are

b =-1.part
of space
real partis is
polynomial
set unit).and imaginary numbers. and ib
i a+
the that of realofz X,y,)
a vector
set = -x,y)
equations,(imaginary
whereproperty thepart
real the identification z
the the a called
number zZz| +i,y,
of as Then tiy) +ixy,
satisfies +ib called (a,b) C )1.
imaginary Rel2,z,)
similar i=-1 a
the of (0,1). al+bi=a+bi.
is ty,) (*, (iii) +y,y,
a + complex +y,V,
pairthink
formhas is respectively. the number (3 +
+y,)=(x,-iy)
x,)+iy, 2
which b
unit, and ordered have the Im =,2,= x,x,
and by the We i
called iy, z,7, iy,)=xx,
Chapter-1
numbers
Complex
this
numberx denoted imaginary
having z C.
and
we
(1,0)
real Lmz
a
of t+
=X, t
z,2, +
z,7,
Xr,-iy,)=
of an by real = theis then conjugate
of part Im(z}zis denoted 1) thenb 22 =( (ii)
number
(3+i)
and
Re 3 Z, (v) +
solutions
and as 1 a,
b b(0, z34i, + and +iy, +x)-iy, 7-7, Xx, =+iy1
real calledreal and number
number define
for + number, z
x, (-iy,
is and a(1,0) real
complex z,2,
x=-1
introduced. the numbers z, +y, + = 2,2,
no permit Refz}
we if +
tiy, =
z+2,
-z, =
is complex C. Theexample, Z, =x =X, -(, Z2, = z, ~2, =
is whichcalled
complex and in = complex Z,2,
There is by b) Rez.
The that z and
To Solution ais denoted complex contained
nunbers, (a, z, Z+2, (i) (iv) (iv): So,
number:
x+1=0is a
, A is For Rez conjugate:ProveLet
a denoted that
number and
consider then 1.1.1. z=a+bi Solution:
all Imz. .Prove Solution
numbers
+ib,are Definition realis 1.1:
of R is
Complex complex and set the numbers anddenoted Complex7=a-ib.
equation can a Problemn Prob.1.2
= TheOver If z
We real z z of
If of
1.1
 The Absolute Value
modulus or absolute value
complex z+iy, we detine the norm or
number
For a
of z by (1.2.1)
complex number
Ifz=is real, then lz V l . Thus the absolute value of aabsolute value x
absolutevalue when z is real. Just as the
Zreduces to the familiar line, the
distance from x to the origin on the real
of a real numberx represents the to
absolute value z of a complex number zrepresents the distance from the point z
the origin in the complex plane (see Figure 1.6).

radiussiz

Fig.1.6 The dislance from z to

the origin is (z
radius=l-2
Fig. 1.7 The coordinales of
Z12 have absolute values
and |y1 -y2l
Fig. 1.8 The distance
from z, to Z, is the mod
ulus of zI-Z2.

IIis casy losce from (1.2.1) or Figurc 1.6 that

z=0 Z=0; (1.2.2)

and
(1.2.3)
IfZ=+iyj and z -F +iyy, applying (1.2.1) to the complex number z1 --=
(x1-*2) +i(y1-yz), we oblain

la-zal=/-) +(1-»), (1.2.4)

which is the familiar formula for distance between the points (X1, y1) and (2, y2)
Thus Z Z2 has a concrete geometric interpretation as the distance between (the
points) zI and z2 (See Figure 1.7).

