ï ï
(a) í x , -1 £ x £ 1 (b) í 2 - x , -1 £ x £ 1
ì x 2 , x ³1 ï ï
ì x , x ³1 ï ï ï
(c) f x = í 2 (d) f x = í x , 0 £ x <1
ïî 2 - x , x >1 ïî 2 - x , x >1
î x , x <1 ïx 2 , x < 0
î

18. The domain of definition of

ì2-x , x < -1
ï
f (x) = log2 æç – l og1/2 æç1 + 11 / 4 ö÷ – 1ö÷ is ï
ï
è è x ø ø (c) í x , -1 £ x £ 1 (d) none of these
ï
ï
(a) (0, 1) (b) (0, 1] ïî 2 - x , x >1
(c) [1, ¥) (d) (1, ¥)
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 122
30. Complete solution set of the equation
æ y yö |x2 – 1 + cos x| = |x2 – 1| + |cos x|
24. If f ç x + , x – ÷ = xy , then f (m, n) + f (n, m) = 0
è 8 8 ø belonging to (–2p, p) is

(a) only when m = n (b) only when m ¹ n é p pù

(a) ê – , ú È – 1, 1
ë 2 2û
(c) only when m = – n (d) for all m and n

25. If 2 < x2 < 3 then the number of positive roots of é 3p p ù ép ö

(b) ê – , ú È – 1, 1 È ê , p ÷
ë 2 2 û ë2 ø
ì1 ü 2
í ý = x , {.} denotes the fractional part of x, is : é 3p p ù é p ö
îx þ
(c) ê – , – ú È ê , p ÷
ë 2 2û ë2 ø
(a) 0 (b) 1
æ – 3p ù é p ù é pù
(d) ç – 2p, ú È ê – 2 , – 1ú È ê1, 2 ú
(c) 2 (d) 3 è 2 û ë û ë û
26. If [x] denotes the greatest integer £ x, then 31. The number points (x, y), where curves |y| = ln |x| and
(x –1)2 + y2 – 4 = 0 cut each other, is
é2ù é2 1 ù é2 2 ù é 2 98 ù (a) 2 (b) 3
ê 3 ú + ê 3 + 99 ú + ê 3 + 99 ú + ... + ê 3 + 99 ú is equal to
ë û ë û ë û ë û (c) 1 (d) 6
32. Let f be a function satisfying
(a) 99 (b) 98
2 f (xy) = ( f (x))y + ( f (y))x
(c) 66 (d) 65 n

27. f (x) = |x – 1|, f : R+ ® R and g (x) = ex , g : [–1, ¥) ® R If the

and f (1) = k ¹ 1, then åf
r= 1
r is equal to :

function fog (x) is defined, then its domain and range (a) kn –1 (b) kn
respectively are. (c) kn +1 (d) None of these
(a) (0, ¥) & [0, ¥) (b) [–1, ¥) & [0, ¥) 33. If f (x) + 2 f (1 – x) = x2 + 2, " x Î R, then f (x) is given as:

2 2
x –1 x –2
é 1 ö é1 ö (a) (b)
(c) –1, ¥ & ê1 – , ¥ ÷ (d) –1, ¥ & ê – 1, ¥ ÷ 3 3
ë e ø ëe ø
(c) x2 – 1 (d) x2 – 2
28. The number of positive integers satisfying the equation
æ 1+ x 2 ö
x + log10 (2x + 1) = x log105 +log106 is 34. The function f (x) = cos sin x + sin–1 ç ÷ is
è 2x ø
(a) 0 (b) 1 defined for :
(c) 2 (d) infinite (a) x Î {–1, 1} (b) x Î [–1, 1]
(c) x Î R (d) x Î (–1, 1)
29. A certain polynomial P(x), x Î R when divided by x – a,
x – b, x – c leaves remainder a, b, c respectively. The æ 2– x ö –1
35. If f (x) = cos–1 ç ÷ + éël og 3 – x ùû , then its domain
è 4 ø
remainder when P(x) is divided by (x – a) (x – b) (x – c) is
(a, b, c and distinct). is :

(a) 0 (b) x (a) [–2, 6] (b) [–6, 2) È (2, 3)

2 (c) [–6, 2] (d) [–2, 2) È (2, 3]
(c) ax + b – c (d) ax + bx + c
RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 123

If 1< x < 43. Let f be a real valued function with domain R satisfying
36. 2 , then number of solutions of the equation
tan (x – 1) + tan–1 x + tan–1(x + 1) = tan–1 3x, is/are
–1
1
0 < f (x) < and for some fixed a,
(a) 0 (b) 1 2
(c) 2 (d) 3
1 2
37. The complete solution set of sin–1 (sin 5) > x2 – 4x is f (x + a) = – f x – f x " xÎR
2
(a) x - 2 < 9 - 2 p (b) x - 2 > 9 - 2p then the peroid of the function f (x) is :
(a) a (b) 2a
(c) x < 9 - 2p (d) x > 9 - 2p
(c) non periodic (d) none of these
n
-1 2m 44. Let f (x) = max {1 + sin x, 1 – cos x, 1} " x Î [0, 2p] and g
38. å tan m + m2 + 2
4
=
m =1 (x) = max {1, | x –1|} " x Î R. Then gof is :
(a) tan–1 (n2 + n + 1) (b) tan–1 (n2 – n + 1) (a) 2 (b) 1

