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Assignment EMM

material science phase diagram

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12 views

Assignment EMM

material science phase diagram

Uploaded by

chinmoycodm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment on Engineering Materials and Metallurgy (ME 3119)

Problem 1 (Solution)
a)
The equilibrium diagram according to the given statement is drawn as such:

b)
Slow cooling process of 30Ca70Mg:
The solution remains liquid above the temperature 1225oF.
At 1225oF, solidification starts to take place and separate grains of CaMg2 can be observed in the
microstructure. At first the number and amount of grains is very less, but as we decrease the
temperature, the amount of CaMg2 grain keeps increasing. At eutectic temperature, the amount of
CaMg2 grain is at it’s highest. As the temperature drops below the eutectic temperature, the liquid
containing Ca and Mg creates a fine mixture of metals (not any alloy or compound). Also, after eutectic
temperature, the structures present in the solution are: solid solution of Ca in Mg and CaMg2.
As we lower the temperature more, at room temperature, the solid solution starts to leave the solid
solution. These are shown in the microstructure in different colours.
Temperature Phases Present Relative Amount Chemical Composition
T1(14000F) Liquid solution 100% L 70%Mg, 30%Ca
T2(11750F) Liquid solution 75%L, 25% CaMg2 75%Mg, 25%Ca
Intermediate compound CaMg2 55%Mg, 45%Ca
0
T3(963 F) Liquid solution 54%L, 46% CaMg2 64%Mg, 36%Ca
Intermediate compound CaMg2 55%Mg, 45%Ca
T4(9610F) Solid solution 35% Solid solution, 98%Mg, 2%Ca
Intermediate compound CaMg2 65% CaMg2 55%Mg, 45%Ca
T5(800F) Mg 33% Mg, 100%Mg
Intermediate compound CaMg2 67% CaMg2 55%Mg, 45%Ca

Microstructures:

Liquid CaMg2

Liquid Ca (blue dot)


CaMg2

Figure 1: At T1 Figure 2: At T2

Figure 1: At T3 Figure 4: At T4
Eutectic Figure 5: At T5(Room Temperature)
mixture
c)
The cooling curve of the specified alloy is:

(i) (ii)
Figure 6: Cooling curve (i) expanded, (ii) shrinked

d)
Two eutectic reactions take place at 8300F and 9600F consecutively.
At 8300F,
the liquid solution turns into an eutectic mixture of Ca and an intermediate compound CaMg2.
𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 ⇋ 𝐶𝑎 + 𝐶𝑎𝑀𝑔2

At 9600F,
the liquid solution turns into an eutectic mixture of Ca-Mg solid solution and an intermediate
compound CaMg2.
𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 ⇋ 𝐶𝑎 − 𝑀𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝐶𝑎𝑀𝑔2
Problem 2 (Solution)
Smart materials are such materials which are modified in such a way that they can provide specific
response to an external stimulus such as force, temperature, electricity, magnetism or any other type
of stimuli. Usually, this stimuli application and response is within a controlled and reversible limit.
These materials are distinctive because they can adapt, respond, and even heal in such ways which are
almost reminiscent of living cells and organisms.
Smart materials can be classified according to the stimulus applied to them:
1. Mechanical strain
2. Temperature change
3. Electric field
4. Electricity flow
Some of them are described below:

i. Shape Memory Alloys (SMA):

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are a special type of metal alloy that can remember and return to its
original shape after being deformed. This ability is enabled by a phenomenon known as the shape
memory effect. SMAs can change their shape extensively when subjected to external forces, but when
exposed to a specified temperature, they return to their original, pre-deformed shape.

There exist two phases in a shape memory alloy: a) low temperature phase and b) high temperature
phase. When it is in low temperature phase, it is soft and malleable. It can be given different bending
or other forms of deformation. But when the temperature reaches higher temperature phase, or a
transition temperature, the alloy atoms start to rearrange themselves in the previous non-deformed
order, and becomes stiffer and reverts to its original shape.

Example: Nitinol (alloy of Ni and Ti); Copper, Zinc and Aluminium (Cu-Zn-Al) alloys; Copper,
Aluminium and Nickel (Cu-Al-Ni)
Application:
Stents of cardiovascular vessels: Stents made out of nitinol, are commonly used in cardiovascular
surgery. These are inserted into a compressed and folded form into the blood vessel. When they reach
the desired position, these are exposed to temperature (either body temperature or induced
temperature), they expand to their original shape, and thus, supports the blood vessel improving blood
flow.
Deployable Spacecraft Structures: In spacecrafts, these are sometimes used to deploy antennas or
solar panels. When exposed to the cold environment of space, the SMA remains in its folded
configuration. Once in orbit, the heat triggers the SMA to return to its original shape, deploying the
structure.

ii. Thermochromic Materials:

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