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Cellular Respiration

Presentation · January 2024

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.16123.49442

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 For The First Stage

Lab. 7: Cellular Respiration

The Department of Criminal Evidence sciences

BY ASSISTANT LECTURER; ARIF ABBAS GHAYYIB

Cellular Respiration
• What is “Energy?”
• Energy is the capacity to cause change.
• Potential energy is stored within the system and
can be converted into kinetic energy or other
forms of energy.
Cellular respiration
• Cellular respiration is the metabolic process
by which cells extract energy from organic
molecules.
• There are two main types of cellular
respiration:
• aerobic respiration (in the presence of oxygen)
• and anaerobic respiration (in the absence of
oxygen).
• Importance:
• Essential for the survival and functioning of all
living cells.
• Provides ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the
universal energy currency of cells.
Cellular respiration
• Aerobic Respiration:
• Aerobic respiration is the most efficient form of cellular
respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen.
• Stages:
1. Glycolysis: Takes place in the cytoplasm and breaks down glucose
into pyruvate.
2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle): Occurs
in the mitochondrial matrix and further breaks down pyruvate,
generating NADH and FADH2.
3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC): Located in the inner
mitochondrial membrane, it utilizes the high-energy electrons
from NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP through oxidative
phosphorylation.
 Cellular respiration
• Aerobic Respiration:
• Glycolysis:
• Glycolysis is the first step for aerobic and anaerobic cellular
respiration.
• Glycolysis begins with the phosphorylation of glucose by
hexokinase to glucose-6-phosphate.
• Subsequently, one glucose-6-phosphate molecule is oxidized
into two pyruvate molecules.
• The glycolysis included two phases
1. Investment Phase:
• 2 ATP molecules are used to activate glucose, resulting in
the formation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
2. Energy Payoff Phase:
• Each of the two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
undergoes a series of reactions, to producing:
• 4 ATP molecules (2 ATP per glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate).
• 2 NADH molecules.
 Cellular respiration
• Aerobic Respiration:
• Before entering the Krebs Cycle, each pyruvate
molecule (produced in glycolysis) is converted to
acetyl-CoA and the generation of one molecule of
NADH.
• Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid
Cycle):
• It takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.
• The high-energy electron carriers (NADH and FADH2)
produced in the Krebs Cycle play a crucial role in the
subsequent Electron Transport Chain (ETC).
• The summary of the energy generated per turn of the
Krebs Cycle for one molecule of acetyl-CoA:
• One molecule of GTP (guanosine triphosphate)
• Three molecules of NADH
• One molecule of FADH2
Cellular respiration
• Aerobic Respiration:
• Electron Transport Chain (ETC):
• specifically located in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells.
• The ETC is a series of protein complexes and electron carriers embedded in the inner
mitochondrial membrane.
• ATP synthase is an enzyme complex
embedded in the inner mitochondrial
membrane that allows protons to flow
back into the mitochondrial matrix,
driving the synthesis of ATP.
• At the end of the ETC, oxygen serves
as the terminal electron acceptor,
combining with electrons and protons
to form water.
• each NADH molecule contributes to
the production of about 3 ATP, and
each FADH2 molecule contributes to
about 2 ATP.
Cellular respiration
• What is the net ATP gain from one molecule of glucose oxidized by
aerobic respiration?
• Total Maximum Number of ATP
Generated per Glucose in Prokaryotes:
38 ATP
• In eukaryotic cells, the maximum yield
of ATP generated per glucose is 36 to
38, depending on how the 2 NADH
generated in the cytoplasm during
glycolysis enter the mitochondria and
whether the resulting yield is 2 or 3
ATP per NADH.
Cellular respiration
• Anaerobic respiration
• Also called fermentation is a metabolic process that
occurs in the absence of oxygen, allowing cells to
generate energy without relying on oxygen.
• Much less ATP produced than in aerobic respiration.
• Types:
• Alcoholic fermentation:
• is a type of anaerobic respiration observed in bacteria
and yeast.
• Pyruvate is produced during glycolysis. In the absence of
oxygen, pyruvate is converted into ethanol (alcohol).
• This conversion regenerates NAD+ for use in glycolysis.
Cellular respiration
• Anaerobic respiration
• Types:
• Alcoholic fermentation
• Lactic Acid Fermentation:
• is a type of anaerobic respiration that occurs in muscle
cells.
• is produced in the muscles during rapid exercise when
the body cannot supply enough oxygen to the.
• In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate, produced during
glycolysis, is converted into lactic acid.
• The purpose is to regenerate NAD+ from NADH,
allowing glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen.
• Lactic acid can accumulate in muscles during intense
physical activity, causing temporary muscle soreness.
36-38 ATP
 Any Question!

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