-1 n2 + n ì1+sin x x £ 0
(c) tan (d) None of these (c) í (d) None of these
n2 + n + 2 î1– cos x x ³ 0

1 45. Find all possible values of x satisfying :

39. The domain of the function f (x) = 12 9 4
x – x + x – x +1
x x–2 8 x + 12
is – =
x –2 x x –2 x
(a) (–¥, –1) (b) (1, ¥)
(where [ ] denotes the greatest function { } is fractional part).
(c) (–1, 1) (d) (–¥, ¥)

t
1+sin px – 1 (a) ìí4, 11üý (b) {4, 5}
40. If f (x) = lim t
, then range of f (x) is î 2þ
t ®¥
1+sin px +1

(a) {–1, 1} (b) {0, 1} ì 11ü ì11 15 ü

(c) í5, ý (d) í , ý
î 2þ î2 4þ
(c) {–1, 1} (d) {–1, 0, 1}
46. Total number of solutions of the equation
é 1 ù sin px = |l ne| x|| are :
41. Range of the function f defined by f (x) = ê ú (where
ë sin x û (a) 8 (b) 10
[.] and {.} respectively denote the greatest integer and the (c) 9 (d) 6
fractional part functions) is.
47. The number of roots of the question
(a) I, the set of integers
1 + log2 (1 – x) = 2–x is :
(b) N, the set of natural numbers.
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) W, the set of whole numbers
(c) 2 (d) many
(d) {2, 3, 4, ....}
42. Let f be a real valued function with domain R satisfying æ 1– x ö
48. If 2 f (x – 1) – f ç ÷ = x, then f (x) is :
2
f (x + k) = 1 + [2 – 5 f (x) + 10 (f (x)) – 10 ( f (x)) 3 è x ø
+ 5 (f (x))4 – (f (x))5]1/5
1é 1 ù 1– x
for all real x and some positive constant k, then the period (a) 2 1+ x + (b) 2 x – 1 –
of the function f (x) is : 3 êë 1 + x úû x

(a) k (b) 2k
1
(c) non periodic (d) none of these (c) x 2 + +3 (d) None of these
x2
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 124

53. Let f (x) and g(x) be two real valued function given by,
1 1 1
49. Let f1 (n) = 1 + + + ...+ , then f (x) = – l nx and g(x) = e–x. Let h(x) = f (x) – x and
2 3 n
m(x) = g(x) – x. Further more let the number of solutions of
f1(1) + f1(2) + f1(3) + ... + f1(n) is equal to :
h(x) = 0 and m(x) = 0 be a and b, then.
(a) n f1(n) – 1 (b) (n + 1) f1(n) – n
(a) a ¹ b (b) a = b
(c) (n + 1) f1(n) + n (d) n f1(n) + n
(c) a = 1 and b = 1 (d) None of these

4x 54. Let f (x) be invertible function and let f –1 (x) be its inverse.
50. If f x = x
, then
4 +2
Let equation f { f –1(x)} = f –1(x) has two real roots a and b
(within domain of f (x)), then
æ 1 ö æ 2 ö æ 1996 ö
fç ÷+ fç ÷ + .... + f ç ÷ is equal to (a) f (x) = x, also have same two real roots.
è 1997 ø è 1997 ø è 1997 ø
(b) f –1(x) = x, also have same two real roots.
(a) 1997 (b) 998
(c) f (x) = f –1(x), also have same two real roots.
(c) 0 (d) none of these
(d) Area formed by (0, 0) (a, f (a)) and (b, f (b)) is 1 unit.
Objective Questions II [One or more than one correct option]
55. 2p is fundamental period of the function

51. If f is an even function defined on the interval [–5, 5], then

the real values of x satisfying the equation 1+ sin x
(a) (b) |sin x| + |cos x|
cos x 1+ cosec x

æ x +1 ö
f (x) = f ç ÷ , are
è x+2 ø (c) sin 2x + cos 3x (d) cos (sin x) + cos (cos x)

56. Which of the following functions are periodic ?

–1 ± 5 –3 ± 5 (a) f (x) = sgn (e–x)
(a) (b)
2 2

ì 1 if x is a rational number
(b) f x = í
–2 ± 5 î0 if x is a irrational number
(c) (d) none of these
2

52. Let R = {(x, y) : x, y Î R. x 2 + y 2 < 25} and 8 8

(c) f x = +
1+ cos x 1– cos x
ì 4 ü
R ¢ = í x , y :x , yÎR , y ³ x 2 ý then is
î 9 þ

