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33 views5 pages

Ied Exp 07

Uploaded by

tanzeer evan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Experiment 7 Student’s Manual

American International University- Bangladesh


Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 4214: Industrial Electronics Laboratory

Title: Study of Switching Mode Regulators (Buck Regulator)

Abstract:
In this lab, students will learn designing, implementation, and demonstration of the regulated
dc-dc buck converter under variable load condition.

Introduction:
Electrical and electronic devices and systems require various supply voltage for their
functional power. If the power is supplied from the mains network, adaptation of the voltage
amplitude and electrical isolation are usually required. These functions are performed by
power supplies, which are available in several topologies. Most of the linear power supplies
consist of a transformer, rectifier, a charging capacitor and a linear regulator. A stable
current/voltage supply is achieved by the means of stabilization units. The conventional
stabilizer circuits consisting of linear regulators usually cause significant power loss. On the
other hand, the use of a proper switching circuitry instead of the linear regulator will be a
much better solution in consideration to power loss. The buck converter is a specific type of
dc-dc power electronic converter whose goal is to efficiently step down DC voltage to a
lower level with minimal ripple. This dc-dc converters use a pair of switches, usually one
controlled (eg. MOSFET) and one uncontrolled (i.e. diode) are used to achieve power
flow from input to output. The converters also use one capacitor and one inductor to
store and transfer energy from input to output. They also filter or smooth voltage and
current. The dc- dc converters can have two distinct modes of operation: Continuous
conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). In practice, a
converter may operate in both modes, which have significantly different characteristics.
Therefore, a converter and its control should be designed based on both modes of operation.
However, for this lab we only consider the dc-dc converters operated in CCM.

Theory:
Principle of Step-Down Converter (Buck Converter):

The principle of operation can be simply explained by Figure 1. A power semiconductor-


switching device such as a MOSFET, an IGBT, or a BJT can implement the chopper switch.
L
S
+ -
+ + R
V
C

- -

Fig.1: Circuit diagram of a resistively loaded buck converter

When switch is in position 1 for a time DTs, the input voltage appears across the load. If the
switch is moved in to position 2 for a time (1-D)Ts, the voltage across the load will be zero.
The output voltage waveform Vs (t) for a resistively loaded DC chopper is shown in Figure 2.
© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 1
Fig. 2: Output voltage waveform

Fig. 3: Output current and voltage waveform


The average output voltage can be found by
1 𝑇𝑆 𝑡𝑂𝑁
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = � 𝑉𝑆 (𝑡) . 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉 = 𝐷𝑉𝑔
𝑇𝑆 0 𝑇 𝑔
Where, 𝑑= duty cycle. The average load current can be found as,
𝑉𝑜,𝑎𝑣𝑔
𝐼𝑜,𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝑅
The duty cycle D can be varied from 0 to 1 allowing us to change output voltage V from 0 to Vg .
By controlling D, the power delivered to load can be controlled.

The switching frequency fs (or chopping period, Ts ) is kept constant and on time DTs is varied in
which the width of the pulse is varied and this type of control is known as pulse - width -
modulation (PWM) control. We can notice from Figure 3 that the output of the DC chopper with
resistive load is discontinuous and contains harmonics. The ripple content is normally reduced by
an LC filter and power semiconductor switch implementation is illustrated in Figure 4.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 2


Fig. 4: Buck converter employing power semiconductor switches

PWM voltage control:


DC choppers can be used as switching – mode regulators to convert a DC voltage to a variable
DC voltage, normally unregulated to a regulated DC output voltage.

Fig. 5: Main blocks of regulated buck converter

The regulation is normally achieved by pulse – width – modulation at a fixed frequency. The
basic elements of the switched–mode regulators are control blocks in a typical closed-loop system
to regulate the output voltage as shown in figure 5.

Fig 6: Regulated Buck Converter

Pre-lab Homework: Students should follow the theory class and lab manual before coming to
lab.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 3


Apparatus:
1. Inductor box (10mH)
2. LM741 (2)
3. Resistor (1k, 5.6k)
4. Capacitor (1000uF,0.1uF, 0.01uF)
5. Signal generator
6. Light (12 V) (2)

Precaution:

1. Oscilloscopes should be properly calibrated using the information provided at the


calibration port before obtaining the wave shapes using the experimental set up.
2. Do not short any connections. Short connection can produce heat (due to high current
flow), which is harmful for the components.
3. Have your instructor checked all your connections after you are done setting up the circuit
and make sure that you apply only enough voltage to turn on the chip, otherwise it may get
damaged.

Experimental Procedure:
A regulated buck converter is shown below. In this circuit PI controller is used to compensate the
change in the output voltage. Connect the elements as shown in the figure 6. Then find the
following
1. Observe the waveforms at V1, V2, V3 and V4.
2. From the oscilloscope notice the variation of the duty ratio with the variation of the DC
control voltage.
3. Plot the waveforms at V1, V2, V3 and V4.

Results:
1. Measure the output voltages across the load and determine duty ratio and control voltage in
each case.
2. Show the graphical representation of the output voltage (i.e. voltage across the load) vs.
control voltage and comment on the graph.

Data Table 1:

Vref (V) Duty Cycle T ton Measured Calculated


K(%) (ms) (ms) VDC (V) VDC (V)

Questions for report writing:


1. What is role of ratio on the output voltage here?
2. Why do you require free wheel diode in the connection?
3. Establish the relationship between duty ratio and output voltage.
4. How does the duty ratio vary from desired output, when load is increased?
5. What is PWM? How is it implemented in this experiment?
6. Vary the frequency and observe the output voltage waveform and comment on the
frequency dependence of the output.
7. What is function of the PI controller in this experiment?
© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 4
Discussion:
Determine whether or not the theorem was verified. Discuss about the reasons behind the
achieved results and practical applications of the theorem based on the experiment.

Conclusion:
Summarize the experiment here and discuss whether the objectives were fulfilled or not within a
short paragraph.

References:

Muhammad H. Rashid, “Power Electronics Circuits, Devices, and Applications”, 3rd Edition.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 5

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