2
3
the =e-.l
l
|+|2,
5.099. from |Z|=|2|
1.8. =e'
=ye.1
farther |s|z|+|z, 1
V26 3V24.24.
and =
y)
1.7 z,7,
lies (ii) sin
= Figures + s1.]
-0,)
cos(0,
V5+12 z
that z, |\2,||2,| +z, get
y) +
(cos?y
V18 see 2,+
+ we sin
means |' +
distance)lzl= 2; 7.(a). +|z, )' sides,
|+|z, 0, y
= |z +,) sin (cos? =e
this (4-1)2
zI
(i) -z, of XE, z,|' both sin,)+r,
Geometrically,
1.8). vector l+|z,| -11 |=(z, , le''| =e x)|
a 5+i,
have
we |z, page +z, ~j2, Re(z,~) of | sin [for
case
the
as
value
Jzi=V224422V5
4.472, Figure + the
=/2-5)2 (ii) + +2|z,2,root |+|z,,el +r,
sin, +ir cos(0,-0,) (ii) y)|
isin 3
is
z2 |S|Z book, 2,-( +zZ, square +
(seeand of |
||z, +2 z,
+2,||=
} le'| +iin x
e=|ee=le
absolute length
+z, + z, 0,)+i, cos0,
z<2l. Hz a, l' l' and
plane
zI see Hz+|z,
+|z, z, Taking (i) y
2+4i
and
zT between the z,
la-z2| | |z,z,1: +2, P+| r, sr+r;+
2r,
r |=|e*(cos
(The complex
|z, cos +r, 2r of
also (i) Method+z,=(z, =|z, |z, =re+r, cose, +
|s|z|+|z,
yalue
that distance that (i) +r;
1.2.3. is s cose, +2,|=; le'|=|e|=le'e"
see the
distanceProvethat -Nr the
Example
(a)
zFor we in The ProveProb.1(i)
1a
Z,
=(r, Find
origin 1.3: Let
Thus This |=l
3: +Z, z,
Solution:
()
(b) 1.4.
Problem 2:
Method Prob.1.5:
Solution Methodz
Prob. Now |e
So, (i)
nonzero (1.3.1) X angle
(1.3.8) (1.3.9)the
the z polar
form
of
number
a fig.1.1is
be z,]
z=X+iy arg complex
by and
[denoted properties:
sin(
Arg)
= +2,...}.
Y re.a argument,
Let of
corresponding )=
argument
±1,
Numbers)
setting z, following
r=ty²>0, from
of axis. sin by k=0,modulus,
argument +i the denoted
by see x ).
numberr>0 we positive .
z=x+iy=rlcos+isin
of the = 2kn:
Complex isin =r(cos cos(Argz) Find
the
1.15 4
plane value
with is =
Z6
() 1i
numbers:then or +
+
argument
{Argz 3i =1+i
Z4 Figure
called amplitude the Argz
principal
complex
(x,y), =x+iy
cos
(Polar
ofForm with number form) = in plane.
= I, = Z2
definea Complex number is Argz< the argz shown
makes eo z of (Polar(b)V3+i
1.3.3. (d)
the y=rsinz|=x+y? writeThe complex
1Fig.
that z the relation, uniquc values
are
in 1.3.2. -n< numbers:
complex
We complex of called that
OP may z5=|i
(e) numbers
of point modulus the all the
number. form linefollows =5
Z
(a)
1.3.1.
Definition 0,X=rcos is Euler's Definition
we of Example (c)
=
Z3 in
a is set
is the
PolarP where which Hence x+iy The
plotted
These
the and
complex If To It By
P(xy)
2.
5
=0, repre the
represen from
a-1at)a)a(anti
pre get1.15 have value=5,
the To Figure I.
0 thus we
also unique (-,
polar obtain in cxample. Argz
clearly argz+2kT;
polar
as to
Its have we is Refer the that in
is z1. interval(-,
n,
we the +i, zj previous picksee k=1. is
z where n.
of of (1.3.2), and 1 must we because
argument
arguments )
+2ku,
of
modulus Argzj, the
(-,
1.15,to
corresponds
we
0). 1.15, 37T from z3=
V3+i-2(cos+isin Irominterval z2, Figure =,
An all sin sin
+i in
the Arg =1.
i Figure So 0sin and the Compute Argz3
=V52=5.
of + 2. argZ3
argzjthe From Argza
55(cos0 31 lzs=|V3+i|=V3+1= 6 Factoring =1. determine
that
set from in Since0is
andlies so
the 0.Thus, arguargument) I. = 2
and sok r 5
V3
|zlis and, Z-3i= 2 za|=/1+1=/2. zj that To (-I, =+2kt, and
..} with ...,6.recall
argz 0+2kT.
r=+2,. z1 =3, interval argzy=4+2kt
z2=2kn.
(1.3.1), z4, (Principal
is of 1, we of argzT
±1, z2-3i
z2 cOs that form j=casevalue the argz3
z6: of find
0, representation for of
through Fromk= cachthe arg(5)
5, in value
r= we polar1.3.4.
example arg lies +i,
r= pickfor
illustration.
(a) {2kn: r= 1, -3i, 1+i,
sentation
is
have Table have the In Argz1 thatthe =V3
=0.
1.15 Solutlon. Here Example we
Solution.
hence We From
istation
We 1Table
is
which ceding Argz, (a) =
zË
(b)
Z2 z
arg
is
which
z3 y
=
Fig. polar
(b) (c) (d) of (c) (d)
 radians)
can of
values
We
z=-arg9,) )} argZ,some 600 3
