Ultra cell structure

As Biology ( 9700)
June 2025
28/ 10/ 2024
Part 1
Ultra cell structure
LM and EM

Classwork
1. Label different parts of microscope
2. Define magnification
3. Define resolution
4. Explain why some organelles cant be seen by light microscope
5. Why the cell organelle can be seen by electron microscope
6. State the advantages of LM
7. State the disadvantages of EM
8. State the advanatges of EM over LM
9. Compare between image seen by TEM and SEM
10. How to measure the specimen
11. Compare between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
12. Label the ultra cell structure
 Light microscope

Eye piece
With Eye piece graticule

Stage micrometer

Objective lens

Stage

Large knob is the coarse focus

Small knob is the fine focus
 Magnification The number of times the image is larger than the actual size -

Image length '

Magnification
Actual length

Units
1 cm = 10 mm
1 mm = 1000 um
1 um = 1000 nm

• ability to distinguish between two points as separate Resolution of LM = 200nm

Resolution
• The higher the resolution the more details you can see Resolution of EM= 0.5 nm

• how to measure the resolution

Fe
• 1/2 shortest wave length of radiation / beam being used to view specimen
 Light microscope Electron microscope

1. Shortest wave length = 400 nm 1. Shortest wave length is almost 1 nm

2. 1/ 2 shortest wave length = 200 nm 2. 1/2 shortest wave length = 0.5 nm
3. Resolution = 200 nm 3. Resolution is 0.5 nm
4. If the distance between two points is 4. If the distance between the two points is
less than 200nm, so they cant be les than 0.5 nm , so they can’t be
distinguished as separate . distinguished as separate

Explain why some organelles cant be seen by light Why the cell organelle can be seen by electron
microscope microscope :

1. The organelle might be too small to interfere with 1. EM can provide a more detailed image with high
light resolution.
2. LM has lower resolution , uses light beam , where 2. Use electron beam
shortest wave length is 400 nm , so resolution is 3. Resolution is 0.5 nm vs LM which has
half the wave length = 200 nm resolution of 200nm
3. So if the distance between the two points is less 4. So better able to distinguish between 2 points
than 200nm, the ability to distinguish between the as separate .
two points as separate is not high enough . 5. So we can see more details
 Light microscope Electron microscope

Use light beams with shortest wave length 400 nm

Use electron beams which has extremely short wave length

Lower resolution of 200 nm Higher resolution of 0.5 nm

Magnification of 1500 times Higher magnification up to 500, 000x

Eye piece x objective lens

Advantages Disadvantages of EM :
1. not Portable
1. Portable
2. kill living cells as it uses vacuum ( to avoid scattering of electrons )
2. Can observe living cells
3. need technical training
3. We can add water to slide to allow cell to move 4. Provide a black and white image
4. Doesnt need technical training 5. Need heavy metals

5. Provide image with real color

Advantages …why use EM over LM ?
6. use stains
Gives more detailed image with higher resolution
Use electron beams
Resolution is 0.5 nm vs LM has 200 nm resolution
So better able to distinguish between two points as separate
So we can see more details
 Electron microscope

Scanning electron micrograph Transmission electron micrograph

Provide a 3D image 2D image similar to those from LM

But magnified 500,000 times more
showing more details
Measurements

20 units x 2.5 = 50 um

40 units …..0.1 mm………100 um

1 unit ………..0.0025 mm…….2.5 um
Stage micrometer …graduated / calibrated ……mm …ruler
Eye piece graticule ….not calibrated ..use stage micrometer to calibrate eye piece

How many units from eye piece graticule equivalent to 0.1 mm

40 units …….o.1mm ( 100 um ) …..1 unit = 2.5 um

50 units …….o.1 mm ( 100 um ) …1 unit = 2 um

Specimen …5 units ….5 x 2.5 = …..um

,:
⑮
sto
 Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Size 0.5 to 5 um 40 um ( 10 -100 um )

Circular / loop of DNA not enclosed inside a nucleus Linear DNA is found as chromosome and enclosed inside a
nucleus

Naked DNA with no histone proteins DNA associated with histone proteins
E
Histone

Animals…no cell wall

Cell wall made from peptidoglycan ( murein )
Plants ….cellulose cell wall
Fungi ….cell wall made from chitin

70 s ribosomes ( smaller ribosomes ) 80S ribosomes ( larger ribosomes )

Plasmids , pili, mesosomes

No membrane bound organelles

Double ……….single ……..non membrane bound organelle
1. No nucleus
1. Golgi body
1. Nucleus 1. Ribosomes
2. No mitochondrion 2. Vesicles
2. Mitochondrion
2. Nucleolus
3. no vesicles 3. Chloroplast 3. SER
4. RER 3. Centrioles
4. No Golgi body
5. Vacuole
5. No endoplasmic reticulum
Double membrane bound orgaenlle Microvilli

my
Single membrane bound organelle
Vesicles
No membrane

Cytoplasm

or or = Cell surface
membrane

Smooth endoplasmic
Golgi body
reticulum duur
So /

So
E
S

:
I

S Golgi vesicles

Rough
- Y
↑ S

...
S

endoplasmic

or
&

reticulum
&
-
&

Ribosome
:
2

Nucleus with a nuclear Mitochondrion

envelop
Nucleolus Centrioles Nuclear pores
 ~ elem
&
Mesosome
Zu
For conjugation

· lasmid
Prokaryotes
1. Circular DNA
2.No histone
3.No nucleus
4. No mitochondria / no ER / no vesicle / No Golgi body
5.Cell wall made from. Murein ( peptidoglycan )
6.70 S ribosomes
7. Plasmids , pili , mesosome
30/10/2024
Part 2

