Jordan University of Science and Technology

Faculty of Engineering
[MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT]

[First Semester 2024/2025]

[Strength of Materials LAB|| ME 312]

Experiment ([#3]): [Compression and impact test]

Student Name: ‫محمد عدنان رجا عدوان‬ ID: 152502

Instructor: [‫]محمد الداود‬

Section #: [1]

Date: [27/10/2024]
1. Objectives
(Compression test)

 To explore & observe the stress-strain behavior of some metals (Ductile &
Brittle) using static test (Low speed).
 To determine some mechanical properties of these metals, like:
1. Young’s modulus (E), Poisson’s ratio (ν).
2. Yield strength (σy).
 To compare the measured properties from the compression test with those
obtained from the tensile test.

(Impact test)

 To find the relative toughness of some metals.

 To distinguish between the toughness measured from the area under the curve
in the tensile test and the toughness measured using impact test.

2. Test Equipment

Figure 2 Strain indicator switch and balance

Figure 1 Universal Testing Machine
unit

Figure 4 Pointer
Figure 3 Impact test Machine
3. Test Specimens

Figure 8 Test specimen (Cast Iron)

Figure 7 Test specimen (Aluminum)

Figure 10 Test specimen (Cast Iron)

Figure 9 Striking Edge for Charpy test

Figure 11 Striking Edge for Izod test Figure 12 Test specimen (Aluminum)
 A. Procedure (Compression test)
Compression test will be conducted into two parts.

1. Steps for part 1 (Testing ductile specimen under compression in the elastic range):

1. Measure the original dimensions of the specimen.

2. Lubricate bearing surfaces using TEFLON Sheet.
3. Start the test and record load and strain from the four strain gauges.
4. Calculate the engineering stress:
• Specimen diameter (𝐃∘) = 28 mm
Load [N ] π
• σ [pa] = 2 , A∘ = × (0.028)2
A ∘ [m ] 4
5. Draw two curves, one for the engineering stress versus the axial strain (σ Vs ε) and another for
axial versus lateral strain (ε axial Vs (- ε lateral)).
6. Obtain E as the slope of the (σ Vs ε) curve.
7. Obtain Poisson’s ratio as the slope of the (ε axial Vs (- ε lateral)) curve.
8. Calculate the shear modulus G and the bulk modulus K using the following equations:
E
 G=
2¿¿
E
 K=
3(1+ 2)

9. Comment on the E, G, K and ν values and compare them with those obtained from the tensile test.

2. Steps for part 2 (Testing ductile and brittle specimens up to fracture):

1. Both ductile and brittle materials specimens will be tested in compression using the 100 KN
instron universal testing machine up to fracture.
2. A compression load will be applied to the ends of circular metallic specimens.
3. The load and cross head displacement readings will be monitored and the shape of fracture as well
as other phenomena associated with the compression (such as barreling) will be monitored.

B. Procedure (Impact test)

1. Izod test: the impact load is applied to a cantilever with a notch at its base.
2. Charpy test: the impact load strikes the center of the simply supported sample. The sample is
notched along the center of the tension face.
3. Tension impact test: the impact load is applied axially to a tensile specimen.
5.Test Data & 6. Sample of calculations & 7. Results

Part One: Compression Test (Ductile and Brittle Materials).

Material Do [mm] Lo [mm] Df [mm] Lf [mm]

Aluminum 9.5 19 11.9 13.7
Cast Iron 9.5 19 9.8 18.9

Aluminum Cast Iron

%Δ Length −27.895 % −0.5263 %

%Δ Diameter 25.26 % 3.158 %

Sample of calculations:

Change in diameter for aluminum:

Df −Di 11.9−9.5
∆ D %= ∗100 %= ∗100 %=25.26 %
Di 9.5

Change in diameter for cast iron:

Df −Di 9.8−9.5
∆ D %= ∗100 %= ∗100 %=3.158 %
Di 9.5

Change in length for aluminum:

Lf −Li 13.7−19
∆ L %= ∗100 %= ∗100 %=−27.895 %
Li 19

Change in length for cast iron:

Lf −Li 18.9−19
∆ L %= ∗100 %= ∗100 %=−0.5263 %
Li 19

Part two: Compression test (specimen with strain gauge).

