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Computer mouse
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This article is about the item of computer hardware. For the pointer or cursor it controls, see Pointer (user interface).

A computer mouse (plural mice, sometimes mouses)[nb 1] is a hand-held pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion relative
to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows a smooth control of the graphical
user interface of a computer.

The first public demonstration of a mouse controlling a computer system was in 1968. Mice originally
used two separate wheels to track movement across a surface; one in the X-dimension and one in the
Y. Later, the standard design shifted to utilize a ball rolling on a surface to detect motion. Most modern
mice use optical sensors that have no moving parts. Though originally all mice were connected to a
computer by a cable, many modern mice are cordless, relying on short-range radio communication with
the connected system.

In addition to moving a cursor, computer mice have one or more buttons to allow operations such as
the selection of a menu item on a display. Mice often also feature other elements, such as touch A computer mouse with the most
surfaces and scroll wheels, which enable additional control and dimensional input. common features: two buttons (left
and right) and a scroll wheel
(which also functions as a button)
Contents

Etymology …

The earliest known written use of the term mouse in reference to a computer pointing device is in Bill
English's July 1965 publication, "Computer-Aided Display Control", likely originating from its
resemblance to the shape and size of a mouse, a rodent, with the cord resembling its tail.[1][2][3] The
popularity of wireless mice without cords makes the resemblance less obvious. A typical wireless computer mouse

According to Roger Bates, a hardware designer under English, the term also came about because the
cursor on the screen was for some unknown reason referred to as "CAT" and was seen by the team as
if it would be chasing the new desktop device.[4][5]

The plural for the small rodent is always "mice" in modern usage. The plural for a computer mouse is
either "mice" or "mouses" according to most dictionaries, with "mice" being more common.[6] The first A computer mouse is named for its
recorded plural usage is "mice"; the online Oxford Dictionaries cites a 1984 use, and earlier uses resemblance to the rodent.
include J. C. R. Licklider's "The Computer as a Communication Device" of 1968.[7]

History …

The trackball, a related pointing device, was invented in 1946 by Ralph Benjamin as part of a post-World War II-era fire-control radar
plotting system called the Comprehensive Display System (CDS). Benjamin was then working for the British Royal Navy Scientific Service.
Benjamin's project used analog computers to calculate the future position of target aircraft based on several initial input points provided
by a user with a joystick. Benjamin felt that a more elegant input device was needed and invented what they called a "roller ball" for this
purpose.[8][9]

The device was patented in 1947,[9] but only a prototype using a metal ball rolling on two rubber-coated wheels was ever built, and the
device was kept as a military secret.[8]

Another early trackball was built by Kenyon Taylor, a British electrical engineer working in collaboration with Tom Cranston and Fred
Longstaff. Taylor was part of the original Ferranti Canada, working on the Royal Canadian Navy's DATAR (Digital Automated Tracking and
Resolving) system in 1952.[10]

DATAR was similar in concept to Benjamin's display. The trackball used four disks to pick up motion, two each for the X and Y directions.
Several rollers provided mechanical support. When the ball was rolled, the pickup discs spun and contacts on their outer rim made
periodic contact with wires, producing pulses of output with each movement of the ball. By counting the pulses, the physical movement
of the ball could be determined. A digital computer calculated the tracks and sent the resulting data to other ships in a task force using
pulse-code modulation radio signals. This trackball used a standard Canadian five-pin bowling ball. It was not patented, since it was a
secret military project.[11][12]

Douglas Engelbart of the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International) has been credited in
published books by Thierry Bardini,[14] Paul Ceruzzi,[15] Howard Rheingold,[16] and several
others[17][18][19] as the inventor of the computer mouse. Engelbart was also recognized as such in
various obituary titles after his death in July 2013.[20][21][22][23]

By 1963, Engelbart had already established a research lab at SRI, the Augmentation Research Center
(ARC), to pursue his objective of developing both hardware and software computer technology to
Inventor Douglas Engelbart holding
"augment" human intelligence. That November, while attending a conference on computer graphics in
the first computer mouse,[13]
Reno, Nevada, Engelbart began to ponder how to adapt the underlying principles of the planimeter to showing the wheels that make
inputting X- and Y-coordinate data.[14] On 14 November 1963, he first recorded his thoughts in his contact with the working surface

personal notebook about something he initially called a "bug", which in a "3-point" form could have a
"drop point and 2 orthogonal wheels".[4][14] He wrote that the "bug" would be "easier" and "more natural" to use, and unlike a stylus, it
would stay still when let go, which meant it would be "much better for coordination with the keyboard".[14]

In 1964, Bill English joined ARC, where he helped Engelbart build the first mouse prototype.[2][24] They
christened the device the mouse as early models had a cord attached to the rear part of the device
which looked like a tail, and in turn resembled the common mouse.[25] According to Roger Bates, a
hardware designer under English, another reason for choosing this name was because the cursor on
the screen was also referred to as "CAT" at this time.[4][5]

The Engelbart mouse As noted above, this "mouse" was first mentioned in print in a July 1965 report, on which English was
the lead author.[1][2][3] On 9 December 1968, Engelbart publicly demonstrated the mouse at what
would come to be known as The Mother of All Demos. Engelbart never received any royalties for it, as his employer SRI held the patent,
which expired before the mouse became widely used in personal computers.[26] In any event, the invention of the mouse was just a small
part of Engelbart's much larger project of augmenting human intellect.[27][28]

Several other experimental pointing-devices developed for Engelbart's oN-Line System (NLS) exploited
different body movements – for example, head-mounted devices attached to the chin or nose – but
ultimately the mouse won out because of its speed and convenience.[29] The first mouse, a bulky
device (pictured) used two potentiometers perpendicular to each other and connected to wheels: the Early mouse patents. From left to
rotation of each wheel translated into motion along one axis.[30] At the time of the "Mother of All right: Opposing track wheels by

Demos", Engelbart's group had been using their second generation, 3-button mouse for about a year. Engelbart, November 1970, U.S.
Patent 3,541,541 . Ball and wheel

