AIM

To determine the susceptibility arising due to water in a solution of Manganese Chloride

(MnC1₂).
Determine the
susceptibility of
Manganese Chloride
(MnCl₂) solution to water.

High Low
Water can react with MnCl₂, MnCl₂ is stable in water and
leading to hydrolysis and does not undergo significant
formation of Mn(OH)₂. hydrolysis.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

o An Electromagnet
o Power supply
o Travelling Microscope
o Gauss Meter with search coil
o Weighing Bottle
o Water
o Physical Balance
o U-Tube
o Funnel
o Weight Box
o Flask

Experimental Setup for Manganese Chloride Study

Electromagnet Power Supply

Travelling Gauss Meter with

Microscope Search Coil

Weighing Bottle Water

Physical Balance U-Tube

PRINCIPLE
When a Solution of paramagnetic salt (here,MnC1₂) is taken in a tube and is placed
between the poles of a magnet, there is a rise in the liquid level. A measurement of this
enables to determine the susceptibility of the solution.

Measurement of Magnetic Susceptibility

Prepare Observe
Solution Liquid Rise

Place Tube in Measure Rise

Magnet

THEORY
o The magnetic field between the wedge shaped pole piece vary rapidly along the vertical
direction .Thus, the force on the solution is vertical. The force on the substance of volume V
situated in a non uniform magnetic field in a place where the field strength is H, is given by :

F=
Where k is the magnetic susceptibility of the substance ko is the magnetic susceptibility of
the surrounding . Generally surrounding medium being air , (ko=O) .Thus the above relation
becomes

F= ½(k)dH"2/da*V

Consider the experimental setup and let the position of the solution in funnel be D and that in
the tube be A. On applying certain field, the level of the solution shifts from D to C and
corresponding from A to B Te change in the level(A to B) of the solution is say, h. Areas of the
cross section are a' ,a. The change (D to C) be a. Therefore ,

a'd= ah

Since the corrected height is :

h+d = (1 + a/a')h

This is height of the liquid column supported the forces arising from_ the magnetic field. If .P
is the density of the solution and g is the acceleration due tq gravity, then the weight of the
column is:
(1 + a/a')hpga

Let O be a section where the field is negligible .Let x be the vertical co-ordinate of O and
thus, the force on a liquid of the volume adx above the point 0 is given by

F =1/2(k)dHA2/da*(adx)

The force on the entire liquid above the point O is

F = ½(k)H1A2

H1 is the field intensity at upper level. It is the force which supports the weight of the column
obtained above. Thus,
½(k)aH1A2 = (l+a/a')h_pga

If a<<<a',
if a<<<a'
then the ratio may be ignored

emu/cm²

This is the mass susceptibility of he solution. The volume susceptibility would be

X1 = k/_p = 2_pgh/H1A2 emu/gm

 k = 2_pgh/H1A2 X1 = k/_p

Mass Susceptibility Volume Susceptibility

Comparing mass and volume susceptibility.

PROCEDURE

o Clean the U-tube with warm chromic acid.

o Fill it with the solution of MnCl₂ . 4H20 (of prepared concentration)
o The narrow end of the U-tube is placed between the pole pieces of the electromagnet
o The level of the meniscus is taken down
o The current (magnetizing) is noted down by means of the ammeter(attached to the power
supply)
o The current is increased and the level of the meniscus is found to alter. Note the value for
corresponding magnetizing current.
RESULT
o The mass susceptibility is found to be 0.314
emu/gm
o The volume susceptibility is found to be 0.628
emu/cmA2
o The plot of h(y-axis) and H1"2(x-axis) is a
straight lin

RESULT

o The mass susceptibility is found to be 0.314 emu/gm

o The volume susceptibility is found to be 0.628 emu/cmA2
o The plot of h(y-axis) and H₁²(x-axis) is a straight line
 0.628
0.314 emu/gm
emu/cmA2

Mass Susceptibility Volume Susceptibility

Comparing mass and volume susceptibility values.

PRECAUTIONS

o Zero error should be checked in travelling microscope

o The cross wire of the travelling microscope should be placed right on the top of the upper
meniscus of solution before taking the reading
o The probe of the Gaussmeter should be held stably while measuring the value of magnetic
field

SOURCES OF ERROR

In a magnetic susceptibility test of MnCl₂ (Manganese(II) chloride), several sources of

error can affect the accuracy and precision of the measurement. Common sources of
error include:
1. Sample Purity:
Impurities in the MnCl₂ sample can alter its magnetic properties, leading to incorrect
susceptibility readings. Even small amounts of contaminants may introduce
paramagnetic or diamagnetic components that skew results.

2. Magnetic Field Non-uniformity:

The assumption in magnetic susceptibility measurements is often that the applied magnetic
field is homogeneous. However, if the field is not uniform throughout the space where the
sample is located, the results may not accurately reflect the material’s intrinsic susceptibility.

3. Temperature Fluctuations:
Magnetic susceptibility is temperature-dependent. Any variation in temperature during the
test can affect the susceptibility measurement. For accurate results, temperature control or
proper temperature compensation in the calculations is required.

4. Alignment of the Sample: If the sample is not properly aligned with the magnetic field in
the instrument, or if there is variability in the sample’s positioning during repeated
measurements, the results can be inconsistent.

5. Demagnetising Effects:
Depending on the shape and size of the sample, internal magnetic fields might develop
(demagnetising fields), which can oppose the applied magnetic field and affect the
susceptibility reading. Correcting for this effect requires proper knowledge of the sample
geometry.

6. Magnetic Hysteresis:
 In some cases, if MnCl₂ exhibits magnetic hysteresis, the susceptibility might depend on
the magnetic history of the sample (e.g., previous exposure to strong magnetic fields).
This could lead to incorrect results if not accounted for in the procedure.

Magnetic Susceptibility Measurement

Sample Purity

Magnetic Field
Uniformity

Temperature
Control
Accurate
Measurement
Sample
Alignment

Demagnetizing
Effects

Magnetic
Hysteresis

A PROJECT REPORT ON SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MnCl₂

SUBMITTED BY :

Harsh garg (2024UCS1584)

Incia (2024UCS1586)

Rishab (2024UCS1587)

Prince Yadav (2024UCS1588)