é 1ù é 1ù
(a) dom R Ç R¢ = [–3, 3] (d) f x = ê x + ú + ê x – ú + 2 – x
ë 2û ë 2û
(b) Range R Ç R¢ É [0, 4]

(c) Range R Ç R¢ = [0, 5] (where [ ] denotes greatest integer function)

(d) R Ç R¢ defines a function

RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 125

57. The graph of the function y = f (x) is as shown in the 58. Let f (x) be defined on [–p, p] and is given by,
figure. Then which one of the following graphs are correct?
ìsin x – p£ x £ 0
f x =í
îcos x 0 < x £ p

Let g (x) = f |x| + | f (x)|, " x Î [–p, p], then

(a) g (x) = 0, has no real roots
(b) g (x) = 0, has infinitely many real roots
(c) g (x) = 0

(a) |y| = sgn ( f (x)) (d) limit does not exist at x = 0

Numerical Value Type Questions

59. The number of integer values of m for which

f (x) = x3 – mx2 + 3x – 11 invertible is
60. If f (1) = 2 and f (x + y) = f (x) f (y) for all natural numbers
n
x, y, the natural number a for which åf
k =1
a+k =

(b) |y| = sgn (–f (|x|)) 16 (2n – 1), is

x +5
61. The function f (x) = takes exactly k integer values,
x 2 +1
then k must be
62. Let S be the set of points (x, y) given by
S = {(x, y)}; x2 + y2 – 10x + 16 = 0}

y
and f : S ® R be given by f (x, y) =
x
(c) |y| = | f | x ||
é 3 3ù
If range of f is ê – , ú where k > 0. then k must be
ë k kû

Assertion & Reason

(A) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is true, REASON is a
correct explanation for ASSERTION.
(B) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is true, REASON is not
a correct explanation for ASSERTION.
(d) y = xsgn (f (x)) (C) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is false.
(D) If ASSERTION is false, REASON is true.

63. Assertion : A function y = f (x) is defined by x2 – arc

cos y = p, then domain of f (x) is R.
Reason : cos–1 y Î [0, p].
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 126

64. Assertion :
-1 -1 -1 p
68. Assertion : sin éë tan tan x + tan 1 - x ùû = has no
3 2 1 2
cosec -1 + cos-1 - 2cot -1 - cot -1 7 = cot -1 7.
2 3 7 non-zero integral solution.
Reason : The greatest and least values of
p p
Reason : sin x + cos x = , tan–1 x + cot–1 x = ,
–1 –1
2 2 7p3 p3
(sin–1 x)3 + (cos–1 x)3 are and respectively..
8 32
1 1
cosec–1 x = sin–1 , and for x > 0, cot–1 x = tan–1
x x (a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D Match the Following

65. Assertion : If a is twice the tangent of the arithmetic mean Each question has two columns. Four options are given
–1 –1
of sin x and cos x, be is the geometric mean of tan x and representing matching of elements from Column-I and
2
cot x, then x – ax + b = 0 Þ x = 1 Column-II. Only one of these four options corresponds
to a correct matching.For each question, choose the option
-1 -1
æ sin x +cos x ö corresponding to the correct matching.
Reason : tan ç ÷ =1
è 2 ø
69. Match the column.
(a) A (b) B Column–I Column–II
(c) C (d) D (A) The number of possible values (P) 1
of k if fundamental period of
ì x 2 x3 -1 ü
66. Assertion : sin í x - + - ....ý
î 2 4 þ p
sin–1 (sin kx) is , is
2
π ì x 4 x6 ü
= - cos -1 í x 2 - + ...ý for 0 < |x| < 2 has a unique
(B) Numbers of elements in the domain (Q) 2
2 î 2 4 þ
of f (x) = tan–1 x + sin–1 x + sec–1 x is
solution.
(C) Period of the function (R) 3

-1 p
Reason : tan x x +1 + sin -1 x 2 + x +1 = has no æ px ö æ px ö
2 f (x) = sin ç ÷ . cos ç ÷ is
è ø2 è 2 ø
solution for - 2 < x < 0.
(D) If the range of the function (S) 4
(a) A (b) B
f (x) = cos–1 [5x] is {a, b, c} & a + b + c
(c) C (d) D
67. Assertion : Let f (x) be a function satisfying
lp
= , then l is equal to
2
f (x – 1) + f (x + 1) = 2 f (x) for all x Î R. Then f (x) is
(where [.] denotes greatest integer)
periodic with period 8.
Reason : For every natural number n there exists a periodic (a) A ® Q, B ® Q, C ® Q, D ® R
function with period n. (b) A ®P, B ® Q, C ® Q, D ® R
(a) A (b) B (c) A ® Q, B ®P, C ®R, D ® R
(c) C (d) D (d) A ® Q, B ® Q, C ® Q, D ®P
RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 127
70. Functions in column I can take values of column II 72. Match of the column.
Column-I Column-II Column-I Column-II
2
(A) x + 2 x can be (P) 38 (A) log10 5.log10 20 + (log10 2) = (P) 4
(B) Least value of x satisfying (Q) – 4
x –1
(B) can be (Q) 0
x +1 |2x| – |x – 4| = x + 4 is

