PRACTIE Q’S

Chapter 1-

Question 1 out of 6.
Check all that apply. Which of these is a commonly-used way to define the center of
a distribution?

a) the balancing point on a scale

b) the smallest absolute deviation
c) the smallest squared deviation
d) the average of the minimum and maximum

Question 2 out of 6.
You just took a test and got a 75%. Three possibilities of how the rest of the class
performed on this test appear below. In which of the three possibilities did you
score well above the center of the distribution?

a) Outcome A
b) Outcome B
c) Outcome C

Question 3 out of 6.
For the numbers 10, 12, 16, and 20, the sum of the absolute deviations from 15 is:

______

Question 4 out of 6.
Which of these numbers minimizes the sum of the absolute deviations for the
numbers 4, 9, 12, 15, and 16?

a) 10
b) 11
c) 12
 d) 13

Question 5 out of 6.
To balance a distribution, the fulcrum goes in the geometric center of the scale. This
is true for every type of distribution.

True

False

Question 6 out of 6.
For the numbers 3, 6, 9, and 10, the sum of the squared deviations from 8 is:

_____

Question 1 out of 5.
What is the mean of 2, 4, 6, and 8?

____

Question 2 out of 5.
What is the median of -2, 4, 0, 3, and 8?

____

Question 3 out of 5.
What is the mode of -2, 4, 0, 3, 0, 2, 4, 4, and 8?

____

Question 4 out of 5.
Tom's test scores on his six tests are 95, 80, 75, 97, 75, 88. Which measure of
central tendency would be the highest?

A) Mean
B) Median
C) Mode

Question 5 out of 5.
Jane's test scores on her five tests are 90, 87, 70, 97, and 75. Her teacher is going
to take the median of the test grades to calculate her final grade. Jane thinks she
can argue and get two points back on some of the tests. Which test score(s) should
she argue?

a) 90
b) 87
c) 70
d) 97
e) 75
f) As many as she can

Question 1 out of 4.
What is the range of 2, 4, 6, and 8?

Question 2 out of 4.
Would the variance of 10, 12, 17, 20, 25, 27, 42, and 45 be larger if the numbers
represented a population or a sample?

a) Population
b) Sample

Question 3 out of 4.
What is the standard deviation of this sample?

Y
14
10
16
8
8
7
10
6

Question 4 out of 4.
What is the interquartile range of these numbers?
Z
12
13
14
15
9
10
16
10
8
10
11
12
13
22
23
24
25

Question 1 out of 4.
The variance estimated as the average squared difference from the sample mean
will always be less than the variance estimated as the average squared difference
from the population mean unless the sample mean equals the population mean in
which case they will be the same.

True

False

Question 2 out of 4.
You have a sample of 12 numbers from a population. The mean of the 12 numbers
is 8 and the mean of the entire population is 7. Which formula would be better to
use as an estimate of the population variance?
Formula 1

Formula 2

Question 3 out of 4.
You have a sample of 12 numbers from a population. The mean of the 12 numbers
is 8 and the mean of the entire population is 7. You compute an estimate based on
each of the formulas.

1. The estimate based on Formula 1 will probably but not necessarily be closer to
the population variance.

2. The estimate based on Formula 1 will necessarily be closer to the population

variance.

3. The estimate based on Formula 2 will probably but not necessarily be lower than
the population variance.

4. The estimate based on Formula 2 will necessarily be lower than the population
variance.

Question 4 out of 4.
Assume you repeatedly sampled 4 numbers from this population with a variance of
2 and, for each sample, estimated the variance using the average squared
difference from the sample mean. What would the mean of these variance
estimates be?
1

1.5

Question 2 out of 4.
Which of the following distributions would have a positive skew?

a) Mean = 80, Median = 70, SD = 20

b) Mean = 40, Median = 60, SD = 30
c) Mean = 80, Median = 80, SD = 40

Question 3 out of 4.
This distribution has

a) Negative skew
b) No skew
c) Positive skew

Question 4 out of 4.
This distribution has

Negative kurtosis

No kurtosis
Positive kurtosis

Question 1 out of 5.
A qualitative variable is

sometimes measured on a continuous scale.

a categorical variable.

a numeric variable.

Question 2 out of 5.
When there are many categories, it is best to use a

pie chart.

horizontal bar chart.

vertical bar chart.

Question 3 out of 5.
When you have relatively few observations you should use percentages rather than
frequencies.

true

False

Question 4 out of 5.
A graph with a large lie factor

a) omits data that do not fit the hypothesis.

b) is distorted because the baseline is not zero.
c) greatly exaggerates differences by comparing areas instead of heights.

