Design of Flexural Members

Example 1:
Use A572 Gr. 60 steel and LRFD specifications to select the lightest
W-shape for the simply supported beam, shown below, considering
all limit states of beams’ strength. The beam is continuously
supported in the lateral direction and subjected to the service loads
given in the accompanying figure. The dead load does not include the
self-weight of the beam. The allowable deflection is 2 inch ≈ 5cm.
Solution
Step 1. Calculate the factored design loads (without beam’s self-weight).
 𝑃𝑢 = 1.6 ∗ 45 = 72𝑘𝑁
 𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 ∗ 10 + 1.6 ∗ 11 = 29.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Step 2. Calculate the 𝑉𝑢 (𝑚𝑎𝑥) , 𝑀𝑢 (𝑚𝑎𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛 (excluding beam’s self-
weight).
𝑃𝑢 𝑤𝑢 ∗𝐿 72 29.6∗9
𝑉𝑢 (𝑚𝑎𝑥) = + = + = 169.2𝑘𝑁
2 2 2 2
𝑃𝑢 ∗𝐿 𝑤𝑢 ∗𝐿2 72∗9 29.6∗92

𝑀𝑢 (𝑚𝑎𝑥) = + = + = 461.7 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
4 8 4 8
5 ∗ 𝑤 ∗ 𝑙4 𝑃 ∗ 𝐿3
+ = ∆𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 →→
384 ∗ 𝐸 ∗ 𝐼𝑥 48 ∗ 𝐸 ∗ 𝐼𝑥
5 ∗ 21 ∗ (9000)4 45 ∗ 103 ∗ (9000)3
→ + = 50
384 ∗ 200000 ∗ 𝐼𝑥 48 ∗ 200000 ∗ 𝐼𝑥
𝐼𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2.5 ∗ 108 𝑚𝑚4 = 595 in^4

Step 3. Select the lightest section from Table 3-2 (𝑍𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) and check
(𝐼𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ).
𝑀𝑢 461.7 ∗ 106
𝑍𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 1.24 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚 = 75.5 𝑖𝑛3 →→
𝛷 𝐹𝑦 0.9 ∗ 414
→ 𝑇𝑟𝑦 𝑊18 × 40 (𝑍𝑥 = 78.4 𝑖𝑛3 )
𝐼𝑥 𝑊18×40 = 595 𝑖𝑛4 < 𝐼𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 612 𝑖𝑛4 →→ 𝑂𝐾
Step 4. Recalculate the factored design loads including self-weight of

the beam (𝑊18 × 40).
60
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 ∗ 10 + + 1.6 ∗ 11 = 30𝑘𝑁/𝑚
100
𝑃𝑢 𝑤𝑢 ∗𝐿 72 30∗9
𝑉𝑢 (𝑚𝑎𝑥) = + = + = 171𝑘𝑁
2 2 2 2
𝑃𝑢 ∗𝐿 𝑤𝑢 ∗𝐿2 72∗9 30∗92

𝑀𝑢 (𝑚𝑎𝑥) = + = + = 466𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
4 8 4 8
Mu 466∗106
Zx min = = = 1.25 ∗ 106 mm3 = 76 in3 ok
Φ Fy 0.9∗414
5 ∗ 𝑤 ∗ 𝑙4 𝑃 ∗ 𝐿3
+ = ∆𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 →→
384 ∗ 𝐸 ∗ 𝐼𝑥 48 ∗ 𝐸 ∗ 𝐼𝑥
5 ∗ 21.6 ∗ (9000)4 45 ∗ 103 ∗ (9000)3
→ + = 50
384 ∗ 200000 ∗ 𝐼𝑥 48 ∗ 200000 ∗ 𝐼𝑥
𝐼𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2.53 ∗ 108 𝑚𝑚4 = 608 in^4 <612 in^4 ok
• Step 5. Check deflection under service loads including self-

weight of the beam (𝑊18 × 40).
5∗𝑤∗𝑙 4 𝑃∗𝐿3 5∗21.6∗(9000)4 45∗103 ∗(9000)3

+ = ∆𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 →→→ +
384∗𝐸∗𝐼𝑥 48∗𝐸∗𝐼𝑥 384∗200000∗2.55∗108 48∗200000∗2.55∗108
=49.6 mm ok
Step 6. Check moment capacity of 𝑊18 × 40considering FLB and WLB.
FLB
𝑏𝑓 200000
𝜆= = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟑 < 𝜆𝑝 = 0.38 = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟓
2 𝑡𝑓 414
Flange is compact and FLB does not apply.
WLB
𝑕 200000
𝜆= = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟗 < 𝜆𝑝 = 3.76 = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟔𝟔
𝑡𝑤 414
Web is compact and WLB does not apply.
LTB does not apply because the beam is laterally supported
Finally, the moment capacity is given by
𝛷𝑀𝑛 = 𝛷 𝑍𝑥 𝐹𝑦 = 0.9 ∗ 1.25 ∗ 106 ∗ 414 = 466𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 > 𝑶𝑲
Step 7. Check shear capacity of 𝑊18 × 40.

