Darcy Law Apparatus

DARCY’S LAW APPARATUS
Instruction Manual
DARCY LAW APPARATUS
OBJECTIVE:
To Verify Darcy’s Law.
AIM:
To find out the coefficient permeability of a given medium.
INTRODUCTION:
Permeability is a property of the porous medium and is a measure of capacity of the
medium to transmit fluids. Permeability is a tensor that in general is a function of
pressure. Usually, the pressure dependence is neglected in reservoir calculations, but
the variation with position can be pronounced. Very often the permeability varies by
several magnitudes, and such heterogeneity will of course influence any oil recovery.
THEORY:
Darcy [1856] performed a series of experiments on the relationship affecting the
downward flow of water through sands. The generalized equation called Darcy’s law
may be written in the form
u=−
k
(h + g )

Where u is superficial velocity, k is permeability tensor, g is gravitational vector,  is

fluid viscosity, h is pressure gradient, and  is fluid density. Writing flow velocity
v as the ratio of volumetric rate to cross-sectional area perpendicular to flow Q/A in
distance L, Darcy’s law can be expressed
Q  k  h 
= v =   
A    L 
DESCRIPTION:
The set up should consist of cylindrical test section filled with porous medium.
Pressure tapping provided in the test section to measure the pressure drop with help
of differential manometer control valves are fitted in the water line to regulate flow of
water in the section. It should be self–contained water re-circulating unit provided
with a sump tank and a centrifugal pump etc. Flow control valve and bypass valve are
fitted in water line to conduct the experiment different flow rates. Flow rate of water
is measured with the help of measuring tank and stop water.
UTILITIES REQUIRED:-
1. Electricity supply: single phase 220v AC 50Hz, 5-15 amp socket with
earth connection.
2. Water supply (initial fill)
3. Floor Drain required.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Starting procedure:
1. Clean the apparatus & make all tanks free from dust.
2. Close the drain valves provided.
3. Fill sump tank ¾ with clean water & ensure that no foreign particles are
there.
4. Close all flow control valves given on the water line & open bypass
valve.
5. Close all pressure taps of manometer connected to pipes.
6. Ensure that ON/OFF Switch given on the panel is at OFF position.
7. Switch ON the main power supply
8. Switch ON the pump.
9. Operated the flow control valve to regulate the flow of water in the test
section.
10. Connect the pressure taps of manometer of related test section, with the
help of quick release coupling.
11.Now open the air release valve provided on the manometer, very slowly to
release the air in manometer.
12.When there is on air in the manometer, close air release valves.
13.Adjust water flow rate in desired section with the help of control valve.
14.Record the manometer reading.
15.Measure the flow of water, discharged though desired test section, using
stop watch & measuring tank.
16.Repeat same procedure for diff. flow rate of water, operating control valve
& bypass valve.
17.Repeat the same procedure for selected test section.
CLOSING PROCEDURE:
1. When experiment is over, close all manometer pressure taps first.
2. Switch off pump
3. Switch off power supply to panel.
4. Drain the apparatus with the help of given drain valves.
OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:

DATA:
A = 0.077 m2
g = 9.81 m/sec2
L1 = 0.205 m (Section 1)
L2 = 0.410 m(Section 2)
D = 0.105 m
 =
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Section- 1 Section-2
S.No R1,cm R2,cm t, sec
h11, cm h12, cm h21, cm h22, cm
1.
2.
3.
CALCULATIONS:
R1 − R2
R= m =_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _m
100
A R 3
Q= m / s =_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _m3/s
t
(h11 − h12 )
h = m (Section 1)
100
(h21 − h22 )
h = m (Section 2)
100
Q L
K=
a  h
NOMENCLTURE:
A = Area of measure tank, 𝑚2
a = Cross- section area of pipe, 𝑚2
D = Diameter of pipe, m
K = Permeability Coefficient.
L1 = Length from point1 to 2 (Section 1)
L2 = Length from point1 to 3 (Section 2)
h = Manometer difference
 = Fluid viscosity
Q = Actual discharge
R2 = Final level of water
R1 = Initial level of water
PRECUATION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts & above
230 volts.
2. Never fully close the delivery valve & by-pass valve at a time.
3. To prevent clogging of moving parts, run pump at least once in a for
night.
4. Always use clean water.
5. If apparatus is not in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus
completely.
6. Always keep the apparatus free from dust.
TROUBLESHOOTING:
1. If pump gets jam, open the back cover of pump & rotate the shaft
manually.
2. If pump gets heat up, switch OFF the main power for 15 min & avoid
closing the flow control valve at a time during operation.

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DARCY’S LAW APPARATUS

Where u is superficial velocity, k is permeability tensor, g is gravitational vector,  is

OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:

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