i

CREATING FUNCTIONAL AND SUSTAINABLE SPACES:

A GUIDE TO EFFECTIVE SITE PLANNING AND

LANDSCAPE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

In Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Architecture

Research Methods for Architecture

Prepared by:

Romero, John Kenneth B.

ARCH3C

Submitted to:

Ar. Gerelson Ray R. Bernardino

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction …….………………………………………………………...…………………
1

Considering Land Use …….…….……………………...….…………………………...…

1

Site Planning ……...……………………………………………………………...…………

1

Site Design …………………………………………….……………………………..

…......2

Layout and Form …………..………………………………………………...…….

……….2

Elements of Site Layout and Form

Building Placement ………...………………………………………………...……………

2

Building Orientation .……………….………………………………………...…………...2

Open Space ………………………………………………...……..……………………...…

2

Vehicular and Pedestrian Circulation Networks ………………………..

…………….3

Green Architecture ………………..………………………………….…………...

……….3

Common Characteristics of a "Green" Building .

……………………………………..3

7 Principles of Green Architecture …………………….

………………………………..4

Selection of a Suitable Site …………………………………………………………...….5

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Green Buildings and Infrastructure ……………..…………………………………..

….5

Factors Concerning “The Before Construction of the Project” ………….…………

6

Factors Concerning “The After Construction of the Structure” ……………...

…….6

Site Analysis and Site Development | Siting and Structure Design Efficiency
…..6

Site Analysis ……………………………………………………………………………..…6

Social and Psychological Considerations

……………………………………………..7

Site Values/Social Impact …………………………………………………………………

7

Social Analysis ……………………………………………………………………………..7

Behavior Settings ………………………………………………………………………….9

Physical Factors ……………………………………………………………………………

9

Psychological Factors …………………………………………………...………………

10

Environment Perception and Behavior

……………………………………………….11

User Requirement
………………………………………………………………………..12

Ambulant Disabled People

……………………………………………………………...12
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Aesthetic and Physical Considerations of the Site

………………………………….13

Topography ………………………………………………………………………………..13

Site history …………………………………………………………………………………

14

Local Culture ………………………………………………………………………………

14

Architectural Style
………………………………………………………………………..14

Materials and Construction

……………………………………………………………..14

Reference
…………………………………………………………………………………..15
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INTRODUCTION

Site planning is the process of thinking and placing the site design elements in order
to integrate land use, landscape design (vegetation, landforms, and water), site
context aspects and other considerations for enhance efficiency of site activities,
environmental sustainability and mitigate any threats as identified in the site analysis.
The main objective of site planning is to achieve balance, reducing risk, facilitating
proper building function, and aesthetics. The site design must consider the existing
physical, programmatic and fiscal constraints. Site planning and design should aim at
asset protection through devising measures and strategies that will ensure the
protection of facilities, services, and users. This can be achieved by proper site
selection, the orientation of buildings on site, integration of vehicle access, control
points, physical barriers, landscaping, and parking.

CONSIDERING LAND USE

Internal and external aspects of the site play a major role in the appropriation of land
use to the proposed site. External features comprise of the characteristics of the
surrounding area, construction type, occupancies, and the nature and type of
adjacent social and economic activities. These features adversely affect the
protection of the people inside and nearby the site, property, and activities inside the
site. Internal aspects entail the amount of land available on the site for usage and
ability of the site to accommodate and assure safety and security to the users and its
components. The design must balance protection goals and other priorities like open
circulation and common spaces for it to be resilient to different situations. Zoning,
subdivisions, and well-planned unit developments determine urban configurations
that impact the economic and social stance of the community.

Performance-based zoning allow for greater freedom in land use it avoids the
negative impacts like the concentration of activities in one area, the inflexibility of
spaces and rigidity to changes in spatial use. The performance-based zoning
enables flexibility to both owner and operator through enabling them to make
decisions on the changes of land use, the level of risk they are willing to accept and
strategies to mitigate through land-use countermeasures.

SITE PLANNING

The main goal in planning a site is to enhance the protection of life, property, and
operations. Prior to planning a thorough study and analysis should be conducted
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identifying threats and hazards to support decision making on the measures to the
reduction of vulnerability and risk.

