Oral Communication in Context

Quarter 1 – Module 2: The Various Models of Communication

What I Need to Know

This module was designed to make you better understand and differentiate the
various models of communication.

As you go through this module, you are expected to design and perform effective
controlled and uncontrolled oral communication activities based on context.

What I Know

Directions: Match the model of communication in column B with its brief

description in column A.

A B

1. The speaker is the one who drives A. Claude Shannon and Warren
the entire communication. Weaver Model of Communication
2. This model of
B. Schramm’s Model of Communication
communication operates on
the SMCR model. C. Aristotle’s Model of Communication
3. It is often called the Telephone Model
D. White’s Model of Communication
because it is based on the experience of
having the message interfered by noise.
E. Berlo’s Model of Communication
4. This model asserts that
communication takes place only if F. Helical Model of Communication

there is an overlap between the

experience of both the speaker
and the listener.
5. The main characteristics of this
model of communication is that it is
evolutionary.
6. This model shows that communication is
in circular and continuous motion
without a beginning and end.

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 Lesson
The Various Models of
2 Communication

What’s In

One of the best ways to understand the various models of communication is to

show them graphically. Explaining a concept using a graph can be very helpful
because it simplifies the learning process and allows for better understanding.

What’s New

Directions: Compare and contrast the pictures below. Which of the two situations
shows a more effective communication? Why do you think so?

https://www.sacurrent.com/thedaily/archives/2018/09/05/beto-orourke-makes-appearance-on-the-ellen-degeneres-
show

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 https://www.sacurrent.com/thedaily/archives/2018/09/05/beto-orourke-makes-appearance-on-the-ellen-
degeneres-show

What is It

The following are different models of communication that explain and illustrate
how the process of communicating works.
a. Aristotle’s Model of Communication
Aristotle (5 BCE), a teacher of Rhetoric and a founder of an academy that
produced good speakers, came up with the first and earliest model of
communication. This model is more focused on public speaking than
interpersonal communication. Speaker plays a very important role in public
speaking. To influence or persuade his audience, he must first prepare his
speech and analyze the audience before he speaks to them.

SPEAKER MESSAGE AUDIENCE

Aristotle’s Model of Communication

b. Transactional Model
In the transactional model, there is an exchange of messages between the
sender and the receiver where both take turns in sending and receiving
messages. The roles of both communicators reverse each time in the
communication process. This is also called circular model of communication
and is used for interpersonal communication. Everyday talk and interactions
are examples of transactional model of communication. The participants in
this communication process who have common social and cultural systems
and relational situations can communicate with one another more effectively.
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 A teacher discussing a lesson with his students or teachers holding a virtual
meeting communicate with one another efficiently because they know each
other and share the same social system. The model shows that there is a
continuous exchanging of messages, but barriers may take place and affect
communication.

Transaction Model
Source: https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/transactional-model-communication

c. Shannon – Weaver’s Model of Communication

Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver introduced the concept of noise. This
model of communication is also known as the Telephone Model for this is
based on the experience of using the telephone back in the 1940’s wherein
the message was hindered by noise. Therefore, the message received by the
listener was not necessarily the message sent by the sender.

The Shannon – Weaver model of communication contains six important

features.
 Sender
The originator of message or the information source selects desire message.
 Encoder
The transmitter which converts the message into signals
Note: The sender’s messages converted into signals like waves or binary
data which is compactable to transmit the messages through cables or
satellites. For example: In telephone, the voice is converted into wave
signals and it transmits through cables
 Decoder
The reception place of the signal which converts signals into message, a
reverse process of encode
Note: The receiver converts those binary data or waves into message
which is comfortable and understandable for receiver. Otherwise,
receiver can’t receive the exact message, and it will affect the effective
communication between sender and receiver
 Receiver
The destination of the message from sender
Note: Based on the decoded message the receiver gives their feedback to
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 sender. If the message is distracted by noise, it will affect the
communication flow between sender and receiver

Noise
The messages are transferred from encoder to decoder through channel.
During this process the messages may be distracted or affected by physical
noise like horn sounds, thunder, and crowd noise or encoded signals may
distract in the channel during the transmission process which affect the
communication flow or the receiver may not receive the correct message.

An example of Shannon - Weaver model of communication

Mr. Diaz made a call to his secretary “Please call the internet provider.” During
his call, noise comes in (transmission error) and his secretary heard “Please
call” only. The secretary replied (feedback) “Whom will I call, Sir?”

Sender : Mr. Diaz

Encoder : Telephone (Mr. Diaz)
Channel : Cable
Noise : Distraction in voice
Reception : Telephone (Secretary)
Receiver : Assistant

Due to transmission error or noise, the secretary was not able to understand
the message.

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 Shannon – Weaver Model of Communication

Source: https://communicationinlibraries.wordpress.com/2013/12/07/shannon-weaver-model-of-communication

d. Schramm Model of Communication

Wilbur Schramm is known as the Father of Mass Communication. He came
up with five models but in the Schramm Model of Communication he
developed in 1955, communication breakdown is explained. He asserts that
both the sender and the receiver should have the same field of experience.

In this concept, field of experience refers to everything that makes an

individual unique – everything that he/she has ever learned, watched, seen,
heard, read, and studied. In this model, communication has six elements

Source
Encoder
Message
Channel
Decoder
Receiver

He gives emphasis on encoding and decoding of message. This model shows

how a message is transferred from the sender to the receiver. The model also
asserts that message can be complicated by different meaning learned by
different people. Schramm claims that communication can take place if and
only if there is an overlap between the field of experience of the participants
of the communication process. It means that the sender and the receiver
have commonalities. For example, a Japanese is invited to give a talk to
Filipino students. These students can only understand English and Filipino. If
the speaker will speak in Japanese, the audience will not be able to
understand him.