 Strain gauge readings
Load (m/m)
σ [Pa]
[kN] Lateral
Axial strain
strain
0 0 0 0
10.863 2.36219E-
17643078.99 8.58979E-05
8 05
12.791 0.00010113 2.78129E-
20773302.69
2 8 05
14.893 0.00011776 3.23849E-
24188092.17
9 3 05
16.996 0.00013438 3.69569E-
27602881.65
5 9 05
17.872 0.00014131 3.88619E-
29025710.6
6 6 05

Sample of calculations:

Knowing that:
•Specimen diameter (𝐃 ) = 28 mm.

load (N ) 10863.764 πd
2
=
σ(Pa)= 0 2 0.00061575216 =17643140.99(Pa)*** A
0
= =0.00061575216 m
2
A (m ) 4

calculating E & ν from the slopes of the diagrams:

E=200(Gpa) *** ν= 0.275

E 200
G = 2(1+ν ) = 2∗(1+0.275) = 78.431 GPa

K = 3(1−2 ν) = 3∗(1−2∗0.275) = 148.148 GPa

E 200
Part Three: Impact Test

Effective
Modulus of toughness
volume
Machine Toughness [KJoule/m3]
Type of test [m3] Material
reading [kg.m] [Joule]
0.0016 Steel 12.2 117.72 73.575
Cold work
Tension 0.0016 4.3 40.221 25.138125
AL
0.00176 Steel 3.5 32.373 18.39375
Cold work
Izod 0.00176 3 27.468 15.60681818
AL
0.00176 Cast iron 0.41325 2.0919825 1.18862642
0.0032 Steel 4.6 43.164 13.48875
Cold work
Charpy 0.0032 1.3 10.791 3.3721875
AL
0.0032 Cast iron 0.4 1.962 0.613125

Sample of calculations:

Toughness= (Machine reading - 0.2) *9.81 = (12.2-0.2) *9.81=117.72 Joule

Toughness 117.72
Modulus of toughness= Effective volume∗1000 = −3
=73.575 K Joule/m3
1.6∗10 ∗1000
8.Graphs:

Stress-Axial Strain Diagram

35000000
30000000
25000000 f(x) = 205395728620.904 x + 7.43352654948831
20000000
15000000
10000000
5000000
0
0 0.00002 0.00004 0.00006 0.00008 0.0001 0.00012 0.00014 0.00016

X-Axial strain vs Y-lateral strain

0.00005
0.00004
f(x) = 0.274999908399427 x − 3.22091837115469E-12
0.00003
0.00002
0.00001
0
0 0.00002 0.00004 0.00006 0.00008 0.0001 0.00012 0.00014 0.00016
9. Discussion:

. We can see in (Table 1) that both materials show a negative value when calculating the
change in length in the sense that the piece has shortened, but when calculating the change
in area, the value is positive to indicate that the area of the section increases, and both
results represent what happens in reality When the piece is pressed.

. When we found the modulus of elasticity (E), we found that it matches the real value,
And this indicates the accuracy of the tools used in the experiment and the accuracy of the
calculations.

. At (Table 3) We noticed that the toughness in the steel material is very large compared to
the toughness of the cast iron material, and the reason is because the steel is a ductile
material with a plastic deformation area and a larger area under the stress-strain curve,
compared to the cast iron of its nature.

10.Conclusion

Firstly, we observed a clear relationship between applied compressive force and the
resulting deformation. This allowed us to create a comprehensive stress-strain curve,
providing valuable insights into the material's response to compression.
the determination of the yield stress (σ y) provided a valuable benchmark for establishing
the material's point of plastic deformation. This information is very important for
applications where knowing the material's limit before permanent deformation occurs is
essential.
The stress-strain curve exhibited the stages of elastic deformation followed by plastic
deformation. This curve provided a clear image of how the material responds to increasing
compressive forces.