3 k 1- x
(C) 2x3 – 9x2 + 12x + 6 (R) (C) If cos–1 x = sin–1 2 , (R) 1
5 2
can be
for all x Î (–1, 1), then k is equal to
é xù (D) If f: [0, 2] ® [2, 0] is bijective (S) 0
(D) ê[ x] – 2 ú can be (S) – 1
ë û
function defined by f(x) = ax2 + bx + c,
where [.] is G.I.F. Correct matching is where a, b, c are non-zero real numbers
(a) A® Q,R;B ® P,Q,R,S;C ® P,Q,R;D ® P,Q, S
then f(2) is equal to
(b) A® P,Q,R; B ® P,Q,R,S;C ® P,Q,R,S; D ® P,Q, S
The correct matching is
(c) A® P,Q,R; B ® P,Q,R;C ® P,Q,R; D ® P,Q
(a) A ® R, B ® Q C ® P, D ® S
(d) A® P,Q; B ® P,Q;C ® P,Q,R,S; D ® P,Q
71. Column-I Column-II (b) A ®P, B ® Q C ®R, D ® S

(A) Let X = {a1, a2,….., a6} and (P) 2 (c) A ®Q, B ®R C ® P, D ® S

Y = {b1, b2, b3}. The number (d) A ® R, B ® Q C ®S, D ®P
of functions f from X to Y such 73. Column II contain the ranges of the functions given in
that it is onto and there are Column I.
exactly three elements x in X Column I Column II
such that f(x) = b1, is greater than
(B) The number of real solutions for ex 3
(A) y= ;x³0 (P) é , ¥ ö÷
x, y if y = |sin x| and y = sin–1(sin x) (Q) 5 1+ x ê4
ë ø
where x Î [–2p, 2p], is
where [ ] denotes greatest
(C) If a, b and c are distinct positive
real numbers such that a + b + c = 1, (R) 120 integer function

(1 + a)(1 + b)(1 + c ) (B) cot–1 (2x –x2) (Q) 1, ¥

then (1 - a)(1 - b)(1 - c) can be
(C) 4x –2x + 1 (R) [0, ¥)
(D) The period of the function (S) 80
[6x + 7] + cos px – 6x, ép ö
(D) ln (1 + x2) (S) ê , p ÷
where [] denotes the greatest ë4 ø
integer function, is (T) 10
The correct matching is
The correct matching is
(a) A ® (Q); B ® (S); C ® (P) ;D ® (R)
(a) A ® P,Q,S,T, B ® Q,C ® R,S, T, D ® P
(b) A ® (S); B ® (Q); C ® (P) ;D ® (R)
(b) A ® P,Q, B ® Q, C ® R,S, D ® P
(c) A ® (Q); B ® (S); C ® (R) ;D ® (P)
(c) A ® P, B ® Q, C ® R,S, D ® R, S
(d) A ® P, B ® T, C ® R,S, D ® Q (d) A ® (R); B ® (S); C ® (P) ;D ® (Q)
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 128

Using the following passage, solve Q.74 to Q.76 Using the following passage, solve Q.77 to Q.79
Passage –1 Passage –2
Let f : R ® R is a function satisfying f (2 – x) = f (2 + x) and
A function f from a set X to Y is called onto, if for every
f (20 – x) = f (x), " x Î R. For this function f answer the
y Î Y there exist x Î X such that f (x) = y. Unless the
following.
contrary is specified, a real function is onto if it takes all
real values, otherwise it is called into function. Thus, if X 77. If f (0) = 5, then minimum possible number of values of x
and Y are finite sets, then f cannot be onto If Y contains satisfying f (x) = 5, for x Î [0, 170] is.
more element than X. (a) 21 (b) 12
74. The polynomial function (c) 11 (d) 22
n n–1 n–2
P (x) = a0x + a1x + a1x + .... + an , 78. Graph of y = f (x) is
where a0 ¹ 0, is onto, for (a) symmetrical about x = 18
(a) all positive integers n (b) symmetrical about x = 5
(b) all even positive integers n (c) symmetrical about x = 8
(c) all odd positive integers n (d) symmetrical about x = 20
(d) no positive integer 79. If f (2) ¹ f (6), then
75. Which of the following is not true ? (a) fundamental period of f (x) is 1
(a) A one-one function from the set {a, b, c} to {a, b, g} (b) fundamental period of f (x) may be 1
is onto also. (c) period of f (x) can’t be 1
(b) An onto function from an infinite set to a finite set (d) fundamental period of f (x) is 8
cannot be one-one. Text
(c) An onto function is always invertible.
80. Find the range of values of t for which
(d) The function tan x and cot x are onto
1- 2x + 5x 2 é p pù
2 2sin t = , t Îê - , ú
x + 2x + c 3x 2 - 2x -1 ë 2 2û
76. The function f (x) = is onto, if
x 2 + 4x + 3c