Question 5 out of 5.
Three-dimensional bar charts make it easier to interpret the data.

true

False
Question 1 out of 2.
If someone uses the term "bin width" in connection with a histogram, what are they
referring to?

a) The result of subtracting the smallest observation from the largest.

b) The average class frequency.
c) The degree to which the distribution shown by the histogram is skewed.
d) The result of dividing the range of scores by the number of classes.

Question 1 out of 2.
Line graphs are most similar to

bar charts.

histograms.

stem and leaf displays.

frequency polygons

Question 2 out of 2.
Line graphs should be avoided when

a) there are more than 10 values on the X-axis.

b) the variable on the X-axis is a qualitative variable.
c) data from more than 3 groups are compared.

Question 1 out of 2.
Bar charts can only be used for qualitative variables.

True

False

Question 2 out of 2.
Although bar charts are often used to show means, this text recommends that
_________ be used instead.

stem and leaf plots

frequency tables
histograms

box plots

Question 1 out of 6.
What is the upper hinge? (Q3)

Question 2 out of 6.
What is the median?
D

Question 3 out of 6.
C is the
upper adjacent value/maximum

balance line

H-spread

outside line

Question 4 out of 6.
The H-spread is:
C-H

D-G

E-F

Question 5 out of 6.
Which of the following is/are true?
 a) The median is higher than the mean.
b) There is one far out value.
c) The lowest value is H.
d) There is an outside value, but no far out value.
e) The highest value is C.

Question 6 out of 6.
a) Box plots are preferable to stem and leaf displays when
b) there is a large amount of data.
c) it is important to show individual data values.
d) three or more groups are to be compared.
e) the distribution is skewed.
Question 1 out of 3.
The top line and bottom line in a box plot always indicate the highest and lowest
value?

true

false

Question 2 out of 3.
A box plot always indicates the highest and lowest values.
true

False

CHAPTER 2 -

Question 1 out of 7.
A frequency distribution contains the frequency of every value in the distribution.

true

False

Question 2 out of 7.
A grouped frequency distribution should be used instead of a frequency distribution
when the

distribution is bimodal.

distribution is skewed.

variable is continuous.

Question 3 out of 7.
A symmetric distribution

has equal positive and negative skews.

has no skew.

can have either positive or negative skew, but not both.

Question 4 out of 7.
The following distribution has

a positive skew.
a negative skew.

no skew.

Question 5 out of 7.
The area under the curve of a probability distribution is

_____

Question 6 out of 7.
A normal or bell-shaped distribution has its greatest probability density in its tails.

true

False’

Question 7 out of 7.
Which of the following distributions is/are symmetric?

Question 1 out of 2.
Which are other names for the normal distribution? Select all that apply.

a) Typical curve
b) Gaussian curve
 c) Regular distribution
d) Galileo curve
e) Bell-shaped curve
f) Laplace's distribution

Question 2 out of 2.
Select all of the statements that are true about normal distributions.

a) They are symmetric around their mean.

b) The mean, median, and mode are equal.
c) They are defined by their mean and skew.
d) The area under the normal curve is equal to 1.0.
e) They have high density in their tails.
f) They are discrete distributions.

Question 1 out of 3.
Who was the 18th century statistician and consultant to gamblers that discovered
the normal curve?

de Moivre

Galileo

Adrian

Gauss

Question 2 out of 3.
Why was the normal curve an important development?

a) It has a relatively simple formula.

b) Many natural phenomena are at least approximately normally distributed.
c) Many inferential statistics can only be computed with a normal distribution.

Question 3 out of 3.
Who is responsible for the central limit theorem?

Gauss

Laplace

Newton
Adrian

Question 1 out of 6.
A distribution has a mean of 40 and a standard deviation of 5. 68% of the
distribution can be found between what two numbers?

30 and 50

0 and 45

0 and 68

35 and 45

Question 2 out of 6.
A distribution has a mean of 20 and a standard deviation of 3. Approximately 95%
of the distribution can be found between what two numbers?