Since 2 October 1968, more than two months before Engelbart's by Rider, September 1974, U.S.
Patent 3,835,464 . Ball and two
demo, a mouse device named Rollkugelsteuerung (German for
rollers with spring by Opocensky,
"rolling ball control") was shown in a sales brochure by the German October 1976, U.S. Patent
company AEG-Telefunken as an optional input device for the SIG 100 3,987,685
vector graphics terminal, part of the system around their process
computer TR 86 and the TR 440 [de] main frame.[31][32][33][34] Based on an even earlier trackball
The ball-based Telefunken device, the mouse device had been developed by the company since 1966 in what had been a parallel
Rollkugelsteuerung RKS 100-86 and independent discovery.[34][35] As the name suggests and unlike Engelbart's mouse, the Telefunken
from 1968 model already had a ball (diameter 40 mm, weight 40 g[36]) and two mechanical 4-bit[36][37] rotational
position transducers[36][38][37] with Gray code-like[36][37][nb 2] states, allowing easy movement in any
direction.[39] The bits remained stable for at least two successive states to relax debouncing requirements.[36][37] This arrangement was
chosen so that the data could also be transmitted to the TR 86 front end process computer and over longer distance telex lines with
c. 50 baud.[38] Weighting 465 g, the device with a total height of about 7 cm came in a c. 12 cm diameter hemispherical injection-molded
thermoplastic casing featuring one central push button.[36]

As noted above, the device was based on an earlier trackball-like device (also named Rollkugel) that
was embedded into radar flight control desks.[35] This trackball had been originally developed by a
team led by Rainer Mallebrein [de] at Telefunken Konstanz for the German Bundesanstalt für
Flugsicherung [de] (Federal Air Traffic Control). It was part of the corresponding work station system
SAP 300 and the terminal SIG 3001, which had been designed and developed since 1963.[38]
Development for the TR 440 main frame began in 1965.[40][38] This led to the development of the
TR 86 process computer system with its SIG 100-86[34][32] terminal. Inspired by a discussion with a Bottom side of the Telefunken
university customer, Mallebrein came up with the idea of "reversing" the existing Rollkugel trackball into Rollkugel RKS 100-86 showing the
ball
a moveable mouse-like device in 1966,[38] so that customers did not have to be bothered with
mounting holes for the earlier trackball device. The device was finished in early 1968,[38] and together
with light pens and trackballs, it was commercially offered as an optional input device for their system starting later that
year.[31][32][33][41] Not all customers opted to buy the device, which added costs of 1,500 DM per piece to the already up to 20-million
DM deal for the main frame, of which only a total of 46 systems were sold or leased.[34][42] They were installed at more than 20 German
universities including RWTH Aachen, Technical University Berlin, University of Stuttgart[43][44] and Konstanz.[39] Several Rollkugel mice
installed at the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre in Munich in 1972 are well preserved in a museum,[34][45][35] two others survived in a
museum at Stuttgart university,[43][36][35] two in Hamburg, the one from Aachen at the Computer History Museum in the US,[46][35] and
yet another sample was recently donated to the Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum (HNF) in Paderborn.[47][42] Telefunken attempted to
patent the device, but, without considering the novelty of the construction's application, it was rejected by the German patent office
stating a threshold of ingenuity too low.[35][39][42][38] For the air traffic control system, the Mallebrein team had already developed a
precursor to touch screens in form of an ultrasonic-curtain-based pointing device in front of the display.[38] In 1970, they developed a
device named "Touchinput-Einrichtung" ("touch input facility") based on a conductively coated glass screen.[39][38]

The Xerox Alto was one of the first computers designed for individual use in 1973 and is regarded as
the first modern computer to utilize a mouse.[48] Inspired by PARC's Alto, the Lilith, a computer which
had been developed by a team around Niklaus Wirth at ETH Zürich between 1978 and 1980, provided a
mouse as well. The third marketed version of an integrated mouse shipped as a part of a computer and
intended for personal computer navigation came with the Xerox 8010 Star in 1981.

By 1982, the Xerox 8010 was probably the best-known computer with a mouse. The Sun-1 also came HP-HIL Mouse from 1984
with a mouse, and the forthcoming Apple Lisa was rumored to use one, but the peripheral remained
obscure; Jack Hawley of The Mouse House reported that one buyer for a large organization believed at first that his company sold lab
mice. Hawley, who manufactured mice for Xerox, stated that "Practically, I have the market all to myself right now"; a Hawley mouse cost
$415.[49] In 1982, Logitech introduced the P4 Mouse at the Comdex trade show in Las Vegas, its first hardware mouse.[50] That same
year Microsoft made the decision to make the MS-DOS program Microsoft Word mouse-compatible, and developed the first PC-
compatible mouse. Microsoft's mouse shipped in 1983, thus beginning the Microsoft Hardware division of the company.[51] However, the
mouse remained relatively obscure until the appearance of the Macintosh 128K (which included an updated version of the single-
button[52] Lisa Mouse) in 1984,[53] and of the Amiga 1000 and the Atari ST in 1985.

Operation …

Further information: Point and click

A mouse typically controls the motion of a pointer in two dimensions in a graphical user interface (GUI). The mouse turns movements of
the hand backward and forward, left and right into equivalent electronic signals that in turn are used to move the pointer.

The relative movements of the mouse on the surface are applied to the position of the pointer on the screen, which signals the point
where actions of the user take place, so hand movements are replicated by the pointer.[54] Clicking or pointing (stopping movement while
the cursor is within the bounds of an area) can select files, programs or actions from a list of names, or (in graphical interfaces) through
small images called "icons" and other elements. For example, a text file might be represented by a picture of a paper notebook and
clicking while the cursor points at this icon might cause a text editing program to open the file in a window.

Different ways of operating the mouse cause specific things to happen in the GUI:[54]

Point: stop the motion of the pointer while it is inside the boundaries of what the user wants to interact with. This act of pointing is what
the "pointer" and "pointing device" are named after. In web design lingo, pointing is referred to as "hovering." This usage spread to
web programing and Android programming, and is now found in many contexts.

Click: pressing and releasing a button.

(left) Single-click: clicking the main button.

(left) Double-click: clicking the button two times in quick succession counts as a different gesture than two separate single clicks.

(left) Triple-click: clicking the button three times in quick succession counts as a different gesture than three separate single
clicks. Triple clicks are far less common in traditional navigation.