(a) 0 < c < 2 (b) 0 < c < 4

1 1
(c) – <c< (d) 0 < c < 1
2 2
RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 129

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option]
ax
7. Let f x = , x ¹ - 1 . Then, for what value of a is
1. The domain of definition of the function y (x) is given by x +1
x y
the equation 2 + 2 = 2, is (2000) f [ f (x)] = x ? (2001)
(a) 0 < x < 1 (b) 0 < x < 1
(a) 2 (b) - 2
(c) -¥ < x < 0 (d) -¥ < x < 1
(c) 1 (d) –1
ì-1, x < 0 2
ï 8. Suppose f (x) = (x + 1) for x > – 1. If g(x) is the function
2. Let g(x) = 1 + x – [x] and f (x) = í 0, x = 0 , then for all
ï 1, x > 0 whose graph is reflection of the graph of f (x) with respect
î
to the line y = x, then g(x) equals (2002)
x, f [g (x)] is equal to (2001)
(a) x (b) 1 1
(a) – x –1, x ³ 0 (b) 2
, x > –1
x +1
(c) f (x) (d) g (x)

1 –1
3. If f : [1, ¥) ® [2, ¥) is given by f (x) = x + then f (x) (c) x +1, x ³ –1 (d) x –1, x ³ 0
x
equals. (2001) 9. Let function f : R ® R be defined by f (x) = 2x + sin x for
x Î R. Then f is (2002)
x + x2 – 4 x
(a) (b) 1+ x 2 (a) one-to-one and onto
2
(b) one-to-one but NOT onto
2
x– x –4 (c) onto but NOT one-to-one
(c) (d) 1+ x 2 – 4
4
(d) neither one-to-one nor onto
l og 2 x + 3
4. The domain of definition of f x = is x
x 2 + 3x + 2 10. If f : [0, ¥) ® [0, ¥) and f (x) = , then f is (2003)
1+ x
(2001)
(a) one-one and onto
(a) R/{–1, –2} (b) (-2, ¥)
(c) R/{–1, –2, –3} (d) (-3, ¥)/{–1, –2} (b) one-one but not onto

5.
2 2
Let f (x) = (1 + b ) x + 2bx + 1 and let m (b) be the minimum (c) onto but not one-one
value of f (x). As b varies, the range of m (b) is (2001) (d) neither one-one nor onto

é 1ù
(a) [0, 1] (b) ê0, ú x2 + x + 2
ë 2û 11. Range of the function f (x) = ; x Î R is (2003)
x 2 + x +1

é1 ù
(c) ê ,1ú (d) (0, 1]
ë2 û (a) (1, ¥)
11
(b) æç1, ö÷
è 7ø
6. Let E = {1, 2, 3, 4} and F = {1, 2}, Then, the number of onto
functions from E to F is (2001)
(a) 14 (b) 16 æ 7ö æ 7ö
(c) ç1, ÷ (d) ç1, ÷
è 3ø è 5ø
(c) 12 (d) 8
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 130
2
12. Domain of definition of the function 17. Let f (x) = x and g (x) = sin x for all x Î R. Then, the set of
all x satisfying (fogogof) (x) = (gogof) (x),
p where (fog) (x) = f (g(x)), is (2011)
f x = sin -1 2x + for real valued x, is (2003)
6
(a) ± np ,n Î{0,1,2, ...}
é 1 1ù é 1 1ù
(a) ê - , ú (b) ê - , ú
ë 4 2û ë 2 2û (b) ± np ,n Î{1, 2, ...}

æ 1 1ö é 1 1ù p
(c) ç - , ÷ (d) ê - , ú (c) + 2np, n Î {..., –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, ....}
è 2 9ø ë 4 4û 2
2
13. If f (x) = sin x + cos x, g(x) = x –1, then g( f (x)) is invertible (d) 2np, n Î {..., –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, ....}
in the domain. (2004) 18. The function f : [0, 3] ® [1, 29], defined by
f (x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1, is (2012)
é pù é p pù
(a) ê0, ú (b) ê – , ú (a) one-one and onto
ë 2û ë 4 4û
(b) onto but not one-one
é p pù
(c) ê – , ú (d) [0, p] (c) one-one but not onto
ë 2 2û
(d) neither one-one nor onto
ì x , if x is rational 19. For any positive integer n, define f n : (0, ¥) ® R as
14. f x =í
î0, if x is irrational
æ 1 ö
f n (x) = å nj=1 tan -1 ç ÷
ì0 , if x is rational è 1 + (x + j) (x + j - 1) ø
g x =í .
î x , if x is irrational
for all x Î (0, ¥) (Here, the inverse trigonometric function
Then f –g is. (2005)
(a) neither one-one nor onto æ p pö
tan–1x assumes value in ç - , ÷ .) Then, which of the
(b) one-one and onto è 2 2ø