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 Schramm’s Model of Communication

Source: https://methods.sagepub.com/images/virtual/how-to-build-social-science-theories/127_1.jpg

e. Eugene White Model of Communication

Eugene White’s Model of communication says that communication is circular
and continuous, without a beginning or end. His 1960 cyclical model, the
communication process is composed of eight stages- thinking, symbolizing,
expressing, transmitting, receiving, decoding, feed-backing, monitoring, and
thinking. He also points out that although one can assume that
communication begins with thinking, it can be observed from any point in
the circle. White was also the one who introduced the concept of feedback
which is a process also known as to close the loop.

Expressing
Symbolizing Transmitting

Thinking Receiving

Monitoring Decoding

Feedbacking

White’s Model of Communication

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f. Berlo’s Model of Communication
You have already learned that Aristotle’s model of communication places the
speaker in the central position and the one who drives the entire
communication process. The Berlo’s model of communication takes into
account the emotional aspect of the message.

Berlo’s model follows the SMCR

model S – Source
M – Message
C – Channel
R – Receiver

Berlo’s model of communication is composed of a several factors under

each element. The SOURCE is where the message originates. The person
should have communication skills like the ability to read, write, speak, and
listen to the right attitude towards the listeners, subject, and oneself. The
individual must be knowledgeable about the topic he is communicating and
the audience’s familiarity with it. In communicating, the social system must
be considered such as the culture of the audience. The sender of the
message from where the message originates is referred to as the encoder.

Content is the body of the MESSAGE, from beginning to the end like
whatever the teacher teaches his students from the beginning up to the end.
The speech must be accompanied by elements such as gestures, facial
expression or body language so that listeners will not lose interest.
Treatment is the way one treats his message. One must understand the
importance of the message know how to handle it. Berlo’s model asserts that
a message must be properly structured in order to be conveyed clearly. The
code in this model refers to the means through which a message is sent and
in what form. It could be the language, gestures, expressions, music, and so
on. The code should be correct in the communication. Only when the code is
clear, the message will be clear.

The C in the SMCR stands for CHANNEL. Channel refers to the five sense
organs: hearing, seeing, touching, smelling, and tasting. These five senses
help human beings to communicate with one another.

When the RECEIVER message reaches the receiver, he tries to understand

what the sender is trying to convey. This is also called decoding.

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 Berlo’s Model of Communication

Source: https://www.managementstudyguide.com/berlo-model-of-communication.htm

g. Helical Model of Communication

The Helical Model of communication was developed by Frank Dance in 1967.
He thought of communication similar to helix. Helix is a smooth curve like a
spring that goes upwards and downwards. This model presents the concept
of time where continuousness of communication process is very important.
In helical model, communication is a dynamic process. Communication
progresses as an individual gets older and his experience and vocabulary
increases.

Helical Model of Communication

Source: https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/helical-model-communication

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 What’s More

Directions: Compare and contrast “Tonight with Boy Abunda” and the
state of the nation address of any of the presidents of the Philippines.
Explain how communication took place in each presentation. Include
the advantages and disadvantages of each communication process
used. You may watch a sample of each on YouTube.

1. Tonight with Boy Abunda

2. State of the Nation Address

What I Have Learned

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the suitable words.

1. Explaining a concept using a can be very helpful for it simplifies the

learning process and allows for better understanding.

2. Aristotle‘s model of communication is more focused on than

interpersonal communication.

3. ’s model of communication is also known as the Telephone

Model for this is based on the experience of using the telephone back in the
1940’s.

4. claims that communication can take place if and only if there

is an overlap between the field of experience of the participants in the
communication process.

5. Eugene White’s model of communication says that communication is

and , without a beginning or end.

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6. Berlo’s model of communication takes into account the aspect of
the message.

7. Helical model of communication claims that communication progresses as an

individual gets older and his/her experience and increases.

What I Can Do

Directions: Develop you own model of communication. Include a two- to three-

paragraph description of your model and explain any special characteristic of it.

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 Rubrics for Communication Model

5 3 1
Design The diagram is There are some The diagram does
clear and easy to items which are not show a clear
understand. confusing idea about the
process of
communication
Attractiveness The diagram is The diagram is The diagram is
exceptionally attractive in terms poorly designed
attractive in terms of design and
of design and layout
layout

Explanation The process of The process of The process of

communication is communication is communication is
clearly explained clearly explained, clearly explained,
as shown in the but there are and the ideas are
model ideas that are not not shown in the
shown in the model
model.

Assessment

Directions: Answer the question in each number. Circle the letter of your answer.

1. Which situation is the best example of Aristotle’s model of communication?

A. A parent is talking to his child over the phone.
B. Peter is watching TV Patrol.
C. The students are planning for their cheering competition.
D. The teachers are holding their general faculty meeting.

2. Which model considers the emotional aspect of the message?

A. Aristotle’s Model of Communication

B. Berlo’s Model of Communication
C. Helical Model of Communication
D. Eugene White Model of Communication

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3. The child is crying because he is hungry, and his mother gives him milk signifies
the communication between them. After a couple of years, the child tells his
mother that he wants bread because he is hungry. This situation is an example of
what model?

A. Aristotle’s Model of Communication

B. Berlo’s Model of Communication
C. Helical Model of Communication
D. Eugene White Model of Communication

4. In Shannon and Weaver’s Transmission Model, what element is considered as a

dysfunctional factor?

A. noise
B. transmitter
C. channel
D. feedback

5. What model demonstrates a one-way process of communication in which one

person, the sender, gives a message or speech to a person or group of people
for a certain effect?

A. Aristotle’s Model of Communication

B. Transactional Model
C. Shannon – Weaver’s Model of Communication
D. Interactive Communication Model