Mekki Aridj Elyassmin

Group 02

Exeries01:
 Members - Complex (root "member" + plural suffix "-s").

 Grammar : Simple single morpheme; it can't be broken down

 Prioritize : Complex (root "prior" + suffix "-itize").

 writer : Complex (root "write" + suffix "-er").

 Handsome : Simple (functions as a single morpheme).

 Rewind : Complex (prefix "re-" + root "wind").

 Fizzy : Complex (root "fizz" + suffix "-y").

 Reject : Complex (prefix "re-" + root "ject").

 Dizzy :Complex (root "dizzy" + suffix "-y").

 Alligator : Complex (root "alligat" + suffix "-or"; )

Exeries02:

 revolve / revolution :Different lexemes

(Revolve) is a verb, while (revolution) is a noun

 revolution / revolutions : Same lexeme

Both words are forms of the same lexeme, with "revolutions" being
the plural form of "revolution." Same but are diffrent in numbber
 revolve / dissolve : Different lexemes
Although they share a similar structure, they have different meanings
and roots.
 go / went : Same lexeme
"Went" is the past tense of the verb )go( so they belong to the same
lexeme.

 wash / rewash : Same lexeme

"Rewash" is a derived form of "wash," indicating it is the same
lexeme with a prefix added.

Exeries03:
A) I say now, just as I said yesterday, that the price of a
wombat is high but the pricce of a platypus is higher.

Word tokens : 24
Word types :18
Word lexeme 21:
 B) I’ve just replaced my printer with a new one that prints
much faster
Word tokens : 14
Word types :14
Word lexeme:
Exeries04
The word "I've" complicates the idea of what a word is) smallest
unit of meaning that can stand alone ). It combines two words, "I"
and "have," into one unit. Though it functions as a single word in
speech and writing, "I've" cannot stand alone as a complete word
because it combines "I" and "have" to convey a specific meaning
Exeries05
Words that belong to the same lexeme as "sing" :
- sing
- sang (past tense)
- sung (past participle)
- singing (present participle/gerund)
- sings (third person singular present tense)
- singer (noun)
- song (noun, related through the act of singing)
- singing (can also function as a noun, gerund, or adjective)
1. Definition of "word:
A word is a single, meaningful unit of language used in speech or
writing. It can stand alone or combine with others to form sentences.
2. Dictionary limittion
3. Nonce Words and Mistakes:
Nonce words and mistakes play significant roles in how language
evolves, but they also pose challenges for dictionary writers.
Nonce words: are created for a specific occasion and used only once,
for example "hangry," which describes the irritability that comes from
being hungry. Although originally informal, terms like this can gain
popularity and become accepted in everyday language, complicating
decisions about whether to include them in dictionaries.
Mistakes: can also influence language. For example, many people
mistakenly say "irregardless" instead of "regardless." While this error
is often criticized, it has gained enough usage that some dictionaries
now recognize it as a variant. Lexicographers must navigate these
changes carefully, deciding which mistakes may become accepted
words and which should remain labeled as errors.
This challenge makes it difficult to keep dictionaries relevant and
reflective of actual language use.
4 Mental lexicon : It rfer to the mntal storge of the word and their
meaning structer
(personal dictionary ) in our brain .
 The importance :It enables us to quickly understand and produce
language during conversations or while reading
It holds rich information about words, including their meanings,
pronunciations, and grammatical forms, which helps us use them
correctly in context.
 The mental lexicon and a dictionary are different in how they
present language. Adictionary provides definitions, pronunciations,
and examples of words, but it might not include every variation or
form of a word. In contrast, the mental lexicon includes all the
 information a person knows about words, such as their meanings,
sounds, grammar rules, and levels of formality. Another key
difference is that a dictionary is the same for everyone, while each
person’s mental lexicon is unique. It reflects individual
experiences, preferences, and knowledge of language. For example,
some people might know more slang or specialized vocabulary
based on their interests or backgrounds.