(c) one-one and into following statement(s) is (are) TRUE? (2018)

(d) many one and onto
15. Suppose X and Y are two sets and f : X ® Y is a function. (a) å 5j=1 tan 2 f j (0) = 55
For a subset A of X, define f(A) to be the subset
–1
{f(a) : a Î A} of Y. For a subset B of Y, define f (B) to be
10 ' 2
the subset {x Î X : f(x) Î B} of X. Then which of the (b) å j=1 1 + f1 (0) sec f j 0 = 10
following statements is true ? (2005)
1
(a) f -1 f (A) = A for every A Ì X (c) For any fixed positive integer n, lim tan f n (x) =
x ®¥ n
(b) f -1 f (A) = A for every A Ì X if and only if f(X) =Y
(d) For any fixed positive integer n, xlim sec 2 f n (x) = 1
®¥
-1
(c) f f (B) = B for every B Ì Y
20. If the function f : R ® R is defined by
-1 f (x) = | x | (x – sinx), then which of the following statements
(d) f f (B) = B for every B Ì Y if and only if f(X) = Y
is TRUE ? (2020)
16. Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4}. The total number of unordered pairs of (a) f is one-one, but NOT onto
disjoint subsets of S is equal to (2010)
(b) f is onto, but NOT one-one
(a) 25 (b) 34
(c) f is BOTH one-one and onto
(c) 42 (d) 41
(d) f is NEITHER one-one NOR onto
RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 131
Objective Questions II [One or more than one correct option] Numerical Value Type Questions

2 25. The number of real solutions of the equation

21. Let f : (–1, 1) ® R be such that f (cos 4q) = for
2 - sec 2 q æ¥ ¥ æ x öi ö æ ¥ æ x öi ¥ ö
p i
sin -1 ç å x i +1 - x å ç ÷ ÷ = - cos -1 ç å ç - ÷ - å - x ÷
ç i =1 ÷
i =1 è 2 ø ø 2 ç i =1 è 2 ø i =1 ÷
æ pö æp pö
qÎç 0, ÷ È ç , ÷ . Then, the value(s) of f æç 1 ö÷ is/are
è è ø
è 4ø è4 2ø è 3ø æ 1 1ö
lying in the interval ç - , ÷ is _____ .
(2012) è 2 2ø
(Here, the inverse trigonometric functions sin–1 x and
3 3
(a) 1 - (b) 1 + é p pù
2 2 cos–1 x assume values in ê - , ú and 0, p , respectively)
ë 2 2û
2 2 (2018)
(c) 1 - (d) 1 +
3 3 26. Let f : [0, 4p] ®[0, p] be defined by f (x) = cos–1 (cos x). The
number of points x Î[0, 4p] satisfying the equation
æ p pö
22. Let f : ç - , ÷ ® R be given by
è 2 2ø 10 - x
f x = is (2014)
f (x) = (log (sec x + tan x)) . 3 10

Then (2014) æ1æ 10 7p kp ö æ 7p k +1 p ö ö

-1
27. The value of sec çç å sec ç + ÷ sec çç + ÷÷ ÷÷
(a) f (x) is an odd function è 4 k =0 è 12 2 ø è 12 2 øø
(b) f (x) is a one-one function
é p 3p ù
(c) f (x) is an onto function in the interval ê - , ú equals (2019)
ë 4 4 û
(d) f (x) is an even function
28. Let the function f :[0,1] ® R be defined by
æ6ö æ4ö
23. If a = 3 sin ç ÷ and b = 3 cos-1 ç ÷ , where the inverse
-1
4x
11
è ø è9ø f ( x) = . Then the value of
trigonometric functions take only the principal values, 4x + 2
then the correct option(s) is (are) (2015)
(a) cos b > 0 (b) sin b < 0 æ 1 ö æ 2 ö æ 3 ö æ 39 ö æ1ö
f ç ÷ + f ç ÷ + f ç ÷ + ...... + f ç ÷ - fç ÷
è 40 ø è 40 ø è 40 ø è 40 ø è 2ø
(c) cos (a + b) > 0 (d) cos a < 0
is….. (2020)
24. For any positive integer n, let Sn : 0, ¥ ® R be defined
Assertion & Reason
n æ 1 + k k +1 x2 ö
by Sn x = å cot -1 ç ÷ , For the following questions choose the correct answer
ç x ÷
k =1 è ø from the codes (A), (B), (C) and (D) defined as follows.