Right-click: clicking the secondary button. In modern applications, this frequently opens a context menu.

Middle-click: clicking the tertiary button.

Drag: pressing and holding a button, and moving the mouse before releasing the button. This is frequently used to move or copy files
or other objects via drag and drop; other uses include selecting text and drawing in graphics applications.

Mouse button chording or chord clicking:

Clicking with more than one button simultaneously.

Clicking while simultaneously typing a letter on the keyboard.

Clicking and rolling the mouse wheel simultaneously.

Clicking while holding down a modifier key.

Moving the pointer a long distance: When a practical limit of mouse movement is reached, one lifts up the mouse, brings it to the
opposite edge of the working area while it is held above the surface, and then lowering it back onto the working surface. This is often
not necessary, because acceleration software detects fast movement, and moves the pointer significantly faster in proportion than for
slow mouse motion.

Multi-touch: this method is similar to a multi-touch touchpad on a laptop with support for tap input for multiple fingers, the most
famous example being the Apple Magic Mouse.

Gestures
…
Main article: Pointing device gesture

Users can also employ mice gesturally; meaning that a stylized motion of the mouse cursor itself, called a "gesture", can issue a
command or map to a specific action. For example, in a drawing program, moving the mouse in a rapid "x" motion over a shape might
delete the shape.

Gestural interfaces occur more rarely than plain pointing-and-clicking; and people often find them more difficult to use, because they
require finer motor control from the user. However, a few gestural conventions have become widespread, including the drag and drop
gesture, in which:

1. The user presses the mouse button while the mouse cursor points at an interface object

2. The user moves the cursor to a different location while holding the button down

3. The user releases the mouse button

For example, a user might drag-and-drop a picture representing a file onto a picture of a trash can, thus instructing the system to delete
the file.

Standard semantic gestures include:

Crossing-based goal

Drag and drop

Menu traversal

Pointing

Mouseover (pointing or hovering)

Selection

Specific uses
…
Other uses of the mouse's input occur commonly in special application domains. In interactive three-dimensional graphics, the mouse's
motion often translates directly into changes in the virtual objects' or camera's orientation. For example, in the first-person shooter genre
of games (see below), players usually employ the mouse to control the direction in which the virtual player's "head" faces: moving the
mouse up will cause the player to look up, revealing the view above the player's head. A related function makes an image of an object
rotate so that all sides can be examined. 3D design and animation software often modally chord many different combinations to allow
objects and cameras to be rotated and moved through space with the few axes of movement mice can detect.

When mice have more than one button, the software may assign different functions to each button. Often, the primary (leftmost in a
right-handed configuration) button on the mouse will select items, and the secondary (rightmost in a right-handed) button will bring up a
menu of alternative actions applicable to that item. For example, on platforms with more than one button, the Mozilla web browser will
follow a link in response to a primary button click, will bring up a contextual menu of alternative actions for that link in response to a
secondary-button click, and will often open the link in a new tab or window in response to a click with the tertiary (middle) mouse button.

Types …

Mechanical mice
…
The German company Telefunken published on their early ball mouse on 2 October
1968.[34] Telefunken's mouse was sold as optional equipment for their computer
systems. Bill English, builder of Engelbart's original mouse,[55] created a ball mouse in
1972 while working for Xerox PARC.[56]

The ball mouse replaced the external wheels with a single ball that could rotate in any
direction. It came as part of the hardware package of the Xerox Alto computer.
Perpendicular chopper wheels housed inside the mouse's body chopped beams of light Operating an opto-mechanical mouse
on the way to light sensors, thus detecting in their turn the motion of the ball. This 1. Moving the mouse turns the ball.

variant of the mouse resembled an inverted trackball and became the predominant form 2. X and Y rollers grip the ball and transfer
used with personal computers throughout the 1980s and 1990s. The Xerox PARC group movement.
also settled on the modern technique of using both hands to type on a full-size 3. Optical encoding disks include light holes.
keyboard and grabbing the mouse when required.
4. Infrared LEDs shine through the disks.
The ball mouse has two freely rotating rollers. These 5. Sensors gather light pulses to convert to
are located 90 degrees apart. One roller detects the X and Y vectors.
forward-backward motion of the mouse and the other
the left-right motion. Opposite the two rollers is a third one (white, in the photo, at 45 degrees) that is
spring-loaded to push the ball against the other two rollers. Each roller is on the same shaft as an
encoder wheel that has slotted edges; the slots interrupt infrared light beams to generate electrical
pulses that represent wheel movement. Each wheel's disc has a pair of light beams, located so that a
Mechanical mouse, shown with the given beam becomes interrupted or again starts to pass light freely when the other beam of the pair is
top cover removed. The scroll
about halfway between changes.
wheel is gray, to the right of the
ball.
Simple logic circuits interpret the relative timing to indicate which direction the wheel is rotating. This
incremental rotary encoder scheme is sometimes called quadrature encoding of the wheel rotation, as the two optical sensors produce
signals that are in approximately quadrature phase. The mouse sends these signals to the computer system via the mouse cable, directly
as logic signals in very old mice such as the Xerox mice, and via a data-formatting IC in modern mice. The driver software in the system
converts the signals into motion of the mouse cursor along X and Y axes on the computer screen.

The ball is mostly steel, with a precision spherical rubber surface. The weight of the ball, given an
appropriate working surface under the mouse, provides a reliable grip so the mouse's movement is
transmitted accurately. Ball mice and wheel mice were manufactured for Xerox by Jack Hawley, doing
business as The Mouse House in Berkeley, California, starting in 1975.[57][58] Based on another
invention by Jack Hawley, proprietor of the Mouse House, Honeywell produced another type of
mechanical mouse.[59][60] Instead of a ball, it had two wheels rotating at off axes. Key Tronic later
Hawley Mark II Mice from the produced a similar product.[61]
Mouse House
Modern computer mice took form at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) under the
inspiration of Professor Jean-Daniel Nicoud and at the hands of engineer and watchmaker André Guignard.[62] This new design
incorporated a single hard rubber mouseball and three buttons, and remained a common design until the mainstream adoption of the
scroll-wheel mouse during the 1990s.[63] In 1985, René Sommer added a microprocessor to Nicoud's and Guignard's design.[64] Through
this innovation, Sommer is credited with inventing a significant component of the mouse, which made it more "intelligent";[64] though
optical mice from Mouse Systems had incorporated microprocessors by 1984.[65]

Another type of mechanical mouse, the "analog mouse" (now generally regarded as obsolete), uses potentiometers rather than encoder
wheels, and is typically designed to be plug compatible with an analog joystick. The "Color Mouse", originally marketed by RadioShack
for their Color Computer (but also usable on MS-DOS machines equipped with analog joystick ports, provided the software accepted
joystick input) was the best-known example.