SITE DESIGN

For conventional site design, it is better to ensure the presence of more open
circulation and common spaces whereas for security-oriented site design such
spaces should not be encouraged. A holistic approach site design integrates form
and function for achieving a balance among the various design elements and
objectives, this helps to raise safety, sustainability performance.

LAYOUT AND FORM

The site layout provides the starting point for making site development. It determines
the placement and form of buildings, infrastructures, and amenities.

ELEMENTS OF SITE LAYOUT AND FORM

BUILDING PLACEMENT

The placement of buildings in a given site depends on site characteristics, occupancy

requirements, regulations, and design objectives. It can either be tightly clustered in
one area or dispersed across the site. Each building placement pattern has
weaknesses and strengths and it is better to evaluate them during the design
process in order to make more better decisions.

BUILDING ORIENTATION

The orientation of the building on site affects its performance. It impacts the energy
efficiency of the building, the security of the occupants, and privacy. Orientation can
be referred to as spatial relationship to the site relative to its surroundings, or its
orientation to the sun or as horizontal or vertical aspects relative to the ground.

The orientation of the building can be open to the area, or it can turn its back, it can
be inviting to those outside or it can be as defense wall restricting access to the
inside.

OPEN SPACE

The provision of open space in the site design presents a lot of benefits. It first allows
stormwater to percolate back into the ground, it decreases the need for culverts,
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drainage pipes, and manholes. In a wetland or densely vegetated piece of land, open
space provides environmental and aesthetic amenities.

VEHICULAR AND PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION NETWORKS

The design of the movement pattern of the people into, through and out of the
building is shaped by the design of its access, circulation and parking layouts. These
patterns have to be designed to maximize efficiency while minimizing conflicts
between pedestrians and vehicles. To achieve this objective, the transportation
requirements studied in relation to how the building will be used. It includes
determination of the number and types of access points required, parking volume
needed pedestrian movement patterns and the modes of transport to be used.

GREEN ARCHITECTURE

Green architecture, or green design, is an approach to building that minimizes the

harmful effects of construction projects on human health and the environment. The
"green" architect or designer attempts to safeguard air, water, and earth by
choosing eco-friendly building materials and construction practices.

Building a greener home is a choice—at least it is in most communities. "Typically,

buildings are designed to meet building code requirements," the American Institute of
Architects (AIA) has reminded us, "whereas green building design challenges
designers to go beyond the codes to improve overall building performance and
minimize life-cycle environmental impact and cost." Until local, state, and federal
public officials are persuaded to legislate green processes and standards—just like
building and fire prevention practices have been codified—much of what we call
"green building practices" is up to the individual property owner. When the property
owner is the U.S. General Services Administration, results can be as unexpected as
the complex built in 2013 for the U.S. Coast Guard.

COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF A "GREEN" BUILDING

The highest goal of green architecture is to be fully sustainable. Simply put, people
do "green" things in order to achieve sustainability. Some architecture, like Glenn
Murcutt's 1984 Magney House, has been an experiment in green design for years.
While most green buildings do not have all of the following features, green
architecture and design may include:
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 Ventilation systems designed for efficient heating and cooling

 Energy-efficient lighting and appliances
 Water-saving plumbing fixtures
 Landscaping with native vegetation and planned to maximize passive solar
energy.
 Minimal harm to the natural habitat
 Alternative renewable energy power sources such as solar power or wind
power
 Non-synthetic, non-toxic materials used inside and out
 Locally obtained woods and stone, eliminating long-haul transportation
 Responsibly harvested woods
 Adaptive reuse of older buildings
 Use of recycled architectural salvage
 Efficient use of space
 Optimal location on the land, maximizing sunlight, winds, and natural
sheltering
 Rainwater harvesting and greywater reuse

You don't need a green roof to be a green building, although Italian architect Renzo
Piano not only created a green roof but also specified recycled blue jeans as
insulation in his design of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco. You
don't need a vertical garden or green wall to have a green building, yet French
architect Jean Nouvel has successfully experimented with the concept in his design
for One Central Park residential building in Sydney, Australia.

Construction processes are a huge aspect of green building. Great Britain

transformed a brownfield into the site of the London 2012 summer Olympic Games
with a plan for how contractors would build the Olympic village—dredging waterways,
strict sourcing of building materials, recycling concrete, and using rail and water to
deliver materials were just some of their 12 green ideas. The processes were
implemented by the host country and overseen by the International Olympic
Committee (IOC), the ultimate authority for requiring Olympic-sized sustainable
development.