Where for any x Î R, cot -1 x Î 0, p and (A) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; Statement
II is the correct explanation of Statement I.
æ p pö
tan -1 x Î ç - , ÷ . Then which of the following (B) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; Statement
è 2 2ø II is not the correct explanation of Statement I.
statements is (are) TRUE? (2021)
(C) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
p æ 1 + 11x 2 ö
(a) S10 x = - tan -1 ç , for all x > 0
2 ç 10x ÷÷ (D) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
è ø
29. Let f (x) = 2 + cos x for all real x.
(b) lim cot Sn x = x, for all x > 0
Statement I : For each real t, there exists a point c in
n ®¥
[t, t + p] such that f ¢ (c) = 0.
p
(c) The equation S3 x = has a root in 0, ¥ Because
4
Statement II : f (t) = f (t + 2p) for each real t. (2007)
1
(d) tan Sn x £ , for all n ³ 1 and x > 0 (a) A (b) B
2
(c) C (d) D
RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 132

x2 and g : E 2 ® ¡ be the function defined by

30. Statement I : The curve y = – + x + 1 is symmetric with
2
æ æ x öö
respect to the line x = 1. g x = sin -1 ç log e ç ÷÷ (2018)
è è x -1 ø ø
Because
Columns A Column B
Statement II : A parabola is symmetric about its axis.
1 ù é e
(2007) (A) The range of f is (P) æç -¥, È
ö
,¥÷
è 1 - e ûú ëê e - 1 ø
(a) A (b) B (B) The range of g contains (Q) (0, 1)
(c) C (d) D
é 1 1ù
(C) The domain of f contains (R) ê - , ú
Match the Columns ë 2 2û

Each question has two columns. Four options are given (D) The domain of g is (S) -¥,0 È 0, ¥
representing matching of elements from Column-I and
Column-II. Only one ofthese four options corresponds to æ e ù
(T) ç -¥,
a correct matching.For each question, choose the option è e - 1 úû
corresponding to the correct matching. The correct matching is
(a) A–S; B–Q; C–P, D–P
x 2 - 6x + 5 (b) A–S; B–Q; C–P, D–S
31. Let f (x) = . (2007) (c) A–Q; B–Q; C–P, D–P
x 2 - 5x + 6
(d) A–S; B–P; C–S, D–P
Column I Column II
Using the following passage, solve Q.33 to Q.35
(A) If –1 < x < 1, then f (x) (P) 0 < f (x) < 1
Passage
satisfies
If a continuous function ‘f’ defined on the real line R,
(B) If 1 < x < 2, then f (x) satisfies (Q) f (x) < 0 assumes positive and negative values in R, then the
(C) If 3 < x < 5, then f (x) satisfies (R) f (x) > 0 equation f (x) = 0 has a root in R. For example, if it is known
(D) If x > 5, then f (x) satisfies (S) f (x) < 1 that a continuous function f on R is positive at some point
The correct matching is and its minimum values is negative, then the equation
x
f (x) = 0 has a root in R. Consider f (x) = ke – x for all real x
(a) A–P,R,S; B–Q; C–Q,S; D–P,R where k is real constant. (2007)
(b) A–P,R,S; B–Q,S; C–Q,S; D–P,R,S 33.
x
The line y = x meets y = ke for k £ 0 at
(c) A–P; B–Q,S; C–Q; D–P,R,S (a) no point (b) one point
(d) A–R,S; B–S; C–Q,S; D–P,R (c) two points (d) more than two points
x
x 34. The positive value of k for which ke – x = 0 has only one
ì ü
32. Let E1 = í x Î ¡ : x ¹ 1and > 0ý and root is
î x - 1 þ
1
(a) (b) 1
ì æ æ x öö ü e
E 2 = í x Î E1 : sin -1 ç loge ç ÷ ÷ is a real number ý .
î è è x - 1 øø þ (c) e (d) loge 2
x
35. For k > 0, the set of all values of k for which ke – x = 0 has
(Here, the inverse trigonometric function sin–1x assumes two distinct roots, is
é p pù æ 1ö æ1 ö
values in ê - , ú ) (a) ç 0, ÷ (b) ç , 1÷
ë 2 2û è eø èe ø

Let f : E1 ® ¡ be the function defined by æ1 ö

(c) ç , ¥ ÷ (d) (0, 1)
èe ø
æ x ö
f x = log e ç ÷
è x -1 ø
 Answer Key
CHAPTER -2 RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions. Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions.