4. Word formation Rules :

 Suffixation (Adding Suffixes):
 - Rule: We can add suffixes like "-ed" to verbs to show past tense.
 - Examples: - Walk → Walked
- Jump → Jumped
 Prefixation (Adding Prefixes):
 - Rule: Adding prefixes like "un-" to words can change their
meaning to the opposite.
 - Examples: - Happy → Unhappy (not happy)
- Do → Undo (reverse the action)

 Compounding:
 - Rule: We can combine two or more words to create a new word.
- Examples: - Football (foot + ball)
- Blackboard (black + board)
 Role of the Mental Lexicon
The mental lexicon is like a dictionary in your brain that stores words
and their meanings. Here’s how it helps with word formation:
- Storage of Words: It keeps all the words you know, including their
different forms (like "walk," "walked," etc.).

- Applying Rules: When you hear or see a new word, your brain can
quickly use rules (like adding "-ed" for past tense) to understand or
create it.
- Understanding Meanings: The mental lexicon helps you connect the
meanings of words. For example, if you know "happy," you can
understand "unhappy" means not happy.

- Learning New Words: As you learn new words, your mental lexicon
updates itself with the new information, helping you use and
understand language better.
Tasks
a) Definition of Morpheme
A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language. It can be a
whole word or a part of a word that contributes to its meaning.

b) Types of Morphemes
Morphemes are categorized into two main types: free morphemes and
bound morphemes.

1. Free Morphemes
Free morphemes are morphemes that can stand alone as words and
have meaning on their own.
- Examples:
- "Book": A complete word that refers to a written work.
2. Bound Morphemes
Bound morphemes cannot stand alone; they must be attached to a free
morpheme to convey meaning. They often serve as prefixes or
suffixes.
- Examples:
- Prefix: "Un-" (meaning "not"):
- "Unhappy": Adding "un-" to "happy" creates a new word that
means "not happy."
- Suffix: "-ed" (indicating past tense):
- "Walked": Adding "-ed" to "walk" changes it from present to past
tense.
- Suffix: "-ness" (indicating a state or quality):
- "Happiness": Adding "-ness" to "happy" creates a noun that means
the state of being happy.
c) Derivation is the process of creating new words by adding prefixes
and suffixes to a base word. This can change the word's meaning
and its grammatical category (like changing a noun to a verb).
How Derivation Works
- Prefixes: These are added to the beginning of a word (e.g., "un-"
means "not").
- Suffixes: These are added to the end of a word (e.g., "-ing" can
change a verb into a noun).
Examples of Derivation
1. Self
- Selfish (adjective): "self" + -ish means "caring only about
oneself."
- Selflessness (noun): "self" + -lessness means "the quality of being
selfless."

2. Class
- Classify (verb): "class" + -ify means "to sort into groups."
- Classroom (noun): "class" + "room" means "a room for classes."

3. Repeat
- Repeater (noun): "repeat" + -er means "someone or something
that repeats."
- Repeatedly (adverb): "repeat" + -edly means "over and over
again."

4. Installation
- Install (verb): Removing the suffix -ation means "to put
something in place."
- Installer (noun): "install" + -er means "a person who installs
something."

5. Document
- Documentation (noun): "document" + -ation means "the act of
providing documents."
- Documentary (noun): "document" + -ary means "a film that tells
facts."
6. Journal
- Journalist (noun): "journal" + -ist means "a person who writes
news."
- Journaling (noun/verb): "journal" + -ing means "the act of writing
in a journal."

1/Affixes :
are morphemes added to a base word (or root) to create new words or
change the meaning of existing ones. They can be divided into several
types based on their function. Here’s a breakdown of different types of
affixes, along with explanations and examples.
Types of Affixes
1. Personal Affixes:
- Definition: These affixes indicate the person, number, or gender
associated with the word.
- Examples:
- -s (for third-person singular): "walks" (he/she/it walks).
- -ed (for past tense, often associated with the subject): "talked"
(he/she/it talked).

2. Negative Affixes
- Definition: These affixes negate the meaning of the root word.
- Examples:
- un-: "happy" → unhappy (not happy).
- in-: "visible" → invisible (not visible).
3. Privative Affixes
- Definition: These affixes indicate the absence or lack of
something.
- Examples:
 - a-: "typical" → atypical (not typical).
- de-: "hydrate" → dehydrate (to remove water or moisture).