𝑉𝑛 = 0.6 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑤 𝐶𝑣
𝑕 200000
= 53.6 > 2.24 = 49.25 →→→ 𝛷 = 0.9
𝑡𝑤 414
𝑕
= 53.6 < 260 →→→ 𝑘𝑣 = 5
𝑡𝑤
𝑕 𝑘𝑣 𝐸 5 ∗ 200000
= 53.6 < 1.10 = 1.10 = 54.08 →→→ 𝐶𝑣 = 1.0
𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦 414
𝐴𝑤 = 𝑑 ∗ 𝑡𝑤 = 455 ∗ 8 = 3640 𝑚𝑚2
𝛷𝑉𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 0.6 ∗ 414 ∗ 3640 ∗ 1.0 = 814 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉𝑢 (𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 171 𝑘𝑁 →
→ 𝑂𝐾
The interior forces: Only one force acting on the beam (𝑃𝑢 = 72𝑘𝑁)
Web Local yielding
𝛷𝑅𝑛 = 𝛷𝐹𝑦 𝑡𝑤 (5𝑘 + 𝑙𝑏 )

72000 = 1.0 ∗ 414 ∗ 8 ∗ 5 ∗ 23.5 + 𝑙𝑏 →→→ 𝑙𝑏 = −96 (𝑁𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑)
Web Local Crippling
1.5
2
𝑙𝑏 𝑡𝑤 𝐸 𝑓𝑦𝑤 𝑡𝑓
𝛷𝑅𝑛 = 0.75 × 0.8 × 𝑡𝑤 × 1 + 3 ×
𝑑 𝑡𝑓 𝑡𝑤
1.5
2
𝑙𝑏 8
72000 = 0.75 × 0.8 × 8 × 1 + 3
455 13.3
200000 × 414 × 13.3

×
8
→→→ 𝑙𝑏 = −273 (𝑁𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑)

The exterior forces/reactions: Two-equal reactions acting on the beam
(𝑃𝑢 = 36𝑘𝑁)
Web Local yielding
𝛷𝑅𝑛 = 𝛷𝐹𝑦 𝑡𝑤 (2.5𝑘 + 𝑙𝑏 )
36000 = 1.0 ∗ 414 ∗ 8 ∗ 2.5 ∗ 23.5 + 𝑙𝑏 →→→ 𝑙𝑏 = −47 (𝑁𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑)
Web Local Crippling
𝑙𝑏
≤ 0.2
𝑑
1.5 𝐸 𝑓𝑦𝑤 𝑡
𝑙 𝑏 𝑡 𝑤 𝑓
𝛷𝑅𝑛 = 0.75 × 0.4 × 𝑡2𝑤 × 1 + 3 ×
𝑑 𝑡𝑓 𝑡𝑤
1.5
2
𝑙𝑏 8
36000 = 0.75 × 0.4 × 8 × 1 + 3
455 13.3
200000 × 414 × 13.3

×
8
→→→ 𝑙𝑏 = −273(𝑁𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑)
𝑙𝑏
= 0 ≤ 0.2 →→→ 𝑂𝐾
𝑑
Example 2: (Considering only bending limit states: Y, FLB,
WLB and LTB)
Use A572 Gr. 50 steel and LRFD specifications to select the
lightest W-shape for the simply supported beam, shown below,
considering only flexural limit states. The beam is laterally
supported at points A, B, C and D and subjected to the factored
loads given in the accompanying figure. Neglect the self-weight
of the beam.
𝑪𝒃 =
𝑴𝟏 Lb/Cb Lb/Cb
Mmax Mmax Lb 𝟐
Segment 𝑴𝟏 𝑴𝟏
(kN.m) (kips.ft) (m.) 𝑴𝟐 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓 + 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟑
𝑴𝟐 𝑴𝟐 m ft
AB 288.8 211 3 0 1.75 1.71 5.91
𝟐𝟖𝟖. 𝟖
BC −
301.8 220 1.8(6 ft) 𝟑𝟎𝟏. 𝟖 1.02 1.76 5.8
(Critical)
= −𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟔
CD 301.8 220 2.4 0 1.75 1.4 4.7

