CHAPTER 1 SUMMARY

References Series

𝟏 𝑪𝑽 𝑖𝑓 𝜶 > 1 𝑪𝑽 𝑖𝑓 |𝑞| < 1

Riemann series ∑ 𝒏𝜶 { Geometric series ∑ 𝑞𝑛 {
𝐃𝐕 𝑖𝑓 𝜶 ≤ 𝟏 𝐃𝐕 𝑖𝑓 |𝑞| ≥ 1

(𝑪𝑽 ∶ converge 𝐃𝐕: diverge

Various tests to study numerical series

no
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑛→∞ un= 0 ∑ un DV

yes

 Comparaison test (CV ≤ 𝐶𝑉 ; 𝐷𝑉 ≥ 𝐷𝑉)

 Critère d’équivalence (même nature)
un≥0
 nthroot test: lim 𝑛√|un | = 𝑙 (CV 𝑖𝑓 𝑙 < 1 , Dv if 𝑙 > 1; 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝑙 = 1)
∞
no  D’Alembert test: lim
un+1
= 𝑙 ( ’’ ‘’ ‘’ ‘’ ’’ ‘’ ‘’ )
∞ un
un+1 𝛼 1
Doubt:Raab-Duhamel test = 1 − + 𝑜 ( ) (CV 𝑖𝑓𝛼 > 1, Dv if 𝛼 < 1)
un 𝑛 𝑛

+∞
 Comparaison with integral ( ∑∞
k f(n) ~ ∫𝑘 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 if f is continuous,
positive and decreasing)
−lnu
 logarithm test : lim lnn n = 𝑙(CV 𝑖𝑓 𝑙 > 1 , Dv if 𝑙 < 1; 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝑙 = 1)
∞

∑|un |
converge  Dirichlet (AbeL): convergence for the series of the forme
 ∑(−1)𝑛 Vn ( alterning series ) or
Yes  ∑ Vn 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜃 , ∑ Vn 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 𝑜𝑟 ∑ Vn 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
if Vn ≥ 0 , Vn ↘0 and 𝜃 ≠ 2𝑘𝜋.
 Asymptotic expansion
1 1
un = f ( 𝛼 ) = 𝑎𝑛 +. . . +𝑏𝑛 + 𝑜 ( 𝛾 )
𝑛 𝑛
∑ un The last term 𝑏𝑛 must to be either of constant sign or to be the general
converge term of an Absolutly Convergent series.

Bounding up series remainders

+∞
∑ un
R n = ∑ uk
k=n+1
Geométric series un = qn qn+1 1
Rn = (S= ∑∞ n
0 q = )
1−q 1−q
∑|un | cv by D’Alembert test |un+1| un+1
|R n | ≤ avec lim =𝑙
1−𝑙 un
∑|un | cv by nthroot test ln+1 𝑛
|R n | ≤ avec l=lim√|u n|
1−l
Alterning series|un | = (−1)𝑛 Vn |R n | ≤ |un+1 |=Vn+1
k +∞
𝑘 𝑘
∃k > 0, 𝛼 > 1 ∶ ∀𝑛 > 𝑁 |un | ≤ |R n | ≤ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 =
nα 𝑛 𝑥 𝛼 (𝛼 − 1)𝑛 𝛼−1

Remainder Sign and approximate value of the sum S= ∑∞

𝒌 𝒖𝒏 :

 un≥0 R n = S − Sn ≥ 0 (ou Sn ≤ S ): Sn is an approximate value by default de S.

,
R ≥ 0 Sn is an approximate value (by default)de S
 Alterning series: sign of R n = signe de un+1 { n
R n ≤ 0 Sn is an approximate value (by excess)de S