17 and 23

14 and 26

10 and 30

0 and 23

Question 3 out of 6.
A normal distribution has a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 2. What
proportion of the distribution is above 3?
____

Question 4 out of 6.
A normal distribution has a mean of 120 and a variance of 100. 35% of the area is
below what number?
____

Question 5 out of 6.
A normal distribution of test scores has a mean of 38 and a standard deviation of 6.
Everyone scoring at or above the 80th percentile gets placed in an advanced class.
What is the cutoff score to get into the class?
___

Question 1 out of 3.
Check all that apply

a) The red distribution is more normal than the blue distribution.

b) The red distribution has less skew than the blue distribution.
c) The blue distribution has a larger standard deviation than the red distribution
d) The blue distribution has a larger mean than the red distribution

Question 2 out of 3.
Normal distributions always have means of 50.

true

false

Question 3 out of 3.
The standard deviation of the red distribution is about:

10

15
20

Question 1 out of 4.
A standard normal distribution has:

a) a mean of 1 and a standard deviation of 1

b) a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1
c) a mean larger than its standard deviation
d) all scores within one standard deviation of the mean

Question 2 out of 4.
A number 1.5 standard deviations below the mean has a z score of:

1.5

-1.5

more information is needed

Question 3 out of 4.
A distribution has a mean of 16 and a standard deviation of 6. What is the Z score
that corresponds with 25?

____

Question 4 out of 4.
A distribution has a mean of 18 and a standard deviation of 5. Use the table
presented in this section to determine the proportion of the scores (area) below 6.

_____

Question 1 out of 3.
When does the sampling distribution equal the relative frequency distribution?

a) When the distribution is discrete

b) When the distribution is continuous
c) When there are at least 20 samples
d) When there are infinite samples
e) When it's the sampling distribution of the mean
Question 2 out of 3.
Select all that apply. Which of these statistics has a sampling distribution?

a) Mean

b) Median

c) Range

d) Standard Deviation

e) Pearson's r

Question 3 out of 3.
What is the standard error of the mean?

a) The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean

b) The standard deviation of the standard normal distribution
c) The amount the scores in the population vary from the mean
d) The difference between the mean of your first sample and the mean of your
second sample

Question 1 out of 6.
Suppose there is a jar containing many gumballs, each with a unique number on it.
The numbers range from 0 to 32 and there is an equal number of gumballs with
each number. A student set out running an experiment with the following
procedure: Pick five gumballs from the jar, calculate the mean of the numbers on
the gumballs, write down the result on a piece of paper, and put the gumballs back
to the jar. Repeat the process 499 times so altogether there are 500 means
recorded. Then draw a frequency distribution of the 500 means. In this case, the
sample size is

____

Question 2 out of 6.
Suppose there is a jar containing many gumballs, each with a unique number on it.
The numbers range from 0 to 32 and there is an equal number of gumballs with
each number. A student set out running an experiment with the following
procedure: Pick five gumballs from the jar, calculate the mean of the numbers on
the gumballs, write down the result on a piece of paper, and put the gumballs back
to the jar. Repeat the process 499 times so altogether there are 500 means
recorded. Then draw a frequency distribution of the 500 means. In this case, the
number of samples is:

____

Question 3 out of 6.
There are the same number of gumballs with the number 0, the number 1, etc.
Since the numbers are evenly distributed in the jar, the distribution is called a
uniform distribution. This distribution ranges from 0 to 32, and has a mean of 16.
Samples of 5 are taken 10,000 times and the means plotted in a histogram. These
10,000 sample means are called a secondary distribution.The secondary distribution
will be approximately a uniform distribution but may differ by chance variation.

true

false

Question 4 out of 6.
The mean of the sampling distribution of the mean

is the population mean.

depends on the shape of the population.

Question 5 out of 6.
The mean of the sampling distribution of the range

is equal to the range in the populaton.

is greater than the range in the populaton.

is lower than the range in the population.

Question 6 out of 6.
The sampling distribution of the range for a uniform distribution

is symmetric.

is postively skewed (skewed to the right).

is negatively skewed (skewed to the left).

Question 1 out of 3.
Suppose there is a jar containing many gumballs. Each gumball has an integer
number from 0 to 32 on it. There is the same number of gumballs with each
number on it. As a result, the numbers are distributed uniformly and the mean of
all the numbers in the jar is 16. You draw 2 gumballs from the jar and calculate the
mean of the two numbers and put the gumballs back in the jar. Then you draw 10
gumballs and again calculate the mean of the numbers. How likely is it that the two
means will be the same?