Optical and laser mice

…
Main article: Optical mouse

Early optical mice relied entirely on one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and an imaging array of
photodiodes to detect movement relative to the underlying surface, eschewing the internal moving
parts a mechanical mouse uses in addition to its optics. A laser mouse is an optical mouse that uses
coherent (laser) light.
The underside of an optical mouse.
The earliest optical mice detected movement on pre-printed mousepad surfaces, whereas the modern
LED optical mouse works on most opaque diffuse surfaces; it is usually unable to detect movement on specular surfaces like polished
stone. Laser diodes provide good resolution and precision, improving performance on opaque specular surfaces. Later, more surface-
independent optical mice use an optoelectronic sensor (essentially, a tiny low-resolution video camera) to take successive images of the
surface on which the mouse operates. Battery powered, wireless optical mice flash the LED intermittently to save power, and only glow
steadily when movement is detected.

Inertial and gyroscopic mice

…
Often called "air mice" since they do not require a surface to operate, inertial mice use a tuning fork or other accelerometer (US Patent
4787051[66]) to detect rotary movement for every axis supported. The most common models (manufactured by Logitech and Gyration)
work using 2 degrees of rotational freedom and are insensitive to spatial translation. The user requires only small wrist rotations to move
the cursor, reducing user fatigue or "gorilla arm".

Usually cordless, they often have a switch to deactivate the movement circuitry between use, allowing the user freedom of movement
without affecting the cursor position. A patent for an inertial mouse claims that such mice consume less power than optically based mice,
and offer increased sensitivity, reduced weight and increased ease-of-use.[67] In combination with a wireless keyboard an inertial mouse
can offer alternative ergonomic arrangements which do not require a flat work surface, potentially alleviating some types of repetitive
motion injuries related to workstation posture.

3D mice
…
"SpaceBall" redirects here. For other uses, see Spaceball (disambiguation).

This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: conflation of devices that you wave around above the
desk with devices that remain on the desk while you apply forces and torques to them. (April 2020)
Learn more

Also known as bats,[68] flying mice, or wands,[69] these devices generally function through ultrasound and provide at least three degrees
of freedom. Probably the best known example would be 3Dconnexion ("Logitech's SpaceMouse") from the early 1990s. In the late 1990s
Kantek introduced the 3D RingMouse. This wireless mouse was worn on a ring around a finger, which enabled the thumb to access three
buttons. The mouse was tracked in three dimensions by a base station.[70] Despite a certain appeal, it was finally discontinued because it
did not provide sufficient resolution.

One example of a 2000s consumer 3D pointing device is the Wii Remote. While primarily a motion-sensing device (that is, it can
determine its orientation and direction of movement), Wii Remote can also detect its spatial position by comparing the distance and
position of the lights from the IR emitter using its integrated IR camera (since the nunchuk accessory lacks a camera, it can only tell its
current heading and orientation). The obvious drawback to this approach is that it can only produce spatial coordinates while its camera
can see the sensor bar. More accurate consumer devices have since been released, including the PlayStation Move, the Razer Hydra, and
the controllers part of the HTC Vive virtual reality system. All of these devices can accurately detect position and orientation in 3D space
regardless of angle relative to the sensor station.[citation needed]

A mouse-related controller called the SpaceBall[71] has a ball placed above the work surface that can easily be gripped. With spring-
loaded centering, it sends both translational as well as angular displacements on all six axes, in both directions for each. In November
2010 a German Company called Axsotic introduced a new concept of 3D mouse called 3D Spheric Mouse. This new concept of a true six
degree-of-freedom input device uses a ball to rotate in 3 axes and an elastic polymer anchored tetrahedron inspired suspension for
translating the ball without any limitations.[72] A contactless sensor design uses a magnetic sensor array for sensing three aches
translation and two optical mouse sensors for three aches rotation. The special tetrahedron suspension allows a user to rotate the ball
with the fingers while input translations with the hand-wrist motion.[73]

Logitech spacemouse 3D. Silicon Graphics SpaceBall Logitech 3D Mouse (1990), A modern six-degrees-of-freedom (6 DOF)
On display at the Bolo model 1003 (1988), allowing the first ultrasonic mouse 3D mouse (2007)
Computer Museum, EPFL, manipulation of objects with
Lausanne six degrees of freedom.

Mechanism of the modern 6 DOF mouse The Axsotic 3D-Spheric-Mouse (6D) is the first
consisting of infrared LEDs and detectors 3D-Mouse that separates rotation and
with occluders that move with the ball translation in finger and hand-wrist movements.

Tactile mice
…
In 2000, Logitech introduced a "tactile mouse" known as the "iFeel Mouse" developed by Immersion Corporation that contained a small
actuator to enable the mouse to generate simulated physical sensations.[74][75] Such a mouse can augment user-interfaces with haptic
feedback, such as giving feedback when crossing a window boundary. To surf the internet by touch-enabled mouse was first developed
in 1996[76] and first implemented commercially by the Wingman Force Feedback Mouse.[77] It requires the user to be able to feel depth
or hardness; this ability was realized with the first electrorheological tactile mice[78] but never marketed.

Pucks
…
Tablet digitizers are sometimes used with accessories called pucks, devices which rely on absolute positioning, but can be configured for
sufficiently mouse-like relative tracking that they are sometimes marketed as mice.[79]

Ergonomic mice
…
As the name suggests, this type of mouse is intended to provide optimum comfort and avoid injuries
such as carpal tunnel syndrome, arthritis, and other repetitive strain injuries. It is designed to fit natural
hand position and movements, to reduce discomfort.

