ALPD Week6

Prof. Ir. Lavi R. Zuhal, Ph.D.
WF2102 Aljabar Linear dan Dr. I Made Wiragunarsa
Persamaan Diferensial Fakultas Teknik Mesin dan Dirgantara

Institut Teknologi Bandung
2024
Prof. Ir. Lavi R. Zuhal, Ph.D.
Dr. I Made Wiragunarsa
Eigenvalue & Eigenvector Fakultas Teknik Mesin dan Dirgantara
Institut Teknologi Bandung
2024
Matrix
Eigen Value & Eigen Vector
➔ Av=2v
Ax = x  A − I x = 0 ➔ Eigenvector x is a non-zero vector (nontrivial)

➔ Hence
detA − I  = 0
Matrix
➔ u is an Eigen vector of A which is corresponded to the Eigen value = -4
➔ Is 7 is an Eigen value of A?
➔Not linearly
independent
➔The determinant = 0
➔7 is an Eigen value of A
Matrix
If the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of matrix A are known :

λ = 7 ➔ (1,1)
λ = -4 ➔ (6,-5)=(3/2,-5/4)
1 6 1 1

5 2 1  = 7 
1 6  3 2  32    1

5 2 − 5 4  = −4  
   − 5 4
➔ If A has an Eigen value = 0, then A is not invertible

Ax = x
Ax = 0.x ➔ x non-zero➔ A is not invertible
Ax = 0
Matrix
Characteristic Equation/Polynomial
➔If the size of A is (n x n), then the

corresponding characteristic equation is
a polynomial of n-th order
➔ the roots of the characteristic
polynomial of A are equal to the
Characteristic Equation/Polynomial Eigenvalues of A
Matrix
Eigen values and Eigen vectors Computation
Computing the Eigen value :
Computing the Eigen vectors for each corresponding Eigen value :
➔ The solution (x1,x2,x3)

is an Eigen vector for
the chosen Eigen value
0r you may compute the solution by solving :

Matrix
Eigen problem (example 1)
Matrix
Eigen Space
Eigenspace E(λ) of a transformation is a set of non-zero vectors

that is defined as
Eigen vectors always be non-zero vectors, but Eigen values can be zero.
Suppose a transformation has a zero Eigen value (among other non-zero values), then
the Eigen vector x corresponded to the zero Eigen value, the following relation holds :
Hence, it can be stated that the Eigen vector corresponded to a zero Eigen value (if any)
is the Null space of the transformation T:
Matrix
Eigen value :
Eigen vector :
 − 7 2 − 3  − 7 2 − 3  − 7 2 −3 
 2 − 4 − 6 →  0 − 24 − 48 →  0 − 24 − 48
  
 − 1 − 2 − 5  − 1 − 2 − 5   0 16 32 
− 7 2 − 3  − 7 2 − 3
→  0 − 24 − 48 →  0 − 1 − 2 − 7 x1 + 2 x2 − 3x3 = 0  7 x1 = 2 x2 − 3x3 (*)
 0 0 0   0 0 0  − x2 − 2 x3 = 0  x2 = −2 x3 (* *)
(* *): x3 = 1  x2 = −2
(*): 7 x1 = 2(− 2) − 3(1) x1 = −1
 x1 = (− 1 − 2 1)
T
Matrix
Eigen vector :
1 2 − 3  1 2 − 3 1 2 − 3
2 4 − 6 →0 0 0  → 0 0 0 
     
− 1 − 2 3  − 1 − 2 3  0 0 0 
x1 + 2 x2 − 3 x3 = 0  x1 = −2 x2 + 3 x3
x2 = 1, x3 = 0  x1 = −2  x2 = (− 2 1 0)
T
x2 = 0 , x3 = 1  x1 = 3  x3 = (3 0 1)
T
For example, in the previous case :
1 2 − 3  1 2 − 3 1 2 − 3
2 4 − 6 →0 0 0  → 0 0 0 
     
− 1 − 2 3  − 1 − 2 3  0 0 0 
x1 + 2 x2 − 3 x3 = 0  x1 = −2 x2 + 3 x3
Eigenspace:
 x1  − 2 3  − 2  3
  
=   2  =  1  x + 0  x
x
 2 
x 1 0  x    2   3
 x   0 1  3   0  1
 3    
Example
Matrix
Eigen Problem Example
In a 2 DoF Mechanical Vibration Problem
➔Equation of Motion (Difff.eqn)
In a matrix form:
Using solution form

Then the EoM can be rewritten as:
Divided both side with :

➔ Eigen Problem
And defining :
Matrix
Eigen Problem
Eigen Value:
Matrix
Eigen Problem
General solution form:
Solution: ➔a1,a2,b1,b2 can be

obtained by considering
the initial conditions
Modal Analysis of Structures
Eigen Buckling of a Slender Column
Buckling Analysis of Complex Structures
Cayley-Hamilton Theorem
For a matrix A, its characteristic polynomial can be described as :
Then the coefficients of that polynomial can be used in another polynomial

whose variable are the corresponding A matrix, as follows :
Example:
If A matrix is used for replacing the variable of the polynomial above,

then it can be seen that :
Cayley-Hamilton Theorem
Hence, from the relation:
the form of powers of A can be rewritten as :
➔ Powers of A becomes a form involving only multiplication of A with

scalars, and addition with constant matrix
Example
Example

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Prof. Ir. Lavi R. Zuhal, Ph.D.

WF2102 Aljabar Linear dan Dr. I Made Wiragunarsa

Persamaan Diferensial Fakultas Teknik Mesin dan Dirgantara

Ax = x  A − I x = 0 ➔ Eigenvector x is a non-zero vector (nontrivial)

➔ u is an Eigen vector of A which is corresponded to the Eigen value = -4

If the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of matrix A are known :

➔ If A has an Eigen value = 0, then A is not invertible

➔If the size of A is (n x n), then the

Computing the Eigen value :

Computing the Eigen vectors for each corresponding Eigen value :

➔ The solution (x1,x2,x3)

0r you may compute the solution by solving :

Eigenspace E(λ) of a transformation is a set of non-zero vectors

➔Equation of Motion (Difff.eqn)

Using solution form

Divided both side with :

General solution form:

Solution: ➔a1,a2,b1,b2 can be

Then the coefficients of that polynomial can be used in another polynomial

If A matrix is used for replacing the variable of the polynomial above,

Hence, from the relation:

the form of powers of A can be rewritten as :

➔ Powers of A becomes a form involving only multiplication of A with

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