Very likely

Very unlikely

About 50/50 chance

Question 2 out of 3.
Suppose there is a jar containing many gumballs. Each gumball has an integer
number from 0 to 32 on it. There is the same number of gumballs with each
number on it. As a result, the numbers are distributed uniformly and the mean of
all the numbers in the jar is 16. You draw 10 gumballs from the jar and calculate
the mean and put the gumballs back in the jar. You then draw 25 gumballs and
again calculate the mean. Which mean is more likely to be less than 10?

a) The mean of the 10 gumballs is slightly more likely.

b) The mean of the 10 gumballs is many times more likely.
c) The mean of the 25 gumballs is slightly more likely.
d) The mean of the 25 gumballs is many times more likely.
e) Both have roughly the same chance.

uestion 3 out of 3.
Suppose there is a jar containing many gumballs. Each gumball has an integer
number from 0 to 32 on it. There is the same number of gumballs with each
number on it. As a result, the numbers are distributed uniformly and the mean of
all the numbers in the jar is 16. You draw 2 gumballs from the jar and calculate the
mean and put the gumballs back in the jar. You then draw 25 gumballs and again
calculate the mean. Which is more likely to be closer to 16, the average of all the
numbers in the jar?

The mean of 2 gumballs.

The mean of 25 gumballs.

Both have roughly the same chance.

Question 1 out of 5.
The skew of a normal distribution is

___

Question 2 out of 5.
Which of the following statements about the effect of sample size is true?

a) Sample size affects the skew of the sampling distribution of the mean when
the parent population is normal.

b) Regardless of the shape of the parent population, the sampling distribution

of the mean approaches a normal distribution as sample size increases.

Question 3 out of 5.
The upper graph is the parent populaton. The sampling distribution of the mean
with N = 10 is shown in:

Figure A.

Figure B.

Question 4 out of 5.
If the sampling distribution of the mean for N = 5 has a variance of 25. What will be
the variance of the sampling distribution of the mean for N = 25?
____

Question 5 out of 5.
If the parent population has a standard deviation of 10, what would the standard
deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean be for N = 4?

______

Question 1 out of 5.
The population has a mean of 14 and a standard deviation of 3. The sample size of
your sampling distribution is N=10. What is the mean of the sampling distribution
of the mean?

____

Question 2 out of 5.
The population has a mean of 30 and a standard deviation of 6. The sample size of
your sampling distribution is N=9. What is the variance of the sampling distribution
of the mean?

___

Question 4 out of 5.
The sampling distribution of the mean, with N=30, of a moderately negatively
skewed distribution is:

Positively skewed

Negatively skewed

About normal

Question 5 out of 5.
The entire student body of 225 students took a test. These test scores have a mean
of 75, a standard deviation of 10, and are slightly positively skewed. If you
randomly chose 25 of these test scores and calculated the mean over and over
again, what could be the mean, standard deviation, and skew of this distribution?

a) Mean = 75, SD = 10, Skew = 1.2

b) Mean = 75, SD = 0.67, Skew = 0.8
c) Mean = 80, SD = 2, Skew = -1.2
d) Mean = 75, SD = 2, Skew = about 0
 e) Mean = 75, SD = 0.67, Skew = about 0

Question 1 out of 4.
Population 1 has a mean of 20 and a variance of 100. Population 2 has a mean of
15 and a variance of 64. You sample 20 scores from Pop 1 and 16 scores from Pop
2. What is the mean of the sampling distribution of the difference between means
(Pop 1 - Pop 2)?

___

Question 2 out of 4.
Population 1 has a mean of 20 and a variance of 100. Population 2 has a mean of
15 and a variance of 64. You sample 20 scores from Pop 1 and 16 scores from Pop
2. What is the variance of the sampling distribution of the difference between
means (Pop 1 - Pop 2)?

___

Question 3 out of 4.
The mean height of 15-year-old boys is 175 cm and the variance is 64. For girls,
the mean is 165 and the variance is 64. If 8 boys and 8 girls were sampled, what is
the probability that the mean height of the sample of boys would be at least 6 cm
higher than the mean height of the sample of girls?

____

Question 4 out of 4.
The mean time to complete a task is 727 millisecond for 3rd graders and 532
milliseconds for 5th graders. The variances of the two grades are 12,000 for 3rd
graders and 10,000 for 5th graders. The times for both grades are normally
distributed. You randomly sample 12 3rd graders and 14 5th graders. What is the
probability that the mean time of the 3rd graders will exceed the mean time of the
5th graders by 150 msec or more?

___

Question 1 out of 4.
What is the shape of the sampling distribution of r?

Normal

Bimodal
Skewed

Question 2 out of 4.
What is the corresponding z' for r = -.65?
____

Question 3 out of 4.
Which of these r values is the most different from its corresponding z'?

r=0

r = .6

r = .2

r = -.8

Question 4 out of 4.
The population has a correlation of .60. What is the probability that you will get a
sample correlation of at least r = .50 if you sample 19 pairs?

