GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
1. IAA /auxins produced by terminal bud; inhibits growth of lateral buds, when cut the
suppression cease thus auxiliary buds sprouts.
2. Food stored is used in (mobilized) up for respiration and growth.
3. - They promote cell division
- Promote fruit formation without fertilization/ parthenocarpy.
4. a) Oxygen is necessary for germination
b) Germination in B, no germination in A.
5. The adult and larvae exploit different food riches; do not compete for food.
6. Endosperm material was converted into new cytoplasm/ the stored food endosperm is used
up to the germination seed while the embryo is growing and adding on more protoplasm.
7. a) Condition necessary for the germination of seed /to show that water, oxygen and
warmth are needed for germination.
b) To absorb all oxygen from the jar
c) C- to show water is needed for germination of seeds.
d) Jar A – seeds would not germinate
Jar B – seeds would has germinated
e) i) Scarification i.e. scratching to make impermeable seed coat permeable
ii) Varnilasation – Cold treatment e.g. species of wheat.
8. a) Apical bud produce auxins which inhibits the development of lateral buds.
Removal of terminal buds cause the growth and development and sprouting of lateral
buds.
b) The pruning of coffee/tea.
c) More yield /production
9. a) Low oxygen and increase in CO2
b) Germinating seeds respire using O2 and release CO2 only.
c) Absence of light, impermeability of seed coat to water, immature embryo, lack of
growth hormones presence of inhibitors.
10.
- Epigeal germination – Epicotyle grows very fast pushing out of soil surface with the
cotyleons.
Hypogeal germination – Epicotyle grows very fast and plumule grows out forming first
foliage leaves cotyledons remain underground.
11. a) Graph
b) i) 68 1
ii) 130mm
c) Shoot A- Removal of apical bud promotes growth of lateral buds, due to
removal of auxins hormones which inhibit lateral bud development.
Shoot B- Gibberellic acid promotes growth of lateral branches
Shoot C- Presence of apical bud inhibit lateral bud development due to
reserve of auxins. This is called apical dominance.
d) As a control experiment to show the effect of hormones (auxins) on lateral bud devel-
opment.
e) - Promotes flowering.
- Promote lateral bud development hence increase yields.
- Break seed dormancy (promote germination)
f) - Germination
- Flowering
- Activate hydrolytic enzymes
12. a) - Absence of water (moisture)
- Unsuitable temperature.
- Lack of oxygen
- Lack of light
b) Hypocotyls
13. a) - Increase in dry mass
- Increase in cell number
- Irreversible increase in volume of cytoplast
- Increase in differentiation.
b) i) Light intensity influence rate of photosynthesis.
ii) Temperature – influence metabolic rate via enzyme action.
c)
Name of hormone Site of hormone production Effect
14. a)Thyroxin Thyroid gland Control basal metabolic rate
change in mass cytoplasm.
Follicle stimulating hormone Anterior pituitary gland Maturation of Graafin follicle
b)
Auxins Stem of apex Cell elongation
c)
Root apex
and other metabolic activities.
Gibberellins All young plant tissues Stimulates cell growth
d)
e) Starch → Glucose → Cellulose
