Scribd
Upload
34 views7 pages

DSP Lec3

Uploaded by

yaseen.k
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
34 views7 pages

DSP Lec3

Uploaded by

yaseen.k
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

Digital Signal Processing/ 4th Class/ 2020-2021 Dr. Abbas Hussien & Dr.

Ammar Ghalib

Digital Signal and Systems


Discrete-Time Signals:
In digital signal processing, signals are represented as sequence of numbers called
“samples”. A sample value of a typical discrete-time signal or sequence is denoted as “x[n]”
with the argument “n” being an integer in the range (-∞ and ∞). It should be noted that x[n] is
defined only for integer values of “n” and undefined otherwise.

The most common basic sequences are described as follows:


delta function or unit-impulse (sample) sequence δ(n)

unit-step sequence U(n)

15
Digital Signal Processing/ 4th Class/ 2020-2021 Dr. Abbas Hussien & Dr. Ammar Ghalib

unit-ramp sequence r(n)

exponential sequence

x (n) Ae n

 If β=0, x(n)=A
 If β<0, x(n) is exponential decay.
 If β˃0, x(n) is exponential growth.

Sinusoidal sequence

Note: x (n) x(t) t nT


s

For analog sine x(t)=sin(wt), the discrete sine x(n)=sin(wnTs)

w0=wTs where w=2πfm and Ts=1/fs

16
Digital Signal Processing/ 4th Class/ 2020-2021 Dr. Abbas Hussien & Dr. Ammar Ghalib

Example: Assuming a DSP system with a sampling time interval of 125 microseconds, convert
each of the following analog signals x(t) to the digital signal x(n).
1. 10 e 5000t u(t)
2. 10 sin( 2000 t)u(t)
sol.

1. x(n)= x(nTs)= 10 e 5000 0.000125n u(nTs ) 10e 0.625n u(n)


2. x(n)= x(nTs)= 10 sin( 2000 0.000125n)u(nTs ) 10 sin(0.25 n)u(n)

Periodic Sequences:
A sequence x(n) is defined to be periodic with period N if

Where; N is an integer number.

Example: consider x(n) e jw0 n


x(n) e jw0 n = e jw0 (n N ) = e jw0 N e jw0 n = x(n N)
w0 N 2 k N 2 k / w0 2 / w0 must be a rational number.

Example: Is the sequence x(n) cos( n / 4) periodic. If yes, find N.


sol.
Suppose it is periodic sequence with period N
x(n)=x(n+N)
cos(πn/4)=cos(π(n+N)/4)
πn/4+2πk= πn/4+πN/4 N=2πk/(π/4)= 2πk/w0=8k K: integer
for k=1, N=8

Example: Is the sequence x(n) cos(3 n / 8) periodic. If yes, find N.


sol.
Suppose it is periodic sequence with period N
x(n)=x(n+N)
cos(3πn/8)=cos(3π(n+N)/8)
3πn/8+2πk= 3πn/8+3πN/8 N=2πk/w0=2πk/(3π/8) K: integer
for k=3, N=16

Example: Is the sequence x(n) cos( n) periodic. If yes, find N.


sol.
Suppose it is periodic sequence with period N
x(n)=x(n+N)
cos(n)=cos(n+N)
for n+2πk=n+N , K: integer There is no integer N Non-periodic sequence

17
Digital Signal Processing/ 4th Class/ 2020-2021 Dr. Abbas Hussien & Dr. Ammar Ghalib

Operations on Sequences:
For input signal x(n) and output signal y(n)
(i) Scaling: y(n)=α x(n)
 α is called gain or scale factor.
 If |α|˃1, called an amplification.
 If |α|<1, called an attenuating.
 If |α|<0, called inverting.
 Sometimes denoted by triangle or circle in block diagram:

(ii) Time shifting: y(n) = x(n – n0)


 If n0˃0, called delay.
 If n0<0, called predictor.