7 PRINCIPLES OF GREEN ARCHITECTURE

 Site and its surroundings

 Energy Efficiency
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 Water Efficiency
 Material Efficiency
 Indoor Air Quality
 Waste Reduction
 Low maintenance costs
The Green Principle “Site and its Surroundings” deals with it. We can relate them and
try to understand the essence of this whole principle.

For a better understanding and

study of the concept, we can divide
the principle into three parts:
 Selection of a suitable site
 Site Analysis
 Site Development

SELECTION OF A SUITABLE SITE

Selection of a site depends on the
type and the size of the Project. Our aim is to reduce the consumption of energy
resources and still create an efficient structure.

Site selection is mainly based on two factors:

1. Factors concerning “the before construction of the project”

2. Factors concerning “the after construction of the structure” (after use
efficiency)

GREEN BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE

“Green Buildings for creating a Green
environment” is what I would say.
Generally, the term “Green Buildings” is
understood in a wrong way. As in, the
people have a wrong understanding
about the term “Green Buildings”. Green
Buildings does not just imply on creating huge lawns and making the building look
green in colour. It is all about making the environment green and create a healthy
atmosphere inside the living space which also has an impact on the outside
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surroundings. Vegetation, Landscaping is definitely a part of Green Building Design

but that is not all which would make the building green.

FACTORS CONCERNING “THE BEFORE CONSTRUCTION OF THE PROJECT”

 Availability of skilled labour
 Availability of cheap labour
 Transportation facilities
 Availability of local or natural materials to reduce construction and
transportation costs
 Rate of population growth and urbanization in that area
 Town planning and environmental conditions
 These are the factors that are to be examined and kept in mind while
selecting a site prior to the construction of the project.
FACTORS CONCERNING “THE AFTER CONSTRUCTION OF THE STRUCTURE”
(AFTER USE EFFICIENCY)
 Access to Parks and Playgrounds
 Agricultural potentiality of the land
Availability of Public Utility Services especially water, electricity and sewage
disposal
 Contour of the land in relation to the building costs
 Cost of land
 Distance from places of work
 Ease of drainage
FACTORS CONCERNING “THE AFTER CONSTRUCTION OF THE STRUCTURE”
(AFTER USE EFFICIENCY)
 location with respect to schools, colleges and public buildings
 nature of use of adjacent areas
 transport facilities
 wind, velocity and direction
SITE ANALYSIS AND SITE DEVELOPMENT | SITING AND STRUCTURE DESIGN
EFFICIENCY
Site Analysis is followed by Site Development. Site Development can be efficient only
if the Site Analysis is done correctly and accurately.
SITE ANALYSIS
Once we are done with the selection of the building site, get the entire survey of the
site. The topography of the site and the natural features present on the site are to be
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studied. A better and efficient way of utilizing the site’s natural elements have to be
figured out.

SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Good planning and design will be the product of a process which respects both
nature of man and the nature of nature --Elizabeth Kassler. Thus far we have
emphasized the natural constraints in regional landscape planning and site planning.
The criteria for housing, recreation facilities, and use areas have assumed a great
deal about the nature of man. In this research we consider how social and
psychological theory may present constraints or positive direction in decision making
and the development of form at all scales of landscape architecture.
Only recently has there been a concerted effort to relate an understanding of human
needs, environmental perception and attitudes to design and planning in the hope of
providing more satisfactory, conflict-free, and socially appropriate environments.
Environmental psychology has become almost as popular a subject as ecology.
1. SITE VALUES/ SOCIAL IMPACT
It seems likely that an understanding of behavior and perception will be helpful in the
development of answers to the following similar questions. What kind of setting is
considered suitable for various forms of recreation and leisure time behavior? Which
aspects of recreation are derived from a desire to get away from pressure of the city
and which are derived from a need for physical exercise? How can playgrounds be
made responsive to the needs, urges and feelings of young children when they are
designed by adults? The answers to such questions and others are obviously
important if design and planning are to be responsive to the social context within
which the design must operate and which it serves. Generally there are two basic
ways to become more sensitive to the answers to these and a host of similar
questions on every aspect of behavior and environment. One is to learn from
observation and direct consultation with members of community or a specific group
on society defined by factors such as age and socioeconomic status. Another way is
to become familiar with the general principles or “universals” of behavior and
perception.
SOCIAL ANALYSIS
Various methods have been developed to help designers know more about the
needs and attitudes of the public client. One method of gathering attitudinal
information is the questionnaire or attitude survey. The success of these forms
depends on the selection and wording of questions. Questions such as “what do you
think of so and so?” or “what kind of environment would you like?” are inhibiting.
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Since most members of the public do not know what all the possibilities are, their
answers are limited by their past experiences and imaginations, or loaded by the
choices they are given in the questions. Although attitude surveys are becoming
increasingly sophisticated, there are so many variables and difficulties that they may
only be useful as a ways to substantiate the hypothesis or intuitive guess of an
intelligent designer or planner who is familiar with the situation.
Factual questionnaire surveys which provide an indication of the actual use of
facilities, parks, and playgrounds are probably more valuable. Studies of this nature
at least tell us how the existing facilities are used and the distance people of various
ages are prepared, if not content, to travel for various recreation activities and
experiences. The extent to which particular features or landscape or city have
significance or what Lynch calls “image ability” to the majority of the people can also
be measured through interview techniques.
Questionnaires may also be employed in the so called feedback or user study. This
analysis provides useful information and opinion about a specific environment in
which the respondents live and about which they are more interested and able and
qualified to answer. Several studies have been made of reactions and patterns of
tenants in housing developments in which the findings are contrasted with the
original expectations of the architect, which are sometimes at odds with the actual
use. It not possible to make generalizations from these specific studies, but a series
of user feedback studies may reveal patterns and recurring problems. One of
Alexander’s techniques of generating form is based on the same concept, that of
improving the design by critical analysis of previous solutions to the same problem.
Direct observation of behavior in particular use or activity areas reveals another level
of information. For example, Vere Hole’s of children’s playgrounds in London,
measuring the child’s attention time and the variety of environment needed by
children, those occupations and features receiving most attention, and so forth,
provides valuable general information for future design work. It’s use is limited to
some extent, however, by the specifics of particular case study, since findings related
to children’s play in London would not necessarily apply in Los Angeles except in the
very basic physical needs inherent in maturation in body building. By observing
people in parks and public open spaces in a systematic way, it is possible to get an
impression of the way in which the environment is used or misused and the way in
which the design and arrangement of elements such a fountains, benches result in
different behavioral patterns. Even without the presence of the people to observe, tell
tales such as litter and worn path, graffiti, and other marks can be an indication of
use patterns or dissatisfaction with the environment.
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The other way to match the needs and desires of the people who will use it is for
them to build it themselves. The ideal concept is being limited by the imagination of
the people and their awareness of options and alternatives. The experience of
working with the potential users is in itself educational for the designer as well as the
participants. In addition, the project is more likely to reflect the expressed need and
interest of the users as they then are defined. Flexibility in the solution will
presumably take care of future users whose needs and preferences may be different.
We must be cautious of the tremendous adaptability of the people to the given
environmental situations, which can, in fact, lead us to find satisfactory-and even
favor-environments that previously or objectively would have been considered
unsatisfactory or hostile. Attitudes change, people move, life is ongoing, and there is
always the dilemma that what the people seem to want or need at one moment may
be in conflict with long term goals or the needs of others.
2. BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
The interaction between human behavior and the nonhuman environment is a two-
way process. On the one hand, the environment has a definite impact on the
individual, and our response may be adapt to the imposed conditions. On the other
hand, we are continually manipulating or choosing our physical surroundings in any
attempt to make a life physically and psychologically more comfortable.
Behavior is the result of a complex interaction between two main sets of variables.
The first is the environment that surrounds and affects the individual. The second is
the inner condition of the individual, which has two parts: psychological, related to the
body’s biological mechanisms, and psychological, related to the cultural background,
motives, and experiences of the individual and his basic needs. Thus in design we
are concerned with three categories of human factors: physical, physiological, and
psychological.
PHYSICAL FACTORS
Analysis of average measurements and postures , movement , and growth results in
a set of dimensions for parts of building and detailed landscape design. A door must
be high enough to allow people to pass through without stooping, seats must be at
the right level and inclination to be comfortable etc. Design details derived from
purely visual considerations may or may not fulfill the condition fit for user. Le
Corbusier’s modular system derived a set of visually pleasing proportions and
dimensions from the human body, thereby theoretically relating beauty and functional
satisfaction in his design. Special situations may logically result in deviation from
usual dimensions and standard. Example, when young children are involved, the
environment must facilitate growth and development.
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PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
Human physiological needs are also relatively easy to specify. They result from
interaction of the inner biological condition of an individual with the surrounding
environment. People need food, water, air, exercise and protection. A state of heath
or disease may be regarded as an expression of the success or failure of an
organism to respond adaptively to the environment changes. The process by which
the individual maintain its internal environment in an approximately permanent state
is homeostasis. This process is innate and automatic, resulting in the operation of
body mechanism and glands. Perspiring, shivering and sleeping are examples of the
body’s response to the environmental conditions.
Need can be fulfilled through the provision of nutritious food, clean air, adequate and
pure water, in addition to the elimination of disease with the effective physical
environment which allow for control of cold and heat. A human comfort zone in which
maximum and minimum temperatures and humidity are specified has been
developed by Olgay, suggesting an optimum environment in terms of the homeostatic
process, human comfort, and ease of living. A semi-physiological need is the need for
self-preservation and avoidance of pain. It is a self-protecting device against physical
injury and death. The responsibility of city agencies to provide conditions of safety for
citizens has resulted in a series of regulations related and design specifications to
our need for security and fear of injury through falling.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
Health is not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The definition adopted by the
World Health Organization describes heath as a state of physical, mental, and social
well-being. Thus, we come to the third human component in the environmental
design: human psychological and social needs, behavioral patterns and tendencies.
It is the most difficult of the three sets of human factors to define and relate to the
form of the environment.
Human psychological needs and perception of the environment differ according to a
multitude of variables including age, social class, cultural background, past
experience and motives, and daily routine of the individual. These factors influence
and differentiate the need structures of individuals and groups. Even if the same
need is identified, the overt behavior is likely to be different. Despite the complexity of
the variables and difficulties in the definition of many needs, it is possible to suggest
certain broad categories of inner needs defined on the basis of observed behavior
and empirical evidence and social analysis. Some psychological are stronger than
the others, and our need structure changes according to the situation.
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The basic human inner condition may be classified into five generalized groupings of
motivational forces and psychological needs: (1) social, (2) stabilizing, (3)
individual, (4) self-expression, and (5) enrichment. There is inevitably overlap and
potential conflicts among categories.
The first group of social needs, includes the need of the individual for social
interaction, for group affiliation, for companionship, and for love. Together with these
go the more subtle need to be needed and to be sustained by others and by
implication the need for the protection of other people. The family group and the peer
group are obvious manifestations of these needs. The whole society is organized to a
large extent around these basic social needs. It is clear then that wherever the
environment is meant for people or where the purpose of the design is not contrary to
the fulfillment of these social needs, it should characteristically have a sociopetal
form designed to draw people together, to engender social relationships or at least to
make this possible.
The second set of needs have been called stabilizing needs. We have a need to be
free from fear, anxiety and danger. And we have a need for clear orientation, a need
to develop and to hold a clear philosophy in life., a need to order and organize the
environment a hope to have a say in its form and content through democratic
process. We have the inherent need to manipulate the environment, not only from a
point of view of developing physical conditions responsive to our physiological needs,
but also to satisfy some more deeply rooted need to make a mark, to form and shape
the environment according to a symbolic metaphysical urge. The concept of
advocacy planning (self-help and self-determination) is to an extent related to this
desire for stability through participation in decisions concerning one’s own local
environment. The concept of self-help projects where derelict, unused land is
transformed through the energies, initiative, and artistic expression of local people,
who will be the users of the land, gives rise to a form of design activity that not only
satisfies the need of human sense for stability and involvement basic to securitybut
also leads to a completely new type of design process. Other implication are
imageability, the ordering of space so that it is free from ambiguity, and the selection
of paving surfaces to provide information about a place and its use.
ENVIRONMENT PERCEPTION AND BEHAVIOR
Behavior, then results from the interaction of the individual(the social environment)
and with the surrounding (the physical environment). Consequently, the
environmental designer must be interested in the structure of the environment and its
effect on the individual. Second, and very much related to this, we must render to
understand the way in which the environment is perceived by the individual; and
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third, we must be interested in general behavioral reaction to situations, social and