Step 3. Enter Table 3-10 to select the lightest w-shape
[Conditions for Table 3-10: Fy=50 ksi and Cb=1.0]
Unbraced length (Lb/Cb )=6 ft
𝛷𝑀𝑛 = 231 k. ft Select the first solid line Try W18×35
Step 4. Flange local buckling (FLB)
𝑏𝑓 200000
𝜆= = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟔 < 𝜆𝑝 = 0.38 = 𝟗. 𝟏𝟓
2 𝑡𝑓 345
Flange is compact, and hence FLB does not apply
Step 5. Web local buckling (WLB)

𝑕 200000
𝜆= = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟓 < 𝜆𝑝 = 3.76 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟓𝟓
𝑡𝑤 345
Web is compact, and hence WLB does not apply.
Step 6. Lateral-torsional buckling (LTB)
Because Fy is 50 ksi, the values of Lp and Lr can be taken directly from AISC
manual
Lp = 4.31 ft. and Lr = 12.3 ft. Zx=66.5 in^3
𝐿𝑝 = 4.31 ′ < 𝐿𝑏 = 6 ′ < 𝐿𝑟 = 12.3 ′ → LTB takes place in

the inelastic range
𝐿𝑏 −𝐿𝑝
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏 𝑀𝑝 − 𝑀𝑝 − 0.7 ∗ 𝐹𝑦 ∗ 𝑆𝑥 ≤ 𝑀𝑝
𝐿𝑟 −𝐿𝑝
𝑀𝑝 = 1090 ∗ 1000 ∗ 345 = 376 kN.m= 277 K.ft
𝑀𝑛 = 1.02 1090 ∗ 1000 ∗ 345

6 − 4.31
− 1090 ∗ 1000 ∗ 345 − 0.7 ∗ 345 ∗ 944 ∗ 1000
12.3 − 4.31
= 351𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 < 𝑀𝑝
𝛷𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 351 = 316 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 > 𝑀𝑢 = 301.8 kN. m →→→ OK
→ Use W18 × 35
𝛷𝑀𝑛
Segmen Mmax Mmax Lb Lb 𝐶𝑏 𝐶𝑏 ∗ 𝛷𝑀𝑛 ≤ 𝛷𝑀𝑝 = 𝟐𝟒𝟗 𝑘. 𝑓
t kN.m (kips.ft) (ft.) (m.) (𝐶𝑏 = 1.0)
180.5*1.75=316;
AB 288.8 211 10 3 180.5 1.75 𝛷𝑀 = 249𝑘. 𝑓
BC 1.02*228.5=233.1;
301.8 220 6 1.8 228.5 1.02 𝛷𝑀 = 233.1 𝑘. 𝑓
(Critical)
204.5*1.75=357;
CD 301.8 220 8 2.4 204.5 1.75 𝛷𝑀 = 249 𝑘. 𝑓
Example 3: (Considering only bending limit states: Y, FLB, WLB and LTB)
Use A572 Gr. 60 steel and LRFD specifications to select the lightest W-shape
for the simply supported beam, shown below, considering only flexural limit
states. The beam is laterally supported at points A, B, C and D and subjected to
the uniformly-distributed load (wu), as shown in the accompanying figure.
Include the effect beams self-weight.
Step 1. Estimate beams self-weigh and calculate ultimate load.
Assume self-weight of beam =100 lbs. /ft. = 0.1 kips/ft.
wu = 1.2 x 0.1+8 =8+ 0.12=8.12 kips/ft.

Yielding (Y): Plastic moment
144 ∗ 60
𝑀𝑝 = 𝑧𝑥 𝐹𝑦 = = 720 𝑘𝑖𝑝. 𝑓𝑡
12
Flange local buckling (FLB)
𝑏𝑓 29000
𝜆= = 𝟔. 𝟕 < 𝜆𝑝 = 0.38 = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟓
2 𝑡𝑓 60
Flange is compact, and hence FLB does not apply.

Web local buckling (WLB)
ℎ 29000
𝜆 = 𝑡 = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟗 < 𝜆𝑝 = 3.76 = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟔𝟔
𝑤 60
Web is compact, and hence WLB does not apply.