isin 0,
cos = for 3
z +
arg =r,(cos0, cos0, 0,
equal 2
+isin
(ii) +
0,
and
cos3 X X =V6+2-2/E
z, sin
are 2/6
arg z,
z, 4
0, arg equalities )=
(sin =4 4
+ and -1sin 2/2 form.
z,
arg 0) )+ +0,)} z,+ ,= form.r=2+2V31=N4+12isin
arg = 1.3
Fig.
sin =0, 0,sin =-V6-2
arg(z,z,)= for above + Fig.1.2polar
+ O
argument,
2+2/3i=rcos
+i z, 0, +0,)+0sin(0, polar 6
z values
arg in
0,=rlosarg -sin =
the
in
2
-N6-N2i
(i) and 0, +0,) possible
in 2+2N3i or
4
2\2 =r
cos sides Amplitude Y
that
z =, 0, lcoslo,
=(0, Modulus= Modulus
ProveLet argz,=rr(cos arg(z,z,) two
many
Express Then, Express
Solution: =rn the argz
and
argz,.
are
2.1: ThenZj7, that
So, there :Solution
Prob.2.2: 2.3: Solution:
Problem say
Sinceonly Prob.
 7
sinno0). =(cosn0
+i
(1.3.21) 0)" sin +i
=(cos0
0)
sin i +r(cos0 z=
then 0), sin z=rcos
i +6 modulusr0.
ifFor arbitrary
numbers
of complex powers
of calculate identity
to Moivre's Deuse can We
induction. mathematical integers
by n positive al for holds
thusit and nplace
of n+1in for holds (1.3.20) Thus(1.3.15). consequence
of ais
equality third the hypothesis
and induction the by holds equality second the where
(n+
1)0, 1)0+isin +(ncos =
0)sin i +(cos0 n) sin +i ne (cos
)sin +i0)"(cos sin +i 0)"=
(cos0 sin i +(cos
compute usLet n+1.
for true is itthat prove and n,for true statement
is assume
the We
step:
inductive
the for Now 1-0.
:0+isin cos0)'= sin +i (costrivially
0 have we
since true,
statement
is the 1, induction.
nFor mathematical (1.3.20)
by prove We
Proof.
(1.3.20) n. sin +i n0coS0)= sin +i (cos
have we ber
num real aand integern positive Identity)
aFor Molvre's (De
Or
r positive any iswheren nðisin + cnos n
=0)" si0+i theorem:
(cos Moivre's Prove
De
3.
6
cos 2/2 -is0)
in =rl+cose -N2i -6 Then,
+isin 7n
(radians) 6 210°= +30°=sin'(-)--30
180° = =2/2 sin argument,
= Amplitude
or
77 -V2
or,
(radians) 210°=" +30°= =180° -V2 tan argument,
= Amplitude
or
7
 the
to integer, in k=0,
±1,
+2,"
n=2
0. z k=0,
+,
t2,
0. of
with cos positive z values
provided k=0,
t1,
±2,. 3ifk=
identity 0+i2sinformulas 0. k=0,
+2,..:
±1, ifk=1
cos pile+2kn)
k=0,
+1,+2,-**". locate
is
Moivre's cos0-sin0
9
sin n k=0,1,
2,--,n-1,z", 2kz) i(r+2kn)
double-angle if (b) )},
2 that for
20. + and 2k 5 75
i
De sin
20 show
values +2kr)+isin(0 + 3ni 2e
sin 0
isin(z =
Use and 2, different = z=-32
2kr), Z4
the and can =eio 32
20 n
ldentities) +
2kr)
cos
with 0) get
+isin we 0
we +2kz'
+isin 0
+isin
+
z
so
50)=r'eso
sin
i + 5
8
for identity
parts,sin
theorem n
are cos(0
of
0,
+ isin( +isin
formulas 0
(Double-angle roots 32{cos(re0 theorem,
(cos Numbers: n
there cos = 0; 2:
2kr)+ I+2kx ifk=
Moivre's imaginary e0 z+32 )=
cos Moivre's = the n)= =
that that e(0:2kr) Find isin 5 k
double-angle
20 50
z'=r(cos
+ +
De sin 20 Complex 1(0+2kn follows Prove Here isin
+
Moivre's z=2cos
-32fcos(r if
1.3.8. i and cos (a) + =rlcos
From + De Proof: polar=32(cosz
form,
In 5
2e',
20 real From cos it Problem3.1: : (a) 2e
which 3.2 De
Example
theSolution.
cos Equating of :
Plane.
complex = =
Roots Problem Solution z by
derive z, Z,
from -32 SinceThen
So,
9
the is
1-20], a
Ze,where
1), [Fig.
(-2, circle
at the by
center on given16 geometrically
Fig.1.4 point
-1=
is
with any this Fig.1.5
is form,+(
followings: 4 +i.Ifz
radius =4
z--2+ 2)
i)) rectangular 1(2, interpret
Z4 Z=tni
Ans. +
number-2
(r
of i.e.,
circle
L3 the In 4, Z, 9
comnplex =
equation.
k=4. of a 1)| number
roots (a) ily-
z+7
=0 for the required
+
ir the cquation by I(r+2) complex
+1=0
z° z+1=0 represented
Find is
S, +i the
9ri is
an to-2 4 a
2e Solution
(b)
: 3.3: z+2-i|= Given
Find be
= Problemn z
z, () (ii) (iii) can from
Problem
3.4: center
distance
3.5:
Solution
The Then
Problem
(a) real.
Solution: Let Z =re" be represented graphically
by a vector OA in fig.1.6 B