Classwork :
1. Describe structure of golgi body and its function
2. Describe structure of ribosmes and its function
3. Describe structure of R endoplasmic reticulum / SER and its function
4. Describe structure of lysosomes and its function
5. Describe structure of mitochondrion and its function
 Ultra cell structure ( cell organelles )

1. Endoplasmic reticulum Single membrane bound organelle

Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth ER

Transport vesicles
Structure :

Dif
Tubular sacs called Cisternae , and not associated with
Ribosomes
ribosomes
Cisternal space Function:
Cisternae Synthesis of lipids and steroids such as reproductive hormones
( testosterone , oestrogen )

Structure
Flattened sacs called cisternae, attached to outer membrane of nuclear envelope
Covered with 80S ribosomes

Function :

1. Protein synthesis takes place in the ribosomes which are attached to ER

2. Where ribosomes are site of translation( mRNA attach to ribosome and code for specific sequence of amino
acids )
3. modificationof protein such as glycosylation ( adding of a carbohydrtae part to protein)
4. protein is packed into a transport vesicle to be transported to Golgi body .
2. Ribosomes

Structure
• non membrane bound organelle '
• Made from 2 subunits ( large and small subunits )
• Each subunit is made from rRNA and proteins
• and made in nucleolus
• 2 types
A) 70S in prokaryotes , mitochondrion and chloroplast
B) 80S in eukaryotes ( RER and cytoplasm )

Function :

Site of protein synthesis and translation

A) ribosomes found attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum ..for protein
synthesis and transported to Golgi body through transport vesicle .

B) found in cytoplasm …make proteins inside the cell

3. Golgi body Exocytosis

D
Secretory vesicles

h
Golgi vesicles

Lysosmes
Transport vesicles Golgi vesicles

Structure

1. Single membrane bound organelle

2. Flattened sacs with NO connection between membrane
3. Vesicles at the end of the sacs

Function

1. Modification of protein …such as glycosylation ( by addition of a carbohydrate part ) or folding into a 3D shape , or by
adding a non protein part such as haem group to form haemoglobin
2. Packaging and transporting the synthesised modified protein into Golgi vesicle either remain inside the cell ( lysosomes ) or
transport the protein outside the cells .
3. 3. Produce lysosomes
4. + with lipid + allow modification of lipids into glycolipids , then packaging , then transporting into Golgi vesicles
How proteins in the ribosome reach the cell surface membrane :

1. Protein synthesis takes place in the ribosome which are attached to RER
2. Protein enter the cisternal space of RER ..for modification
3. Packed inside a transport vesicle , which bud off the RER
4. Vesicle move and fuse with Cis face of Golgi body
5. Inside the Golgi body another modification such as glycosylation ( adding a carbohydrtae part to protein )
or folding into a 3D shape .
6. Packaging of madified protein into Golgi vesicle ..bud off the trans face
7. Move towards the cell surface membrane ( move by cytoskeleton) , fuse with cell surface membrane
And empty its content by exocytosis using energy from ATP
8. Or vesicle move to be used inside the cell such as lysosomes .
4. Lysosomes Single membrane bound organelle

Found nearly in all animal cells

0.1 -0.5 um
Spherical in shape
It contains hydrolytic enzymes

How lysosomes are formed ? 01093850599

971505686781…roaa
1. Enzymes are synthesised in ribosomes on RER
2. And then transported to Golgi body ( in a transport vesicle )
3. Protein modification in Golgi body
4. Golgi vesicle containing processed enzymes bud off and now stay inside the cell and called lysosomes

Function of lysosomes

Contain hydrolytic enzymes ( such as protease / lipase )

1. release the enzymes outside of the cell such as acrosome
2.Digestion to worn out cell organelles …autophagy
3.Break down material from outside the cell ..phagocytosis
4. complete break down to dead cells ( cells that have died ) …autolysis
Read
5. Mitochondria
Loop of DNA

u
• 1 um in diameter ...
Inner
• Double membrane bound organelle 70S ribosomes
&
-

membrane
-

• rod shaped / sausage shaped

&

Folded
↑

&
-

• Inner folded membrane ( CRISTAE)

&

forming
&

Y ↑

ATP synthase cristae

↑
&
T

Outer membrane
-

A) folded membrane to increase the surface area to carry

more of ATP synthase ..for aerobic respiration to produce ·
Matrix
ATP
Inter membrane space
B) more selective barrier …selective barrier ..control
precisely which ions and molecules enter the matrix .

• outer membrane ..more permeable

• Matrix ..interior solution with 70 S ribosomes and loop
of DNA …allow mitochondria to replicate on its own
( self replicate ) and synthesis of proteins like some
respiratory enzymes ( ATP synthase )
Function :
1. Aerobic respiration to produce ATP
2. Involved in lipid synthesis
 EM

Nuclear envelope
RER
-

Mitochondrion
--
u
~
Nucleus
- Vesicle Mitochondrion
Nucleolus -
-
-
ER
-

Golgi body
Nucleus
Vesicles