1. Calculate the standard deviation from the volume of water delivered by the 3 apparatus.

σ =± √ Σ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

where x=each individual measurement

x=average of all three measurements
n=number of measurements provided
Σ=summation symbol

Hence,

i) burette
25.2+ 25.3+ 25.2
3
¿ 25. 2333

σ =±
√ ( 25.2+25.2 333 ) 2

3−1
¿ 0.0 011

σ =±
√ ( 25. 3+25.23 33 ) 2

3−1
¿ 0.0 044

σ =±
√ ( 25. 2+ 25.23 33 ) 2

3−1
¿ 0.0 011

σ =± √
(0.00 11+0.0 044+ 0.0 011)
2
σ =√ 0.0 033
σ =0. 0577
ii) Pipette
25.6+25.5+25.3
3
¿ 25.4

σ =±
√ ( 25. 6+25. 4 ) 2

3−1
¿ 0.0178

σ =±
√ ( 25. 5+25. 4 ) 2

3−1
¿ 0.0011

σ =±
√ ( 25. 5+25. 4 ) 2

3−1
¿ 0.0278

σ =± √
(0.00 11+0.0 278+0.0 178)
2
σ =√ 0.02335
σ =0.1528

iii) Measuring cylinder:

25.2+ 25.1+25
4
¿ 25.1

σ =±
√ ( 25. 2+ 25.1 ) 2

3−1
¿ 0.01

σ =±
√ ( 25. 1+ 25.1 ) 2

3−1
¿ 0.0

σ =±
√ ( 25. 0+25. 1 ) 2

3−1
 0.01

σ =± √
(0.01+ 0.0 0+0.0 1)
2

σ =√ 0.02
σ =0.1

2. Find the absolute error and the % relative error in the measurement made using the 3 apparatus.
Absolute error E A : Accepted value−Experiment value

i) Burette:

Absolute error E A : Accepted value−Experiment value

Absolute error E A :25 .2−25
¿ 0.2

ii) Pipette:
Absolute error E A :25.4−25
¿ 0.4
iii) Measuring cylinder:

Absolute error E A :25.1−25

¿ 0.1
 3. Comment on the accuracy and the precision of the volume measurement made using the burette,
the pipette and the measuring cylinder.

i) Burette:

Precision:
Standard deviation is used to measure precision. The lesser the value, the more precise the
data set. The standard deviation of the measurements made by the pipette were 0.0577, which
can be considered to be very precise, having a difference of only ± 0. 05.

Accuracy:
Absolute error is used to measure the accuracy of data. The closer the value is to 0, the more
accurate the measurement. The absolute error was calculated to be 0.2, which can be
considered fairly accurate.

ii) Pipette:

Precision:
The standard deviation of the measurements from the pipette were
calculated to be 0.1528, which can be considered fairly precise, as the
values differ by ± 0.15 .

Accuracy:
The calculation of the absolute error was calculated to be 0.4. This can be
considered moderately accurate.

iii) Measuring cylinder:

Precision:
With a standard deviation of 0.1, the measurements can be regarded as fairly precise, with the
values differing by ± 0.1
Accuracy:
The absolute error was calculated to be 0.1. This can be considered fairly accurate. The
measuring cylinder has the most accurate value out of the three instruments.