physical. Our sensitivity to the environment and our adaptability or response to
environmental conditions can result in specific behavior, although we are actually
unconscious of the effect of the environment on us. This possibility underscores the
power that is in the hands of the environmental designer. It has been demonstrated
that behavior and social interaction can be influenced by the arrangement of furniture
in room. It has also been suggested that architectural arrangements can result in
conditions alien to man, for example, where there is no opportunity for privacy (the
open plan house) or little physical contact to the ground( a high-rise apartment). The
judgments in this case are not made on the basis of human survival, which is not in
doubt, in terms of probable mental stress and discomfort. Environments can thus be
specifically designed to bring people together agreeably for some purpose.
For landscape Architecture, another interesting theory about the interaction of people
with the physical surroundings concerns aesthetic satisfaction. It has been suggested
that the requirements for aesthetic enjoyment are simply the requirements for visual
perception itself, raised to a higher degree. The essential thing in each case is to
have a pattern which contains the unexpected. This seems to be the heart of what
we call “beauty”. This is explained as follows, Our grasp and enjoyment of the world
rest on two complementary neurophysical principles: the principle of response to
novelty, change and stimulation; and the principle of response to repetition or pattern.
3. USER REQUIREMENT
3.1 Anthropometrics
The study of human body measurement for use in anthropological
classification and comparison.
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AMBULANT DISABLED PEOPLE