When holding a typical mouse, the ulna and radius bones on the arm are crossed. Some designs
attempt to place the palm more vertically, so the bones take more natural parallel position.[80] Some
limit wrist movement, encouraging arm movement instead, that may be less precise but more optimal A vertical mouse
from the health point of view. A mouse may be angled from the thumb downward to the opposite side –
this is known to reduce wrist pronation.[81] However such optimizations make the mouse right or left hand specific, making more
problematic to change the tired hand. Time has criticized manufacturers for offering few or no left-handed ergonomic mice: "Oftentimes I
felt like I was dealing with someone who’d never actually met a left-handed person before."[82]

Another solution is a pointing bar device. The so-called roller bar mouse is positioned snugly in front of
the keyboard, thus allowing bi-manual accessibility.[83]

Gaming mice
…
These mice are specifically designed for use in computer games. They typically employ a wider array of
controls and buttons and have designs that differ radically from traditional mice. They may also have
decorative monochrome or programmable RGB LED lighting. The additional buttons can often be used Keyboard with roller bar mouse

for changing the sensitivity of the mouse[84] or they can be assigned (programmed) to macros (i.e., for
opening a program or for use instead of a key combination).[85] It is also common for game mice,
especially those designed for use in real-time strategy games such as StarCraft, or in multiplayer online
battle arena games such as Dota 2 to have a relatively high sensitivity, measured in dots per inch
(DPI),[86] which can be as high as 25,600.[87] Some advanced mice from gaming manufacturers also
allow users to adjust the weight of the mouse by adding or subtracting weights to allow for easier
A Logitech G703 gaming mouse,
control.[88] Ergonomic quality is also an important factor in gaming mice, as extended gameplay times with two buttons at the front and
may render further use of the mouse to be uncomfortable. Some mice have been designed to have two buttons on the side
adjustable features such as removable and/or elongated palm rests, horizontally adjustable thumb rests
and pinky rests. Some mice may include several different rests with their products to ensure comfort for a wider range of target
consumers.[89] Gaming mice are held by gamers in three styles of grip:[90][91]

1. Palm Grip: the hand rests on the mouse, with extended fingers.[92]

2. Claw Grip: palm rests on the mouse, bent fingers.[93]

3. Finger-Tip Grip: bent fingers, palm doesn't touch the mouse. [94]

Connectivity and communication protocols …

To transmit their input, typical cabled mice use a thin electrical cord terminating in a standard
connector, such as RS-232C, PS/2, ADB, or USB. Cordless mice instead transmit data via infrared
radiation (see IrDA) or radio (including Bluetooth), although many such cordless interfaces are
themselves connected through the aforementioned wired serial buses.

While the electrical interface and the format of the data transmitted by commonly available mice is
currently standardized on USB, in the past it varied between different manufacturers. A bus mouse A Microsoft wireless Arc Mouse,
marketed as "travel-friendly" and
used a dedicated interface card for connection to an IBM PC or compatible computer.
foldable but otherwise operated
exactly like other 3-button wheel-
Mouse use in DOS applications became more common after the introduction of the Microsoft Mouse,
based optical mice
largely because Microsoft provided an open standard for communication between applications and
mouse driver software. Thus, any application written to use the Microsoft standard could use a mouse with a driver that implements the
same API, even if the mouse hardware itself was incompatible with Microsoft's. This driver provides the state of the buttons and the
distance the mouse has moved in units that its documentation calls "mickeys".[95]

Early mice
…
In the 1970s, the Xerox Alto mouse, and in the 1980s the Xerox optical mouse, used a quadrature-
encoded X and Y interface. This two-bit encoding per dimension had the property that only one bit of
the two would change at a time, like a Gray code or Johnson counter, so that the transitions would not
be misinterpreted when asynchronously sampled.[96]

The earliest mass-market mice, such as on the original Macintosh, Amiga, and Atari ST mice used a D-
subminiature 9-pin connector to send the quadrature-encoded X and Y axis signals directly, plus one Xerox Alto mouse
pin per mouse button. The mouse was a simple optomechanical device, and the decoding circuitry was
all in the main computer.

The DE-9 connectors were designed to be electrically compatible with the joysticks popular on numerous 8-bit systems, such as the
Commodore 64 and the Atari 2600. Although the ports could be used for both purposes, the signals must be interpreted differently. As a
result, plugging a mouse into a joystick port causes the "joystick" to continuously move in some direction, even if the mouse stays still,
whereas plugging a joystick into a mouse port causes the "mouse" to only be able to move a single pixel in each direction.

Serial interface and protocol

…
Because the IBM PC did not have a quadrature decoder built in, early PC mice used the RS-232C serial
port to communicate encoded mouse movements, as well as provide power to the mouse's circuits.
The Mouse Systems Corporation version used a five-byte protocol and supported three buttons. The
Microsoft version used a three-byte protocol and supported two buttons. Due to the incompatibility
between the two protocols, some manufacturers sold serial mice with a mode switch: "PC" for MSC
mode, "MS" for Microsoft mode.[97]

Apple Desktop Bus

…
Signals XA and XB in quadrature
In 1986 Apple first implemented the Apple Desktop Bus allowing the daisy chaining of up to 16 devices,
convey X-direction motion, while
including mice and other devices on the same bus with no configuration whatsoever. Featuring only a YA and YB convey Y-dimension
single data pin, the bus used a purely polled approach to device communications and survived as the motion; here the pointer (cursor) is
standard on mainstream models (including a number of non-Apple workstations) until 1998 when shown drawing a small curve.

Apple's iMac line of computers joined the industry-wide switch to using USB. Beginning with the
Bronze Keyboard PowerBook G3 in May 1999, Apple dropped the external ADB port in favor of USB, but
retained an internal ADB connection in the PowerBook G4 for communication with its built-in keyboard
and trackpad until early 2005.