___

CHAPTER 3

Question 1 out of 3.
Select all that apply. Probability can be thought of as:

symmetrical outcomes

relative frequencies

Subjective

Question 2 out of 3.
The paper says there is an 80% chance of rain today, so you plan indoor activities.
Then it doesn't rain. Was the forecast wrong?

yes
No

Question 3 out of 3.
Most probabilities we will deal with in psychology are zero or one.

true

false

Question 1 out of 12.

You have a bag of marbles. There are 3 red marbles, 2 green marbles, 7 yellow
marbles, and 3 blue marbles. What is the probability of drawing a blue marble?

____

Question 2 out of 12.

You have a bag of marbles. There are 3 red marbles, 2 green marbles, 7 yellow
marbles, and 3 blue marbles. What is the probability of drawing a yellow or red
marble?
____

Question 3 out of 12.

You have a bag of marbles. There are 3 red marbles, 2 green marbles, 7 yellow
marbles, and 3 blue marbles. What is the probability of drawing something other
than a red marble?
___
Question 4 out of 12.
You throw 2 dice. What is the probability that the sum of the two dice will be 5?
____

Question 5 out of 12.

Select all that apply. Which of the following pairs are independent events?

a) two coin flips

B) a student's midterm and final grades in a class
C)draw an ace, leave it out, then draw an ace again
D) draw an ace, put it back, then draw an ace again

Question 6 out of 12.

You win a game if you roll a die and get an odd number and flip a coin and get tails.
What is the probability that you win?
_____

Question 7 out of 12.

You win $1 every time you flip a coin and get heads. You win $3 every time you roll
a die and get a 5. You roll the die and flip the coin one time each. What is the
probability that you win money from at least one game?
___

Question 8 out of 12.

A survey showed that 60% of all adults in your city take public transportation to
work. If 3 people are chosen at random, what is the probability that they will all
take public transportation to work?
___

Question 9 out of 12.

You win a game if you roll a 3 on at least one of your two dice. What is the
probability that you win?
___

Question 10 out of 12.

If you throw a die four times, what is the probability that one or more of your
throws will come up with a 4?
____

Question 11 out of 12.

What is the probability that you draw two cards from a deck and both of them are
spades?
____

Question 12 out of 12.

You flip a coin three times. Is it more likely to get heads all three times or heads,
then tails, then heads?

HHH

HTH

They are both equally likely

Question 1 out of 3.
One of the following 30 items is chosen at random. What is the probability it is an X
given that it is red? Put your answer in decimal form.

___

Question 2 out of 3.
One of the following 30 items is chosen at random. What is the probability it is red
given that it is an X? Put your answer in decimal form.

___

Question 3 out of 3.
One of the following 30 items is chosen at random. What is the probability it is red
given that it is an O? Put your answer in decimal form.
___

Question 2 out of 5.
You flip a fair coin 20 times and come up with 17 heads. The probability that the
next flip will be heads is
____

Question 3 out of 5.
A fair coin is tossed N times (N is an even number). The probability of getting the
same number of heads and tails

is a decreasing function of N.

is an increasing function of N.

does not depend on N.

Question 4 out of 5.
As the number of coin flips increases, the

proportion of heads approaches .5.

The difference between the number of heads and tails approaches 0.

none of he above

Question 5 out of 5.
a) A fair coin is tossed 50,000 times. Check all that apply.
b) It is likely that the proportion of heads is between 0.495 and 0.505
c) It is likely that number of heads will be within 50 of the number of tails.
d) It is almost certain that number of heads will be within 150 of the number of
tails.
 e) It is almost certain that the proportion of heads will be between 0.49 and
0.51.
Question 1 out of 4.
Order counts in

permutations

Combinations

Question 2 out of 4.
A pizza restaurant has 5 types of toppings. You are going to choose 2 toppings.
How many possible sets of 2 toppings are there for you to choose from?

Question 3 out of 4.
You flip a coin and then roll a die. What is the probability of obtaining a head on the
coin and a 4 on the die?
____

Question 4 out of 4.
You are going to select first and second place prizes out of 5 entries. How many
possible outcomes are there?
____

CHAPTER 4

Q3: A correlation of r = 1.2 is:

Impossible

Implausibly large for an effect size in the social sciences

In line with the median effect size in psychology

- No pracise questions guys…

CHAPTER 5

Question 1 out of 3.
Tommy claims that he blindly guessed on a 20-question true/false test, but then he
got 16 of the questions correct. Using the binomial calculator, you find out that the
probability of getting 16 or more correct out of 20 when π = .5 is 0.0059. This
probability of 0.0059 is the probability that...

a) he would get 80% correct if he took the test again.

b)he would get this score or better if he were just guessing.

c)he was guessing blindly on the test.

Question 2 out of 3.