The figures of ambulant disabled people shown above are tall men. The spaces
shown for them are for forward movement, although in practice ambulant people
such as these are as a rule able with their mobility aids to turn to the side to negotiate
narrow openings. In the context of universal design they do not therefore have the
same significance as for example wheelchair users, pushchair users or electric
scooter users, and they are comfortably accommodated by circulation spaces
suitable for independent wheelchair users.
AESTHETIC AND PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE SITE
In terms of the built environment, 'context' can
refer to the conditions which surround a particular
site or project, and to which it should relate and
connect to in some way.
 Aesthetics
 Physical Considerations
Context Area- defined as the area over which a
proposed development will have an impact. A
certain development would affect its surroundings
in many ways. (De Chavez, 2018)
Site context includes:
 Topography
 Site history
 Local culture
 Local materials and construction techniques
 Weather and microclimate
 Laws and codes
 Economy
 Political conditions
 Architectural style
 Others that are past, present and future of the site
TOPOGRAPHY
 Important factor in site planning decisions.
 Topographic maps provide important information on the biophysical and
cultural context of a community.
 Site topographic surveys are much larger
in scale and are usually completed by a
 14

licensed land surveyor in accordance with specifications tailored to the

program and the site.
- Elevation
- Slope
- Aspect
SITE HISTORY
Knowing the history of the site and its previous
uses will guide the planning process to connect
the idea of the project with the existing context.

LOCAL
CULTURE
The local and existing culture of a site affects the
context of the space along with its flow of activities
and circulation. The culture of a site is importantly
considered because the planning process must
acknowledge and respond to the cultural needs
and values of a certain site.
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
The architectural style of a site is highly
significant in considering the aesthetic and
physical attributes of the site context. In site
planning, the architectural style of a
particular site is being followed and
physically manifested to maintain the context
of the site.
MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION
The use of local materials as well as the
construction techniques used are considered
in building the aesthetic and physical
formation of a site context. The materials and
construction techniques may have
significance in the existing site, which should
be manifested to ensure the context of the
site.

REFERENCES
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https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Universal-Design-Pyramid-demonstrate-the-
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https://www.academia.edu/5736451/Social_and_Psychological_Considerations
http://architectphilippines.blogspot.com/2016/01/behavior-setting-studies.html
https://www.ecomparemo.com/info/top-20-most-expensive-places-to-buy-residential-
real-estate-in-the-philippines/
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Masood, Osama Ahmed Ibrahim, Mohamed Ibrahim Abd Al-Hady, and Ahmed
Khamies Mohamed Ali. "Applying the Principles of Green Architecture for Saving
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Shaviv, Edna. "Passive and Low Energy Architecture (Plea) Vs Green Architecture
(Leed)." 25th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture. 2008.
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