PS/2 interface and protocol

…
Further information: PS/2 connector Apple Macintosh Plus mice: beige
mouse (left), platinum mouse
With the arrival of the IBM PS/2 personal-computer series in 1987, IBM introduced the eponymous PS/2 (right), 1986
port for mice and keyboards, which other manufacturers rapidly adopted. The most visible change was
the use of a round 6-pin mini-DIN, in lieu of the former 5-pin MIDI style full sized DIN 41524 connector.
In default mode (called stream mode) a PS/2 mouse communicates motion, and the state of each
button, by means of 3-byte packets.[98] For any motion, button press or button release event, a PS/2
mouse sends, over a bi-directional serial port, a sequence of three bytes, with the following format:
Color-coded PS/2 connection
ports; purple for keyboard and
Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0
green for mouse
Byte 1 YV XV YS XS 1 MB RB LB

Byte 2 X movement

Byte 3 Y movement

Here, XS and YS represent the sign bits of the movement vectors, XV and YV indicate an overflow in the respective vector component,
and LB, MB and RB indicate the status of the left, middle and right mouse buttons (1 = pressed). PS/2 mice also understand several
commands for reset and self-test, switching between different operating modes, and changing the resolution of the reported motion
vectors.

A Microsoft IntelliMouse relies on an extension of the PS/2 protocol: the ImPS/2 or IMPS/2 protocol (the abbreviation combines the
concepts of "IntelliMouse" and "PS/2"). It initially operates in standard PS/2 format, for backward compatibility. After the host sends a
special command sequence, it switches to an extended format in which a fourth byte carries information about wheel movements. The
IntelliMouse Explorer works analogously, with the difference that its 4-byte packets also allow for two additional buttons (for a total of
five).[99]

Mouse vendors also use other extended formats, often without providing public documentation. The Typhoon mouse uses 6-byte
packets which can appear as a sequence of two standard 3-byte packets, such that an ordinary PS/2 driver can handle them.[100] For 3-D
(or 6-degree-of-freedom) input, vendors have made many extensions both to the hardware and to software. In the late 1990s, Logitech
created ultrasound based tracking which gave 3D input to a few millimeters accuracy, which worked well as an input device but failed as
a profitable product. In 2008, Motion4U introduced its "OptiBurst" system using IR tracking for use as a Maya (graphics software)
plugin.[relevant?]

USB
…
This section needs expansion with: information on how USB is used by mice, such as details of the USB protocol. You can
help by adding to it. (April 2020)
A USB connector soon
Learn more
superseded the PS/2
keyboard and computer
The industry-standard USB (Universal Serial Bus) protocol and its connector have become widely used for mice;
mouse connectors
it is among the most popular types.[101] shown above

Cordless or wireless
…
Cordless or wireless mice transmit data via radio.[102] Some mice connect to the computer through Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, while others use a
receiver that plugs into the computer, for example through a USB port.

Many mice that use a USB receiver have a storage compartment for it inside the mouse. Some "nano receivers" are designed to be small
enough to remain plugged into a laptop during transport, while still being large enough to easily remove.[103]

The Logitech Metaphor, the An older Microsoft wireless mouse made for Microsoft Bluetooth Mobile Mouse
first wireless mouse (1984). notebook computers 3600
On display at the Musée
Bolo, EPFL

A wireless Apple mouse

Operating system support …

MS-DOS and Windows 1.0 support connecting a mouse such as a Microsoft Mouse via multiple interfaces: BallPoint, Bus (InPort), Serial
port or PS/2.[104]

Windows 98 added built-in support for USB Human Interface Device class (USB HID),[105] with native vertical scrolling support.[106]
Windows 2000 and Windows Me expanded this built-in support to 5-button mice.[107]

Windows XP Service Pack 2 introduced a Bluetooth stack, allowing Bluetooth mice to be used without any USB receivers.[108] Windows
Vista added native support for horizontal scrolling and standardized wheel movement granularity for finer scrolling.[106]

Windows 8 introduced BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) mouse/HID support.[109]

Multiple-mouse systems …

Some systems allow two or more mice to be used at once as input devices. Late-1980s era home computers such as the Amiga used this
to allow computer games with two players interacting on the same computer (Lemmings and The Settlers for example). The same idea is
sometimes used in collaborative software, e.g. to simulate a whiteboard that multiple users can draw on without passing a single mouse
around.
Microsoft Windows, since Windows 98, has supported multiple simultaneous pointing devices. Because Windows only provides a single
screen cursor, using more than one device at the same time requires cooperation of users or applications designed for multiple input
devices.

Multiple mice are often used in multi-user gaming in addition to specially designed devices that provide several input interfaces.

Windows also has full support for multiple input/mouse configurations for multi-user environments.

Starting with Windows XP, Microsoft introduced an SDK for developing applications that allow multiple input devices to be used at the
same time with independent cursors and independent input points. However, it no longer appears to be available.[110]

The introduction of Windows Vista and Microsoft Surface (now known as Microsoft PixelSense) introduced a new set of input APIs that
were adopted into Windows 7, allowing for 50 points/cursors, all controlled by independent users. The new input points provide traditional
mouse input; however, they were designed with other input technologies like touch and image in mind. They inherently offer 3D
coordinates along with pressure, size, tilt, angle, mask, and even an image bitmap to see and recognize the input point/object on the
screen.

As of 2009, Linux distributions and other operating systems that use X.Org, such as OpenSolaris and FreeBSD, support 255
cursors/input points through Multi-Pointer X. However, currently no window managers support Multi-Pointer X leaving it relegated to
custom software usage.

There have also been propositions of having a single operator use two mice simultaneously as a more sophisticated means of controlling
various graphics and multimedia applications.[111]

Buttons …

Main article: Mouse button

Mouse buttons are microswitches which can be pressed to select or interact with an element of a
graphical user interface, producing a distinctive clicking sound.

Since around the late 1990s, the three-button scrollmouse has become the de facto standard. Users
most commonly employ the second button to invoke a contextual menu in the computer's software
user interface, which contains options specifically tailored to the interface element over which the
mouse cursor currently sits. By default, the primary mouse button sits located on the left-hand side of
the mouse, for the benefit of right-handed users; left-handed users can usually reverse this
configuration via software. Razer Mouse with additional
buttons

Scrolling …

Main article: Scroll wheel

Nearly all mice now have an integrated input primarily intended for scrolling on top, usually a single-axis digital wheel or rocker switch
which can also be depressed to act as a third button. Though less common, many mice instead have two-axis inputs such as a tiltable
wheel, trackball, or touchpad. Those with a trackball may be designed to stay stationary, using the trackball instead of moving the
mouse.[112]

Speed …

Mickeys per second is a unit of measurement for the speed and movement direction of a computer mouse,[95] where direction is often
expressed as "horizontal" versus "vertical" mickey count. However, speed can also refer to the ratio between how many pixels the cursor
moves on the screen and how far the mouse moves on the mouse pad, which may be expressed as pixels per mickey, pixels per inch, or
pixels per centimeter.

