1 2 Layered Tasks We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an example, let us consider two friends who communicate through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a friend would be complex if there were no services available from the post office.
3 The OSI Model • Developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) • ISO- is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international standards. • An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model • Has seven layers • Lower layers are concerned with greater levels of details • Each layer provides services to the next higher layer
Note ISO is the organization. OSI is the model.
Seven layers of the OSI model 4
The interaction between layers in the OSI model
5 An exchange using the OSI model
6 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL • Brief description of the functions of each layer in the OSI model.
Physical layer
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next. 7 Physical layer…cont’d The physical layer is also concerned with the following:
• Physical characteristics of interfaces between the devices and the
transmission medium • It also defines the type of transmission medium. • Data rate - defines the transmission rate-the number of bits sent each second • Synchronization of bits. • Line configuration-concerned with the connection of devices to the media. • In a point-to-point configuration, two devices are connected through a dedicated link. • In a multipoint configuration, a link is shared among several devices. • Physical topology-devices can be connected by using a mesh, star, ring, bus, or hybrid. • Transmission mode-defines the direction of transmission between two devices: simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex. 8 Data link layer
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next. 9 Data Link layer…cont’d Other responsibilities of the data link layer include the following:
• Framing-divides the stream of bits received from the network layer into frames. • Physical addressing-appends a header to the frame coming from network layer. • Flow control-ensures that source sends the data at a speed at which destination can receive it • If there is an overflow at the receiver-side the data will be lost • Error control-is process of identification or correction of error occurred in the transmitted data Uses mechanisms to: • Detect damaged-frames • Retransmit lost frames • Recognize duplicate frames Normally, error control information is present in the trailer of the frame. • Access control- determines which device has the right to send the data in a multipoint connection 10 Hop-to-hop delivery
11 Network layer
• The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual
packets from the source host to the destination host. • Logical Addressing • Routing 12 Source-to-destination delivery
13 Transport layer
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another. 14 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message
15 Transport layer…cont’d
• Service-point addressing- appends header with the port address of
the sender and receiver. • Network layer- gets each packet to the correct computer • Transport layer- gets the entire message to the correct process on that computer • Segmentation and reassembly- A message is divided into segments • Each segment contains a sequence-number • At receiver, the sequence-numbers are used to • rearrange the segments in proper order • identify lost/duplicate segments • Connection control • Flow control-flow control at this layer is performed end to end rather than across a single link. • Error control-error control at this layer is performed process-to- process rather than across a single link. • Error correction is usually achieved through retransmission. 16 Session layer
Responsible for • Dialog control- allows 2 systems to start communication with each other in half-duplex or Full-duplex. • Synchronization- allows a process to add checkpoints into stream of data. • The checkpoint is a way of informing the status of the data transfer 17 Presentation layer
The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression,
and encryption. 18 Application layer
The application layer is responsible for
providing services to the user. 19 Summary of layers
20 Protocol Data Unit (PDU) the combination of data and control information is a protocol data unit (PDU) typically control information is contained in a PDU header, some data link layer PDUs include a trailer as well. In this case, the PDU is referred to as a transport PDU. Transport PDUs are typically called segments The header in each segment contains control information to be used by the peer transport protocol at computer B headers may include: source port, destination port, sequence number, and error-detection code
21 TCP/IP Protocol Suite
The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-network, internet, transport, and application. However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical, data link, network, transport, and application.
22 OSI Layers OSI v TCP/IP
23 TCP/IP Layers and Protocols
24 Physical Layer covers the physical interface between computer and network concerned with issues like: characteristics of transmission medium nature of the signals data rates
Network Access Layer
covers the exchange of data between an end system and the network that it is attached to concerned with issues like : destination address provision invoking specific services like priority access to & routing data across a network for two end systems attached to the same network 25 Internet Layer
implements procedures needed to allow data to travel across multiple interconnected networks
uses the Internet Protocol (IP)
to provide routing function
IP is implemented in end systems and routers
A router is a processor that connects two networks and whose primary function is to relay data from one network to the other on its route from the source to the 26 destination end system. IPv4(IP) Minimum of 20 octets, 164bits The header , together with the segment from the transport layer, forms IP datagram or an IP packet. The header includes 32-bit source and destination addresses. The Header Checksum field is used to detect errors in the header to avoid mis-delivery. The Protocol field indicates which higher-layer protocol is using IP. The ID, Flags, and Fragment Offset fields are used in the fragmentation and reassembly process.
27 IPv6 Provides enhancements over existing IP Designed to accommodate higher speeds and the mix of graphic and video data Driving force was the need for more addresses due to growth of the Internet IPv6 includes 128-bit source and destination address fields
28 Host-to-Host (Transport) Layer
• concerned with • most commonly
providing reliable • common layer shared used protocol is delivery of data by all the Transmission applications(i.e. the mechanisms for Control Protocol providing reliability (TCP) are essentially independent of the nature of the applications)
29 Operation of TCP/IP
30 Operation of TCP/IP
TCP header includes:
Destination Port, Sequence No, Checksum
IP header includes: Destination subnetwork address, priority
31 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) TCP is the transport layer protocol for most applications TCP provides a reliable connection for transfer of data between applications A TCP segment is the basic protocol unit TCP tracks segments between entities for duration of each connection
32 User Datagram Protocol(UDP) alternative to TCP does not guarantee delivery, preservation of sequence, or protection against duplication adds port addressing capability to IP used with Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
33 Application Layer
separate module , contains the logic dedicated to that needed to support application, is needed user applications for each type of application
34 ADDRESSING Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.
Addresses in TCP/IP
2.35 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP
2.36 Physical addresses Example In Figure a node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is the receiver.
Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address
written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon, as shown below:
E.g. 07:01:02:01:2C:4B - A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
37 IP addresses Example Figure shows a part of an internet with two routers connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for each connection. In this case, each computer is connected to only one link and therefore has only one pair of addresses. Each router, however, is connected to three networks (only two are shown in the figure). So each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each connection. 38 Example The sending computer is running three processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The receiving computer is running two processes at this time with port addresses j and k. Process a in the sending computer needs to communicate with process j in the receiving computer.
A port address is a 16-bit address represented by one decimal number.
Example: 753- A 16-bit port address represented as one single number.