(iii) Reflection (Time reversal) : y(n) = x(-n)

For multiple input signals x1(n) , x2(n) and output signal y(n)
(i) Addition (summing):
y(n)=x1+x2=x1(n)+x2(n)

18
Digital Signal Processing/ 4th Class/ 2020-2021 Dr. Abbas Hussien & Dr. Ammar Ghalib

(ii)Product (multiplier or modulation):


y(n)=x1.x2={x1(n) x2(n)}

Sequence Representation Using Delay Unit:


Any arbitrary sequence x(n) can be represented in terms of delayed and scaled impulse
sequence δ[n] as shown in the figure

Example: Represent the sequence x[n] = {4, 2, -1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 5} as sum of shifted unit impulse.
sol.
Given x[n] = {4, 2, -1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 5}; n = -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
x[n] = x[-3]δ[n+3] + x[-2] δ[n+2] + x[-1] δ[n+1] +x[0] δ[n] + x[1] δ[n-1] + x[2] δ[n-2] + x[3]
δ[n-3] + x[4] δ[n-4]
= 4 δ[n+3] +2 δ[n+2] - δ[n-1] + δ[n] +3 δ[n-1] + 2 δ[n-2] + δ[n-3] +5 δ[n-4]

Example: Consider the following two sequences of length (5) defined for 0≤ n ≤4:
x[n] = {3.5, 41, 36, -9.5, 0}
y[n] = {1.7, -0.5, 0, 0.8, 1}
Find:
a) x[n].y[n]
b) x[n]+y[n]
c) 7/2 x[n]
sol.
a) x[n].y[n]= {5.44, -20.5, 0, -7.6, 0}
b) x[n]+y[n]= {4.9, 40.5, 36, -8.7, 1}
c) 7/2 x[n]= {11.2, 143.5, 126, -33.25, 0}
19
Digital Signal Processing/ 4th Class/ 2020-2021 Dr. Abbas Hussien & Dr. Ammar Ghalib

Energy and Power of a Sequence:


Energy of a sequence is defined by
n
E x ( n) 2
n
Power of a sequence is defined by

1 n
P x (n) 2
Nn
 A signal is called energy signal if E < ∞.
 A signal is called power signal if 0 < P < ∞.
 A signal can be an energy signal, a power signal or neither type.
 An energy signal has zero power. E < ∞; P = 0
 A power signal has infinite energy. P < ∞; E = ∞

Discrete-Time Systems (Digital Processors):


A discrete-time system is a device or algorithm that operates on a discrete-time signal
called the input or excitation (e.g. x(n)), according to some rule (e.g. T[.]) to produce another
discrete-time signal called the output or response (e.g. y(n)). The transformation T[.], (also
called operator or mapping) or processing performed by the system on x(n) to produce y(n).

Interconnections of Systems:
1. Series or cascade interconnection. The output of System 1 is the input to System 2.

2. Parallel interconnection. The same input signal is applied to Systems 1 and 2.

20
Digital Signal Processing/ 4th Class/ 2020-2021 Dr. Abbas Hussien & Dr. Ammar Ghalib

3. Combination of both cascade and parallel interconnection.

4. Feedback interconnection. The output of System 2 is fed back and added to the external
input to produce the actual input to System 1.

Classification of Discrete-Time Systems:


 Static (Memoryless) and Dynamic (Memory) Systems.
 Linear and Nonlinear Systems.
 Time-Invariant (TI) and Time-Varying Systems.
 Causal and Non-Causal Systems.
 Stable and Unstable Systems.

Static (Memoryless) and Dynamic (Memory) systems:


A discrete-time system is called static or memoryless if its output at any time instant n
depends on the input sample at the same time, but not on the past or future samples of the input.
For example y(n) =αx(n), y(n) =nx(n)+bx3(n).
In the other case, the system is said to be dynamic or to have memory, if the output of a
system at time n depends not only on the value of input at the same instant n, but also on past or
future values of the input. For example
N
y[n] =αx[n]+ βx[n−1], y(n) h(k) x (n k) , y(n) h(k) x (n k) .
k 0 k 0
Linear and Nonlinear Systems:
A discrete-time system is called linear if only if it satisfies the linear superposition
principle. In the other case, the system is called non-linear. If y1(n) and y2(n) are the responses to
the inputs x1(n) and x2(n) respectively, then the input x(n)=ax1(n)+bx2(n) gives the output
y(n)=ay1(n)+by2(n).

21

You might also like