The computer industry often measures mouse sensitivity in terms of counts per inch (CPI), commonly expressed as dots per inch (DPI) –
the number of steps the mouse will report when it moves one inch. In early mice, this specification was called pulses per inch (ppi).[57]
The mickey originally referred to one of these counts, or one resolvable step of motion. If the default mouse-tracking condition involves
moving the cursor by one screen-pixel or dot on-screen per reported step, then the CPI does equate to DPI: dots of cursor motion per
inch of mouse motion. The CPI or DPI as reported by manufacturers depends on how they make the mouse; the higher the CPI, the faster
the cursor moves with mouse movement. However, software can adjust the mouse sensitivity, making the cursor move faster or slower
than its CPI. As of 2007, software can change the speed of the cursor dynamically, taking into account the mouse's absolute speed and
the movement from the last stop-point. In most software, an example being the Windows platforms, this setting is named "speed",
referring to "cursor precision". However, some operating systems name this setting "acceleration", the typical Apple OS designation. This
term is incorrect. Mouse acceleration in most mouse software refers to the change in speed of the cursor over time while the mouse
movement is constant. [clarification needed][citation needed]

For simple software, when the mouse starts to move, the software will count the number of "counts" or "mickeys" received from the
mouse and will move the cursor across the screen by that number of pixels (or multiplied by a rate factor, typically less than 1). The
cursor will move slowly on the screen, with good precision. When the movement of the mouse passes the value set for some threshold,
the software will start to move the cursor faster, with a greater rate factor. Usually, the user can set the value of the second rate factor by
changing the "acceleration" setting.

Operating systems sometimes apply acceleration, referred to as "ballistics", to the motion reported by the mouse. For example, versions
of Windows prior to Windows XP doubled reported values above a configurable threshold, and then optionally doubled them again above
a second configurable threshold. These doublings applied separately in the X and Y directions, resulting in very nonlinear response.[113]

Mousepads …

Main article: Mousepad

Engelbart's original mouse did not require a mousepad;[114] the mouse had two large wheels which could roll on virtually any surface.
However, most subsequent mechanical mice starting with the steel roller ball mouse have required a mousepad for optimal performance.

The mousepad, the most common mouse accessory, appears most commonly in conjunction with mechanical mice, because to roll
smoothly the ball requires more friction than common desk surfaces usually provide. So-called "hard mousepads" for gamers or
optical/laser mice also exist.

Most optical and laser mice do not require a pad, the notable exception being early optical mice which relied on a grid on the pad to
detect movement (e.g. Mouse Systems). Whether to use a hard or soft mousepad with an optical mouse is largely a matter of personal
preference. One exception occurs when the desk surface creates problems for the optical or laser tracking, for example, a transparent or
reflective surface, such as glass.

Some mice also come with small "pads" attached to the bottom surface, also called mouse feet or mouse skates, that help the user slide
the mouse smoothly across surfaces.[115]

In the marketplace …

Around 1981, Xerox included mice with its Xerox Star, based on the mouse used in the 1970s on the
Alto computer at Xerox PARC. Sun Microsystems, Symbolics, Lisp Machines Inc., and Tektronix also
shipped workstations with mice, starting in about 1981. Later, inspired by the Star, Apple Computer
released the Apple Lisa, which also used a mouse. However, none of these products achieved large-
scale success. Only with the release of the Apple Macintosh in 1984 did the mouse see widespread
use.[116]

The Macintosh design,[117] commercially successful and technically influential, led many other vendors
to begin producing mice or including them with their other computer products (by 1986, Atari ST,
Computer mice built between 1986
Amiga, Windows 1.0, GEOS for the Commodore 64, and the Apple IIGS).[118] and 2007

The widespread adoption of graphical user interfaces in the software of the 1980s and 1990s made mice all but indispensable for
controlling computers. In November 2008, Logitech built their billionth mouse.[119]

Use in games …

The Classic Mac OS Desk Accessory Puzzle in 1984 was the first game designed specifically for a
mouse.[120] The device often functions as an interface for PC-based computer games and sometimes
for video game consoles.

First-person shooters
…
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2012) Logitech G5 laser mouse designed

Learn more for games, with adjustable weights

(on left)

FPSs naturally lend themselves to separate and simultaneous control of the player's movement and
aim, and on computers this has traditionally been achieved with a combination of keyboard and mouse. Players use the X-axis of the
mouse for looking (or turning) left and right, and the Y-axis for looking up and down; the keyboard is used for movement and
supplemental inputs.

Many shooting genre players prefer a mouse over a gamepad analog stick because the wide range of motion offered by a mouse allows
for faster and more varied control. Although an analog stick allows the player more granular control, it is poor for certain movements, as
the player's input is relayed based on a vector of both the stick's direction and magnitude. Thus, a small but fast movement (known as
"flick-shotting") using a gamepad requires the player to quickly move the stick from its rest position to the edge and back again in quick
succession, a difficult maneuver. In addition the stick also has a finite magnitude; if the player is currently using the stick to move at a
non-zero velocity their ability to increase the rate of movement of the camera is further limited based on the position their displaced stick
was already at before executing the maneuver. The effect of this is that a mouse is well suited not only to small, precise movements but
also to large, quick movements and immediate, responsive movements; all of which are important in shooter gaming.[121] This advantage
also extends in varying degrees to similar game styles such as third-person shooters.

Some incorrectly ported games or game engines have acceleration and interpolation curves which unintentionally produce excessive,
irregular, or even negative acceleration when used with a mouse instead of their native platform's non-mouse default input device.
Depending on how deeply hardcoded this misbehavior is, internal user patches or external 3rd-party software may be able to fix it.[122]
Individual game engines will also have their own sensitivities.[123] This often restricts one from taking a game's existing sensitivity,
transferring it to another, and acquiring the same 360 rotational measurements. A sensitivity converter is required in order to translate
rotational movements properly.[124]

Due to their similarity to the WIMP desktop metaphor interface for which mice were originally designed, and to their own tabletop game
origins, computer strategy games are most commonly played with mice. In particular, real-time strategy and MOBA games usually require
the use of a mouse.