Random assignment ensures groups will be equal on everything except the variable
manipulated.

True

False

Question 3 out of 3.

The researchers hypothesized that there would be a correlation between how much
people studied and their GPAs. The null hypothesis is that the population correlation
is equal to

___

Question 1 out of 4.

In psychology research, it is conventional to reject the null hypothesis if the

probability value is lower than what number?

__

Question 2 out of 4.

Select all that apply. The probability value below which the null hypothesis is
rejected is also called the

a) key probability.
b) significance level.
 c) alpha level.
d) focal value.

Question 3 out of 4.
When comparing test scores of two groups, a difference of one point would never
be highly statistically significant, even if you had a really large sample.

True

False

Question 4 out of 4.
There are two main approaches to significance testing. In one approach, the
probability value reflects the strength of the evidence against the null hypothesis.
The smaller the p value, the more evidence you have that the null hypothesis is
false. Which statistician(s) supported this approach?

Fisher

Neyman

Pearson

Question 1 out of 5.
It has been shown many times that on a certain memory test, recognition is
substantially better than recall. However, the probability value for the data from
your sample was .12, so you were unable to reject the null hypothesis that recall
and recognition produce the same results. What type of error did you make?

Type I

Type II

Question 2 out of 5.
In the population, there is no difference between men and women on a certain test.
However, you found a difference in your sample. The probability value for the data
was .03, so you rejected the null hypothesis. What type of error did you make?

Type I

Type II
Question 3 out of 5.
As the alpha level gets lower, which error rate also gets lower?

Type I

Type II

Question 4 out of 5.
Beta is the probability of which kind of error?

Type I

Type II

Question 5 out of 5.
If the null hypothesis is false, you cannot make which kind of error?

Type I

Type II

Question 1 out of 4.
Select all that apply. Which is/are true of two-tailed tests?

a) They are appropriate when it is not important to distinguish between no

effect and an effect in either direction.

b) They are more common than one-tailed tests.

c) They compute two-tailed probabilities.

d) They are more controversial than one-tailed tests.

Question 2 out of 4.
You are testing the difference between college freshmen and seniors on a math
test. You think that the seniors will perform better, but you are still interested in
knowing if the freshmen perform better. What is the null hypothesis?

The mean of the seniors is less than or equal to the mean of the freshmen

The mean of the seniors is greater than or equal to the mean of the freshmen
The mean of the seniors is equal to the mean of the freshmen

Question 1 out of 3.
Which of the following probability values gives you the most confidence that the null
hypothesis is false?

p = .28

p = .05

p = .042

p = .003

Question 2 out of 3.
You are testing the difference between high school freshmen and seniors on SAT
performance. The null hypothesis is that the population mean SAT score of the
seniors is equal to the population mean SAT score of the freshmen. You randomly
sample 20 students in each grade and have them take the SAT. You find that the
sample mean of the seniors is significantly higher than the sample mean of the
freshmen. Which alternative hypothesis is accepted?

a) The population mean SAT score of the seniors is less than the population
mean SAT score of the freshmen.

b) The population mean SAT score of the seniors is greater than the population
mean SAT score of the freshmen.

c) You cannot be sure which alternative hypothesis to accept. You just know
that the null hypothesis was rejected.

Question 3 out of 3.
If you are already certain that a null hypothesis is false, then:

A) Significance testing provides no useful information since all it does is reject a

null hypothesis.

B) Significance testing is informative because you still need to know whether an

effect is significant even if you know the null hypothesis is false.
 C) When a difference is significant you can draw a confident conclusion about
the direction of the effect.

Question 1 out of 2.
You have just analyzed the results from your experiment, and you calculated p =
.13. What conclusions can you make? Select all that apply.

a) You reject the null hypothesis.

b) You accept the null hypothesis.

c) You fail to reject the null hypothesis.

d) You accept the alternative hypothesis.

Question 2 out of 2.
You have just given a group of 2nd graders and 1st graders a reading test. You
found that the 2nd graders performed better than the 1st graders, but you
calculated a p value of .08, which was not significant at the .05 level. After getting
these results, what should your thoughts be about the difference between 1st and
2nd graders on this reading test?

a) You are more confident that there is a difference.

b) You are less confident that there is a difference.

c) You now know that the difference is actually zero.

Question 1 out of 2.
True/false: First you decide on the null hypothesis. Then you analyze the data and
calculate the probability value. You look at this probability value, and depending on
what it is, you then choose an appropriate alpha level. Then you decide whether
you can reject the null hypothesis.

True

False

Question 2 out of 2.
True/false: The goal of research is to prove that the null hypothesis is true.

