AES___ Trouble free

In the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) algorithm, the state array is a fundamental data structure
used during the encryption and decryption processes. It consists of a 4x4 matrix (or array) of bytes,
which holds the intermediate values and the input data.

Structure:

 Dimensions: 4 rows and 4 columns, making a total of 16 bytes.

 Data: Each byte in the state array corresponds to an 8-bit value, allowing it to represent the
128 bits of the AES block.

Purpose:

1. Data Storage: The state array initially holds the plaintext (or ciphertext during decryption).

2. Transformation: Throughout the AES algorithm, various operations are performed on this
state array, including:

o SubBytes: Substituting bytes using a fixed substitution table (S-box).

o ShiftRows: Shifting the rows of the state array.

o MixColumns: Mixing the columns of the state array.

o AddRoundKey: Combining the state with the round key using bitwise XOR.

Process:

During encryption, the state undergoes multiple rounds of transformations based on the AES key
schedule, ultimately resulting in the ciphertext. During decryption, the operations are reversed to
retrieve the original plaintext.

*************************************************************

1)we are going to learn about the aes algorithm

2)aes stands for advanced encryption standard

3)we have learnt about des algorithm right which is data encryption standard

so now we are going to learn how aes algorithm will work and what are the;; how many rounds we
have in each round what happens and everything we are going to learn now

4) It has an input array it has a state array and a key array

6) i'll explain you what input array state array and key array are,

7)and i will explain show you the diagram as well and as we already know this is a block cipher
algorithm; under block cipher, we have des aes blowfish idea ide algorithm and rc5 algorithm

9) first it has an array; means it has a state array and it has a input array; state array and a key array

10) as i said so i'll show you what is input array

This is Input array , input array has 4 * 4 cells

The data we store on Google drive is an example of the usage of the AES algorithm. The cloud on
which the user data is stored and visible on Google uses AES encryption method. It deploys a 256-bit
encryption method, which is considered a more complex and highly secured method.

11) means total 16 cells

12) each cell is equal to 1 byte or eaual to 8 bits okay

13)so each cell is equal to 8 bits total; how many cells you have you have in total of 16 cells so that
will be equal to 16* 8 which is 128 cells we got it

14)so what is the size of the input; in case of AES alg; the size of the plain text is 128 bits got it done
now

15) and you can also represent it in terms of words 4 words ,

you have 4 words

and the size of each word will be equal to 32 bits again 4 * 32 will give you 128 okay

16)now why we have to use this input array,

so the plain text whatever plain text we are having that plain text is represented as this input array
okay

so in each cell you'll have have 8 8 8 like the total 16 * 8 which is equal to 128

all the 128 bits will be stored in this input array

17) 8 bits in each cell got it

so this is about the input array and

what is the second one we have that is the state array right

What is the State Array?

 1. Definition: The state array is a 4x4 matrix (or grid) of bytes that holds the data being
processed by the AES algorithm. This matrix is used to represent both the plaintext (the data
to be encrypted) and the ciphertext (the encrypted data).

2. Structure:

o The state array consists of 16 bytes, organized in 4 rows and 4 columns. Each
element in this matrix is an 8-bit byte (0-255).

*******************************************************************

i'll show you what state array is so basically this state array is used to store all the intermediate
states

{{{{{Chat GPT explanation :  Intermediate State: As the AES algorithm processes the input data
(plaintext or ciphertext), it performs a series of transformations through multiple rounds. Each of
these rounds produces a new version of the state array, which is referred to as an intermediate
state.}}

18) so, what do you mean by intermediate states, simply we can say when we are performing rounds
as i said we have 10 rounds right and

in each and every round also, you will have 3 to 4 additional steps right

19)so whenever you're performing some operations in those additional steps

or between the rounds

whatever input see here you have total of 10 rounds right here

you are giving the plain text and here you are getting the cipher text {{{if you see below dia }}}
20)whatever you're getting in this round 1 in round2 and round 3 4 whatever it is we are not
bothered about that right

