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Logic

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10 views

Logic

Uploaded by

shehroozhayat307
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Logic And Critical Thinking

Logic:
Logic is the study of the methods and principles used to distinguish correct from incorrect
reasoning.
OR
It is the science of valid Thoughts
 In logic there is always a product of reasoning
 Logic is universal, it is not subjective to an individual
 Logic is rational and therefore it is calculated while emotions are subjective

Scope
When we reason about any matter, we produce arguments to support our conclusions. Our
arguments include reasons that we think justify our beliefs. However, not all reasons are good
reasons. Therefore we may always ask, when we confront an argument: Does the conclusion
reached follow from the premises assumed? To answer this question there are objective
criteria; in the study of logic we seek to discover and apply those criteria.
Using the methods and techniques of logic—one can distinguish reliably between sound and
faulty reasoning.

Usage of logic
1. Sharpens the intellect
Critical thinking is the product of learning logical methods
2. Social utility
One cannot separate logic from society, it’s a social utility.
Example Jurisprudence “Analytical observations of the Religion”
3. Other Sciences
Other sciences informs us by giving the knowledge while Logic Structures the knowledge
by organizing it orderly.
4. Justification
The scope of logic is to justify something not convince.
Propositions and Arguments
In reasoning we construct and evaluate arguments; arguments are built with propositions

Propositions are the building blocks of our reasoning. A proposition asserts that something is the case or
it asserts that something is not. We may affirm a proposition, or deny it—but every proposition either
asserts what really is the case, or it asserts something that is not. Therefore every proposition is either
true or false.

Moral Soundness

It is subjective(from individual to indvividual) because it accepts emotions

It is bad to hurt someone fro personal gain

Logical Soundness

Based on truth and validity

It is objective(universally correct) as it deny emotion

Imp for MCQ

1. There are many propositions about whose truth we are uncertain.


Example;
“There is life on some other planet in our galaxy,” is a proposition that, so far as we now know,
may be true or may be false. Its “truth value” is unknown, but this proposition, like every
proposition, must be either true or false.
2. A question asserts nothing, and therefore it is not a proposition.
Example
“Do you know how to play chess?” is indeed a sentence, but that sentence makes no claim
about the world.
3. Sentences are always parts of some language, but propositions are not tied to any given
language
4. The term statement is not an exact synonym of proposition, but it is often used in logic in
much the same sense. Some logicians prefer statement to proposition, although the latter has
been more commonly used in the history of logic. Other logicians eschew both terms as
metaphysical, using only the term sentence.
5. For example, the sentence, “The largest state in the United States was once an independent
republic,” once expressed a true statement or proposition (about Texas), but if asserted today
would express a false statement or proposition (about Alaska). The same words assert
different propositions at different times
6. A compound proposition can be plainly true but one of its components might be false
Example:
Abraham Lincoln said, “Circuit courts are useful, or they are not useful.”
This is a disjunctive proposition which is plainly true, but its components can be false
Types of propositions
Simple
Compound
 Conjunctive
 Disjunctive
 Hypothetical

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