4. Prepositional Affixes:
- Definition: These affixes relate to spatial or temporal relations.
- Examples:
- pre-: "historic" → prehistoric (before recorded history).
- post-: "war" → postwar (after the war).

5. Relational Affixes:
- Definition: These affixes indicate relationships or connections.
- Examples:
- -al: "nation" → national (pertaining to a nation).
- -ic: "music" → musical (related to music).

6. Quantitative Affixes:
- Definition: These affixes indicate quantity or degree.
- Examples:
- bi-: "cycle" → bicycle (two wheels).
- tri-: "angle" → triangle (three angles).
7. Evaluative Affixes:
- Definition: These affixes provide an evaluation or judgment about
the base word.
- Examples:
- -ette: "kitchen" → kitchenette (a small kitchen).
- -ish: "fool" → foolish (having the qualities of a fool).
8. Argumentative Affixes:
- Definition: These affixes are used to indicate a stance or position
regarding the word’s meaning.
- Examples:
- pro-: "test" → protest (to stand for or against something).
- anti-: "social" → antisocial (against social norms).
2/Compounding :
a) is when two or more words are combined to make a new word. In
English, the second part of the compound (the head) usually
determines the word's part of speech (like noun or adjective) and its
main meaning
b) Types of Compounds
1. Attributive Compounds:
- Definition: The first word describes or modifies the second word,
acting like an adjective.
- Examples:
- Greenhouse: "green" (color) + "house" (building) → a building
for growing plants.
- Skyblue: "sky" (noun) + "blue" (color) → a shade of blue.

2. Coordinative Compounds:
- Definition: Both words are equally important and combine to make
a new meaning.
- Examples:
- Bittersweet: "bitter" + "sweet" → a mix of both tastes or feelings.
- Singer-songwriter: "singer" + "songwriter" → someone who does
both.
3. Subordinative Compounds:
Definition: The first word relates to or depends on the second, often
acting like an object or subject. - Examples:
- Daydream: "day" + "dream" → a dreamlike thought during the
day.
- Raindrop: "rain" + "drop" → a small drop of rain.

3/ conversion :
is when a word changes from one part of speech to another without
adding anything to it. The word looks the same but is used differently.
This is also called zero derivation because no new endings or prefixes
are added.
Examples of Conversion
1. Noun to Verb:
- Email (noun) → Email (verb): "I will email you later."
- Google (noun) → Google (verb): "I will google it."
2. Verb to Noun:
- Talk (verb) → Talk (noun): "We had a good talk."
- Drive (verb) → Drive (noun): "He has a long drive ahead."
3. Adjective to Noun
- Calm (adjective) → Calm (noun): "She found peace and calm."
- Final (adjective) → Final (noun): "The game went to the finals."
Additional considerations :
Comparing Word Formation in English and French:
1. English:
- Conversion: In English, a word can change its part of speech without
any changes to its form. For example:
 - "Run" can be a verb ("I run every day") or a noun ("I went for a
run"). This flexibility allows for creative language use and is common
in English.
- Compounding: English often forms new words by combining two or
more words, like:
- "Toothbrush" (tooth + brush)
- "Sunflower" (sun + flower)
- In compounds, the second word (right-headed) usually determines
the meaning and grammatical category (e.g., "greenhouse" is a type of
house).
2. French
- Affixes: French relies heavily on adding prefixes and suffixes to
create new words. For example:
- "Relire" (re- + lire) means "to reread" (where "re-" indicates
repetition).
- "Inacceptable" (in- + acceptable) means "unacceptable."
- Compounding: French does use compounding, but it is less common
than in English. An example is:
- "Timbre-poste" (stamp + post) meaning "postage stamp." In
French, the first word (left-headed) often determines the overall
meaning, which differs from English.
Similarities:
- Both languages use compounding to create new words, though
English uses it more frequently.
- Both languages incorporate the use of affixes to form new words,
although English uses it less than French.