Lateral-torsional buckling (LTB)
𝐸 29000
𝐿𝑝 = 1.76𝑟𝑦 = 1.76 ∗ 1.77 ∗ = 68.5 " = 5.7 ′
𝐹𝑦 60
The unbraced length (Lb) = 10 ft. is greater than the limit (Lp), then LTB
will reduces the moment capacity of the section.
𝐸 𝐽∗𝑐 𝐽∗𝑐 2 0.7𝐹𝑦 2

𝐿𝑟 = 1.95𝑟𝑡𝑠 + + 6.76
0.7𝐹𝑦 𝑆 𝑥 ℎ𝑜 𝑆 𝑥 ℎ𝑜 𝐸
2 2
29000 1.83 ∗ 1 1.83 ∗ 1 0.7 ∗ 60
𝐿𝑟 = 1.95 ∗ 2.15 ∗ + + 6.76
0.7 ∗ 60 127 ∗ 20.4 127 ∗ 20.4 29000
= 195" = 16.25′
𝐿𝑝 = 5.7 ′ < 𝐿𝑏 = 10 ′ < 𝐿𝑟 = 16.25 ′
𝐿𝑏 − 𝐿𝑝
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏 𝑀𝑝 − 𝑀𝑝 − 0.7 ∗ 𝐹𝑦 ∗ 𝑆𝑥 ≤ 𝑀𝑝
𝐿𝑟 − 𝐿𝑝
1.40 10 − 5.7
𝑀𝑛 = 144 ∗ 60 − 144 ∗ 60 − 0.7 ∗ 60 ∗ 127
12 16.25 − 5.7
= 850.8 𝑘𝑖𝑝. 𝑓𝑡 (𝐶𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑕𝑎𝑛 𝑀𝑝 )
𝛷𝑀𝑛 = 𝛷𝑀𝑝 = 0.9 ∗ 720𝑘𝑖𝑝. 𝑓𝑡 = 648 𝑘𝑓 > 609 𝑘𝑓 → 𝑂𝐾
Step 6. Check segment BC.
Yielding (Y): As shown in segment AB
Flange local buckling (FLB) : As shown in segment AB
Web local buckling (WLB) : As shown in segment AB
Lateral-torsional buckling (LTB)

𝐿𝑏 = 5′ < 𝐿𝑝 = 5.7 ′
𝛷𝑀𝑛 = 𝛷𝑀𝑝 = 0.9 ∗ 720𝑘𝑖𝑝. 𝑓𝑡 = 648 𝑘𝑓 > 634.4 𝑘𝑓 → 𝑂𝐾

Design of Flexural Members

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Design of Flexural Members

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Design of Flexural Members

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Example 1:

 𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 ∗ 10 + 1.6 ∗ 11 = 29.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑃𝑢 ∗𝐿 𝑤𝑢 ∗𝐿2 72∗9 29.6∗92

𝐼𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2.5 ∗ 108 𝑚𝑚4 = 595 in^4

Step 4. Recalculate the factored design loads including self-weight of

𝑃𝑢 ∗𝐿 𝑤𝑢 ∗𝐿2 72∗9 30∗92

𝐼𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2.53 ∗ 108 𝑚𝑚4 = 608 in^4 <612 in^4 ok

• Step 5. Check deflection under service loads including self-

5∗𝑤∗𝑙 4 𝑃∗𝐿3 5∗21.6∗(9000)4 45∗103 ∗(9000)3

Flange is compact and FLB does not apply.

𝛷𝑀𝑛 = 𝛷 𝑍𝑥 𝐹𝑦 = 0.9 ∗ 1.25 ∗ 106 ∗ 414 = 466𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 > 𝑶𝑲

Step 7. Check shear capacity of 𝑊18 × 40.

𝛷𝑅𝑛 = 𝛷𝐹𝑦 𝑡𝑤 (5𝑘 + 𝑙𝑏 )

200000 × 414 × 13.3

→→→ 𝑙𝑏 = −273 (𝑁𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑)

200000 × 414 × 13.3

AB 288.8 211 3 0 1.75 1.71 5.91

CD 301.8 220 2.4 0 1.75 1.4 4.7

Flange is compact, and hence FLB does not apply

Step 5. Web local buckling (WLB)

𝐿𝑝 = 4.31 ′ < 𝐿𝑏 = 6 ′ < 𝐿𝑟 = 12.3 ′ → LTB takes place in

𝑀𝑝 = 1090 ∗ 1000 ∗ 345 = 376 kN.m= 277 K.ft

𝑀𝑛 = 1.02 1090 ∗ 1000 ∗ 345

Assume self-weight of beam =100 lbs. /ft. = 0.1 kips/ft.

wu = 1.2 x 0.1+8 =8+ 0.12=8.12 kips/ft.

Flange is compact, and hence FLB does not apply.

Web is compact, and hence WLB does not apply.

𝐸 𝐽∗𝑐 𝐽∗𝑐 2 0.7𝐹𝑦 2

Yielding (Y): As shown in segment AB

Flange local buckling (FLB) : As shown in segment AB

Web local buckling (WLB) : As shown in segment AB

Lateral-torsional buckling (LTB)

You might also like