True
False

Question 1 out of 4.
The null hypothesis for a particular experiment is that the mean test score is 20. If
the 99% confidence interval is (18, 24), can you reject the null hypothesis at the
.01 level?

Yes

No

Question 2 out of 4.
Select all that apply. Which of these 95% confidence intervals for the difference
between means represent a significant difference at the .05 level?

a) (-4.6, -1.8)

b) (-0.2, 8.1)

c) (-5.1, 6.7)

d) (3.0, 10.9)

Question 3 out of 4.
If a 95% confidence interval contains 0, so will the 99% confidence interval.

True

False

Question 4 out of 4.
Select all that apply. A person is testing whether a coin that a magician uses is
biased. After analyzing the results from his coin flipping, the p value ends up being
.21, so he concludes that there is no evidence that the coin is biased. Based on this
information, which of these is/are possible 95% confidence intervals on the
population proportion of times heads comes up?

a) (.43, .55)

b) (.32, .46)
 c) (.48, .64)

d) (.76, .98)

Question 1 out of 4.
A low probability value indicates a large effect.

True

False

Question 2 out of 4.
The probability value represents the probability of the null hypothesis given the
data.

True

False

Question 3 out of 4.
A non-significant outcome means that the data do not conclusively demonstrate
that the null hypothesis is false.

True

False

Question 4 out of 4.
The probability value is the probability that the null hypothesis is false.

True

False

Question 1 out of 2.
Fisher's exact test is most appropriate when

only the row marginal frequencies are fixed.

only the column marginal frequencies are fixed.

both marginal frequencies are fixed.

neither marginal frequencies is fixed.

ANSWER KEY

c1
1) A,b,c
2) B
3) 14 (Subtract 15 from each number, take the absolute value of the differences, and add
them together. |10-15| + |12-15| + |16-15| + |20-15| = 5 + 3 + 1 + 5 = 14)
4) C-12
5) FALSE
6) 34 (Subtract 8 from each number, square the differences, and add them together. (3-8)2
+ (6-8)2 + (9-8)2 + (10-8)2 = 25 + 4 + 1 + 4 = 34)

1) 5
2) 3
3) 4
4) A
5) B 87

1) 6
2) B sample (The variance would be larger if these numbers represented a sample
because you would divide by N-1 (instead of just N).)
3) 3.4821
4) 9

1) True (The sample mean is the value for which the sum of squared differences and
therefore the average squared difference is minimized.)
2) Formula 2 (It would be better to use the population mean of 7 since you are estimating
the average squared deviation from 7. You estimate this with the average of your 12
deviations from 7.)
3) 1&3
4) 1.5 (It would approach 1.5 as the number of samples increases to a very large number.
This is equal to (N-1)/N = .75 times the population variance of 2.)

2) A
3) positive
4) positive kurtosis

1) A categorical value
2) Horizontal bar chart
3) False (Percentages can be misleading when you have relatively few observations. They
can make a small difference look large.)
4) C
5) FALSE

1) D (Bin width is another name for the width of each class interval.)

1) Bar charts
2) B

1) False
2) Box plots (Box plots contain more information and take up no more space. They are
therefore preferable to bar charts.)

1) D
2) F
3) Upper adjeacent/ maximum
4) D/G
5) c&d
6) A&C

1) False
2) True

c2
1) True
2) Variable is continuous (When a variable is truly continuous, each value will have a
frequency of 1. Therefore, grouped frequency distributions are needed with continuous
variables.)
3) No skew
4) Positive skew
5) 1
6) False
7) A&D

1) A&E
2) A,B,D

1) De moivre
2) B&C
3) Laplace

1) 35 & 45
2) 14&26
3) 0.8413 (Z=3−5​/2 =−2​/2=−1; z score for -1 = 0.1587, Proportion above
3=1−P(Z<−1)=1−0.1587≈0.8413)
4) 116.15 (STD = √100 = 10, z for 0.35 = -0.385, 120 +( -0.385)x 10 = 120 - 3.85 = 116.15)
5) 43(ish) (38 + z x 6, 0.80-z=0.8023, 0.8023 x 6 = 4.81 + 38 = 42.8 ≈ 43)

1) D
2) False
3) 15

1) B
2) -1.5
3) 1.5(25 is 1.5 SDs above the mean: Z = (X - M)/SD = (25 - 16)/6 = 1.5)
4) -2.40 (Z = (X - M)/SD = (6 - 18)/5 = -2.40)

1) D
2) All of the above
3) A

1) 5
2) 500
3) False
4) Is the population mean
5) Is lower than the range in population
6) Negatively skewed