This state array is used to store those intermediate states

intermediate results are used can be stored in this state array right and those results will be stored in
the form of 4 words okay

21)so here this is 0th word, 1st word, 2nd word and 3rd word

so here Is 0 comma 0; means this first 0 will represent the byte and the second 0 will represent the
word
22)here also first will represent byte and the second will represent the word okay first byte of zero
with the word zero at the byte of zeroth word

second byte of zeroth word zero at the byte of first word like that

first one represents the byte

second one represents the word

so in this way you are using the state array in order to store the intermediate results got itright

Input array done and state array done

23)we have to learn what is key array

now so actually key array ; many words you have in this ; you know AES algorithm as i said in the
beginning we have four words right

but those four words are expanded into 44 words

why because each round will take 4 words

how many total rounds we have in the aes algorithm

we have total of N(10 ) rounds right

so each round will take up 4 words so 10 * 4 will give you 40

and you'll have an additional round which is called as the add round key

that you will i will explain in detail when i explain this got it

so for that additionally 4 words you require

so total of 40 plus 4 it is total 44 words

so the four words are expanded into total of 44 words okay

and the expanded one looks like this

Key Array :
see actually we have four words and those four are expanded into 44 got it

here each column will represent one word

these four words are expanded into total of 44 words

and i also already told you; why we need 44 words right so this is the key array

we have the input array

here we have the input array

next we have the state array and then we have the key array got it

so these are the different types of arrays we have and

now let us see how the process goes on

so i am going to i explain both encryption

if i explain also you can easily understand the decryption since it is the reverse process of the ;

you know encryption got it

---- so here first you will be sending 128 bit plain text into the first step that is the add round key
step

and what is the input for this 128 bit plain text and also words

W0 naught w 1 w 2 w 3 total 4 words

for each and every round you will be giving 4 words

here you have from w 0 naught to w 43 total of 44 words

here you have N rounds and for this you are giving 4 for this you are giving4

so here add round key , you will have total of ten rounds

each round will take up four words so total 44 along with add round key and then finally you will be
getting the 128 bit cipher text okay

this is the process of encryption

as you know encryption is nothing but the conversion of plain text to ciphertext right

so this is how encryption will happen

now here on this side what happens here decryption will happen

in decryption what will happen ciphertext is converted into plain text right

so here it started with add round key

your decryption process also will start with add round key

but here we are going from round 1 to round 10

but here also same process but here you will get round 10 here all right don't get confused

so this is how aes algorithm will work

now what will happen in each and every round got

let us see that number of rounds 10

you'll have total of 10 rounds for encryption and decryption

and in each round we have 4 steps okay

so substitute bytes is the 1st one

shift rows is the 2nd one

again in this shift rows you'll be doing the left circular shift {LCS} only like how we did in the DES
algorithm the same we will do here left circular shift is done and

the third is mixed columns and the fourth is add round key okay

and this mix columns you don't have it in round 10

in round 10 you have only 3 steps substitute bytes ;;shift rows ;;add round key only these three you
will have

you will not have the mix column step in the round 10

only 3 and what you will do in add round key

{{{{1st one is Substitute Bytes

2nd one is Shift rows (LCS)

3rd one is Mix columns ---this one u don’t have in 10 th round

4th one Add Round Key

Useally what we will perform in Add round key means you will be performing XOR operation
between the plain text and key

In encryption XOR operation perfoms between plain text and key

In decryption th XOR operation perfoms between key and cipher text

it is very simple you will be performing the xor operation between the plain text and the key

so first you have the plain text right in case of encryption here you have the plain text and you have
the key as well so you will be performing the xor operation between these two got it and

here in case of decryption what we will do in add round key xor operation will be performed
between this key and the cipher text got it

that is what happens in the add round key

so this is all about the aes algorithm

the main thing that you have to remember it is it has an input array;; state array and a key
array ;;right

and then you need to draw this diagram

explaining the process

and then you need to elaborate it more like

what happens in each and every round

No of rounds 10

Blowfish algortihm