The left button usually controls primary fire. If the game supports multiple fire modes, the right button often provides secondary fire from
the selected weapon. Games with only a single fire mode will generally map secondary fire to aim down the weapon sights. In some
games, the right button may also invoke accessories for a particular weapon, such as allowing access to the scope of a sniper rifle or
allowing the mounting of a bayonet or silencer.

Players can use a scroll wheel for changing weapons (or for controlling scope-zoom magnification, in older games). On most first person
shooter games, programming may also assign more functions to additional buttons on mice with more than three controls. A keyboard
usually controls movement (for example, WASD for moving forward, left, backward, and right, respectively) and other functions such as
changing posture. Since the mouse serves for aiming, a mouse that tracks movement accurately and with less lag (latency) will give a
player an advantage over players with less accurate or slower mice. In some cases the right mouse button may be used to move the
player forward, either in lieu of, or in conjunction with the typical WASD configuration.

Many games provide players with the option of mapping their own choice of a key or button to a certain control. An early technique of
players, circle strafing, saw a player continuously strafing while aiming and shooting at an opponent by walking in circle around the
opponent with the opponent at the center of the circle. Players could achieve this by holding down a key for strafing while continuously
aiming the mouse toward the opponent.

Games using mice for input are so popular that many manufacturers make mice specifically for gaming. Such mice may feature
adjustable weights, high-resolution optical or laser components, additional buttons, ergonomic shape, and other features such as
adjustable CPI. Mouse Bungees are typically used with gaming mice because it eliminates the annoyance of the cable.

Many games, such as first- or third-person shooters, have a setting named "invert mouse" or similar (not to be confused with "button
inversion", sometimes performed by left-handed users) which allows the user to look downward by moving the mouse forward and
upward by moving the mouse backward (the opposite of non-inverted movement). This control system resembles that of aircraft control
sticks, where pulling back causes pitch up and pushing forward causes pitch down; computer joysticks also typically emulate this
control-configuration.

After id Software's commercial hit of Doom, which did not support vertical aiming, competitor Bungie's Marathon became the first first-
person shooter to support using the mouse to aim up and down.[125] Games using the Build engine had an option to invert the Y-axis. The
"invert" feature actually made the mouse behave in a manner that users now regard as non-inverted (by default, moving mouse forward
resulted in looking down). Soon after, id Software released Quake, which introduced the invert feature as users now know it.

Home consoles
…
In 1988, the VTech Socrates educational video game console featured a wireless mouse with an
attached mouse pad as an optional controller used for some games. In the early 1990s, the Super
Nintendo Entertainment System video game system featured a mouse in addition to its controllers. The
Mario Paint game in particular used the mouse's capabilities[126] as did its successor on the N64. Sega
released official mice for their Genesis/Mega Drive, Saturn and Dreamcast consoles. NEC sold official
mice for its PC Engine and PC-FX consoles. Sony released an official mouse product for the PlayStation
console, included one along with the Linux for PlayStation 2 kit, as well as allowing owners to use
virtually any USB mouse with the PS2, PS3, and PS4. Nintendo's Wii also had this added on in a later
software update, retained on the Wii U. Sega Dreamcast mouse

See also …

Computer accessibility
Electronics portal
Footmouse

Graphics tablet

Gesture recognition

Human–computer interaction (HCI)

Mouse keys

Mouse tracking

Optical trackpad

Pointing stick

Rotational mouse

Notes …

1. ^ General dictionaries usually mention mouses as a possible alternative plural, but technical dictionaries usually omit this rare form, e.g. Webopedia ,
FOLDOC , Netlingo .

2. ^ The 4-bit[A][B] rotary encoders (MCB CC27E08[A][B]) used in the Telefunken Rollkugel RKS 100-86 provide 14 states repeated either 4[A] or 5[B] times
per revolution for an effectively resulting resolution of c. 35.6 dpi[A] or c. 43.5 dpi[B], respectively. Mallebrein erroneously remembers them even as 5-bit
encoders.[C] The 14-cyclic unit-distance codes described in the first two sources are identical to a 4-bit Gray code with the two outmost states (0, 15)
eliminated. However, the description differs between the two sources (with 3 bits being inverted). It is therefore possible that the sources are misleading
due to incomplete reverse engineering and that both sequences are actually produced by the encoders over a full revolution. For comparison, the
described codes are both shown below after swapping several bits and rotating one code by 4 positions (with all these transformations not changing the
properties of the codes) so that the codes align visually:

4-bit 14-cyclic unit-distance Rollkugel code

Source Bit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Müller
2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0

1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
Yacoub et al.
2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1

1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1

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Further reading …

Roch, Axel. "Fire-Control and Human-Computer Interaction: Towards a History of the Computer Mouse (1940–1965)" (PDF). Mindell,
David. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Science, Technology, and Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on
2021-06-28. Retrieved 2021-08-24. (11 pages) (NB. This is based on an earlier German article published in 1996 in Lab. Jahrbuch
1995/1996 für Künste und Apparate (350 pages) by Kunsthochschule für Medien Köln mit dem Verein der Freunde der
Kunsthochschule für Medien Köln; Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König [de] in Cologne, Germany. ISBN 3-88375-245-2.)

Pang, Alex Soojung-Kim (March–April 2002). Candland, Kevin (ed.). "Mighty Mouse – In 1980, Apple Computer asked a group of guys
fresh from Stanford's product design program to take a $400 device and make it mass-producible, reliable and cheap. Their work
transformed personal computing" . Stanford Magazine. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford Alumni Association, Stanford University.
Archived from the original on 2021-08-24. Retrieved 2021-08-23.

External links …

Wikiversity has learning resources about Mouse (computing)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Computer mice.

Stanford University MouseSite with stories and annotated archives from Doug Engelbart's work

Doug Engelbart Institute mouse resources page includes stories and links

The video segment of The Mother of All Demos with Doug Engelbart showing the device from 1968

Last edited 14 days ago by Discospinster

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