1) Very unlikely
2) B
3) The mean of 25 gumballs

1) 0
2) B
3) Figure B
4) 5(The variance of the sampling distribution of the mean is proportional to the sample
size. Therefore, the variance will be one fifth as large and will equal 5.)
5) 5 (varience of parent = 100, variance of sampling dist = 100 / 4 = 25, std = √25 = 5)

1) 14 (The mean of the sampling distribution of the mean is the mean of the population
from which the scores were sampled)
2) 4 (6^3 = 36, 36 / 9)
3) 3 (𝝈ₓ = 𝝈 / √n = 12 / √16)
 4) About normal
5) D (Mean = 75, SD = 10/sqrt(25) = 10/5 = 2, skew cause CLT)

1) 5 (20-15)
2) 9 (Pop 2. 100/20 + 64/16 = 5 + 4 = 9)
3) 0.841(Mean = 10, SD = 4, Plug these into the normal calculator and find the area above
6. You get .841. A similar question using this data appears in the text.)
4) 0.8614 (Mean = 727 - 532 = 195, Var = 12,000/12 + 10,000/14 = 1,714.3, SD =
sqrt(1,714.3) = 41.404, Use the normal calculator to calculate the area above 150 for a
distribution with this mean and SD. You get 0.8614.)

1) Skewed
2) -0.775
3) -8

C3

1) ALL OF THE ABOVE

2) No
3) False

1) 0.2
2) 0.67
3) 0.8
4) 0.11
5) A&D
6) 0.25
7) 0.58 (P(tails)=1-P(heads), P(Lose both)= P(Tails)xP(not 5), P(Win at least
one)=1−P(Lose both)=1−125​=127​)

1) 0.216 ((P(1)=0.6)X(P(2)=0.6)X(P(3)=0.60), 0.6X0.6X0.6 = 0.216)

2) 0.31 ((1/6) + (1/6) - (1/6)(1/6) = 11/36 = 0.31)
3) 0.52 (not getting 4 (5/6)(5/6)(5/6)(5/6) = .48, atleast 1: 1 - .48 = 0.52)
4) 0.0588 (P(first spade) xP(second spade (minus the ones taken), 13/52 x 12/51)
5) Both equally likely

1) 0.429 (red x = 3, total red = 7, total all = 30, 3/30 / 7/30 = 3/7 = 0.429)
2) 0.23 (red and x / total / x / total)
3) 0.235 (4/17 = 0.235)

2) will always be 0.5 if the coin is fair

3) decreasing function of N(A fair coin is tossed N times (N is an even number). The probability
of getting the same number of heads and tails)
4)proportion of heads approached 0.5
5)A&D

1) PERMUATIONS
2) 10 (This is asking for combinations with 5 items (types of toppings) taken 2 at a time.
5!/(3! x 2!) =120/12 = 10.)
3) 0.0388 (indepdenent events = multiplication rule, ½ x ⅙)
4) 20 ( 5!/(3!) =120/6 = 20.)

C4

3) Impossible

C5

1) B (If Tommy were guessing blindly, the probability that he would have gotten 16 out of
the 20 questions right is .0059. This is NOT the probability that he was guessing blindly.
Remember, the probability value is the probability of an outcome given the hypothesis.)
2) False (chance differences will still happen)
3) 0 (null hypothesis says its due to chance so no correlation)

1) 0.05
2) B&C
3) False
4) Fisher

1) Type 2
2) Type 1
3) Type 1
4) Type 2 (?, The probability of a Type II error is called beta. The probability of
correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis equals 1- beta and is called power.)
5) Type 2

1) B&C
2) Means of both are equal

1) P = 0.003 (ower probability values make you more confident that the null hypothesis is
false)
2) B
3) C (A significant result lets you conclude the direction of the effect. After a non-significant
result, the direction of the difference is uncertain.)

1) C
 2) (You are unable to reject the null hypothesis or accept the alternative hypothesis
if your p value is .13)
3) A

1) False (You want to select the alpha level before you calculate the probability
2) value. You compare your probability value to your previously-selected alpha level when
deciding whether or not you can reject the null hypothesis.)
3) False

1) NO (You cannot reject the null hypothesis because the confidence interval shows that 20
is a plausible value of the population parameter.)
2) A&D (If the interval does not include 0, it means there is a significant difference.)
3) True
4) A&C

1) False
2) False (The probability value represents the probability of the data given the null
hypothesis.)
3) True (This is true, but a common misconception is that a non-significant outcome means
that the null hypothesis is probably true.)
4) False

1) Both frequencies fixed