PHR107: Mathematics & Elementary Statistics

Chapter 2: Calculus [Integration]

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Integration
Integrals in maths are used to find many useful quantities such as
areas, volumes, displacement, etc.
The integration denotes the summation of discrete data. The integral is
calculated to find the functions which will describe the area,
displacement, volume, that occurs due to a collection of small data,
which cannot be measured singularly.

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Integration – Inverse Process of Differentiation
We know that differentiation is the process of finding the derivative of
the functions and integration is the process of finding the antiderivative
of a function. So, these processes are inverse of each other. So we can
say that integration is the inverse process of differentiation or vice
versa. The integration is also called the anti-differentiation.

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 Integration – Inverse Process of Differentiation
We know that the differentiation of sin x is cos x.
It is mathematically written as:
(d/dx) sinx = cos x …(1)
Here, cos x is the derivative of sin x. So, sin x is the antiderivative of the function cos x. Also, any real
number “C” is considered as a constant function and the derivative of the constant function is zero.
So, equation (1) can be written as
(d/dx) (sinx + C)= cos x +0
(d/dx) (sinx + C)= cos x
Where “C” is the arbitrary constant or constant of integration.
Generally, we can write the function as follow:
(d/dx) [F(x)+C] = f(x)
To represent the antiderivative of “f”, the integral symbol “∫” symbol is introduced. The antiderivative of
the function is represented as ∫ f(x) dx. This can also be read as the indefinite integral of the function
“f” with respect to x.
Therefore, the symbolic representation of the antiderivative of a function (Integration) is:
y = ∫ f(x) dx
∫ f(x) dx = F(x) + C.
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Integrals in Maths
We will come across, two types of integrals in maths:
• Definite Integral
• Indefinite Integral
Definite Integral
An integral that contains the upper and lower limits then it is a definite integral.
A definite Integral is represented as:

Indefinite Integral
Indefinite integrals are defined without upper and lower limits. It is represented as:
∫f(x)dx = F(x) + C
Where C is any constant and the function f(x) is called the integrand.

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Certain Rules for Finding Integrals

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Integration Formulas

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Some Practice Problems

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Some More Practice Problems

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Practice Problems to Solve
Practice Problem: 01

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 ′
Integration of ∫ 𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 . 𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 . 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

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 ′
Integration of ∫ 𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 . 𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 . 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
Practice Problem 02:

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Integration by Parts
• Integration By Parts formula is used for integrating the product of two functions.
This method is used to find the integrals by reducing them into standard forms.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� 𝑢𝑢 × 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = (𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢) − � 𝑣𝑣 × 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
OR

� 𝑢𝑢 × 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = (𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢) − � 𝑣𝑣 × 𝑑𝑑𝑢𝑢𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Calculated from Calculated from

Derivative of v Derivative of u

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ILATE Rule
ILATE rule is a rule that is most used
in the process of integration by
parts, and it makes the process of
selecting the first function and the
second function very easy.

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Example
• Solve the following: ∫ ln 𝑥𝑥 . 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥. We assume this is ∫ 𝑢𝑢 × 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. And this can be
solved using integration by parts

� 𝑢𝑢 × 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = (𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢) − � 𝑣𝑣 × 𝑑𝑑𝑢𝑢𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

• Therefore, we must first assign which values are u and v. Using the ILATE Rule, we
can determine that lnx should be assigned as u.

� 𝑢𝑢 × 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � ln 𝑥𝑥 . 2𝑥𝑥𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Corresponds to dvdx and

Corresponds
therefore v is the integral of 2x
to u
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• Here:
𝑢𝑢 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
1 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑥𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑢𝑢 1
=
𝑑𝑑𝑢𝑢 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣
= 2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
𝑑𝑑𝑢𝑢 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑥𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 2
𝑣𝑣 = � 2𝑥𝑥
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑥𝑥
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑥𝑥 2
• Solution

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� ln 𝑥𝑥 . 2𝑥𝑥𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln 𝑥𝑥 × 𝑥𝑥 − � 𝑥𝑥 × 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥

� ln 𝑥𝑥 . 2𝑥𝑥𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 2 ln 𝑥𝑥 − � 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
𝑥𝑥
� ln 𝑥𝑥 . 2𝑥𝑥𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 2 ln 𝑥𝑥 − + 𝐶𝐶
2 16
The End

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