1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d) 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d)

6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (c) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (c)

11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (b) 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (d)

16. (a) 17. 10.00 18. 3.00 19. (c) 20. (b)
16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (a)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (b)
26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (c)
26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (d)
31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (d) 34. (19) 35. (b)
31. (b) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (a)
36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (b) 39. (a) 40. (c)
36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (a) 41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (2.00)44. (a) 45. (c)
41. (a) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (b) 45. (c) 46. (d) 47. (b) 48. (c) 49. (a)

46. (a) 47. (a) 48. (b) 49. (c) 50. (b) 50. (481.00) 51. (c) 52. (c) 53. (b) 54. (b)

55. (490.00) 56. (a) 57. (c) 58. (c) 59. (c)
51. (a) 52. (a) 53. (d) 54. (b) 55. (d)
60. (26.00) 61. (a) 62. (b) 63. (a) 64. (b)
56. (a) 57. (c) 58. (a) 59. (c) 60. (d)
65. (d) 66. (b) 67. (2.00) 68. (a) 69. (b)
61. (d) 62. (c) 63. (a) 64. (360) 65. (2)
70. (d) 71. (d) 72. (b) 73. (c) 74. (a)
66. (8) 67. (-1) 68. (-1) 69. (0) 70. (1)
75. (a) 76. (a) 77. (b) 78. (b) 79. (b)
71. (0) 72. (500) 73. (10) 74. (3) 75. (15) 80. (a)

76. (20) 77. (1) 78. (1) 79. (1) 80. (1)
ANSWER KEY 249

CHAPTER -2 RELATIONS , FUNCTIONS & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

EXERCISE - 3 : EXERCISE - 4 :
ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions. Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions.

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (b) 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (d)

6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (b) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (b)

11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (a) 11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (d)

16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (d) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (c)

21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (b) 21. (a,b) 22. (a,b,c) 23. (b,c,d) 24. (a,b) 25. (2)

26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (d) 26. (3) 27. (0) 28. (19) 29. (b) 30. (a)

31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (b) 31. (b) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (a)

36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (c) 39. (d) 40. (d)

41. (b) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (b) 45. (a)

46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (a) 49. (b) 50. (b)

51. (a,b) 52. (a,b,c) 53. (b,c) 54. (a,b,c) 55. (c)

56. (a,b,c,d) 57. (a,b) 58. (b,d)

59. (7) 60. (3) 61. (6) 62. (4) 63. (d)

64. (d) 65. (a) 66. (c) 67. (b) 68. (d)

69. (a) 70. (b) 71. (a) 72. (a) 73. (a)

74. (c) 75. (c) 76. (d) 77. (d) 78. (a)

é p p ù é 3p p ù
79. (c) 80. t Î ê - , - ú È ê , ú
ë 2 10 û ë 10 2 û
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2. Help your fellow educators by answering their queries.
3. Watch and engage with shared videos in the group.
4. Distribute WhatsApp group resources among your students.
5. Encourage your colleagues to join these groups.

Additional notes:
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No greetings or wish messages.
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Please only share and request learning resources. For assistance,

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 SKILL MODULES BEING OFFERED IN
MIDDLE SCHOOL

Artificial Intelligence Beauty & Wellness Design Thinking & Financial Literacy
Innovation

Handicrafts Information Technology Marketing/Commercial Mass Media - Being Media

Application Literate

Data Science (Class VIII Augmented Reality /

Travel & Tourism Coding
only) Virtual Reality

Digital Citizenship Life Cycle of Medicine & Things you should know What to do when Doctor
Vaccine about keeping Medicines is not around
at home

Humanity & Covid-19 Blue Pottery Pottery Block Printing

 Food Food Preservation Baking Herbal Heritage

Khadi Mask Making Mass Media Making of a Graphic

Novel

Kashmiri Embroidery Satellites

Rockets
Embroidery

Application of Photography
Satellites
SKILL SUBJECTS AT SECONDARY LEVEL (CLASSES IX – X)

Retail Information Technology Automotive

Security

Introduction To Financial Introduction To Tourism Beauty & Wellness Agriculture

Markets

Food Production Front Office Operations Banking & Insurance Marketing & Sales

Health Care Apparel Multi Media Multi Skill Foundation

Course

Artificial Intelligence
Physical Activity Trainer Electronics & Hardware
Data Science
(NEW)

Foundation Skills For Sciences Design Thinking & Innovation (NEW)

(Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology)(NEW)
 SKILL SUBJECTS AT SR. SEC. LEVEL
(CLASSES XI – XII)

Retail InformationTechnology Web Application Automotive

Financial Markets Management Tourism Beauty & Wellness Agriculture

Food Production Front Office Operations Banking Marketing

Health Care Insurance Horticulture Typography & Comp.

Application

Geospatial Technology Electrical Technology Electronic Technology Multi-Media

 Taxation Cost Accounting Office Procedures & Shorthand (English)
Practices

Shorthand (Hindi) Air-Conditioning & Medical Diagnostics Textile Design

Refrigeration

Salesmanship Business Food Nutrition &

Design
Administration Dietetics

Mass Media Studies Library & Information Fashion Studies Applied Mathematics
Science

Yoga Early Childhood Care & Artificial Intelligence Data Science

Education

Physical Activity Land Transportation Electronics & Design Thinking &

Trainer(new) Associate (NEW) Hardware (NEW) Innovation (NEW)