Then Ze'a =rele re(0+a) A

is the vector represented by OB.
Hence nmultiplication of a vector Z by
e amounts to rotating Z
counterclockwise through angle a. Fig.1.6
3.6 Vector interpretation of Complex numbers:
A complex number z =X+iy can be
represented
as a vector OP whose initial point is the
origin O and
terminal point P is the point (x,y). We sometimes call B
OP =xtiy the position vector of P. Two
vectors having P(x,y)
the same length or magnitude and direction but
different A
initial points, such as OP and AB are
considered equal.
Hence OP = AB=xtiy.

Fig 1.7
4. Dot and Cross Product :
Let z =x +iy, and z, =X, tiy, be two complex numbers. The dot Product
(Scalar product) of z, and z, is defined by

zo 2,allz, |cos8= , +yy, =Refz)=5+

2 2,7,}
where 0is the angle between z, and z, which lies between 0 and n.
The cross product of z, and z, is defined by

21
Problem4.1: If z, =3-i4 and z, =-4+i3, find () Z oZ, (ii) 2, Xz,.
Problem 4.2: Prove that area of a parallelogram having sides 2, and z, is
|axz, |.
Solution :
Area of a Parallelogram = (base) (height) Z1
h= |u |sin

= (z, Xz, | sin 0) |2,||z, | sin6

=|z xz, |. Fig.1.8
Problem:
10
 the
11 twice Squaring
0
= +y=0
is
0) +9 +y².>4.
B(3, 5z
SE+
5|
y²<2/a+3) BZ
point +
1-36. z+ lz
i.e.,
1-36.
+
Bz
to 16, i+
Fig.P
from ort i ) - 4 +
+y> Fig.
in as
shown
distance V-3) of
written
(3,
0) +9=0
10x
+y+ 5) circle Constant.
= if 16 as +
for
zof 3| = 0) the or (r the be
z- i.c., or to
3| +9>0
+y² +y (-5,that + external cancomplex
1-36
Fig. to 31, becomes (K+5)at such 2lz plane
values
set
of <2. (-3,0) +
equivalent y²=2/+3 center <
tiy is
circle
cquivalent
R2is |z3| 10r points
++ z a 11
this 4. thebe
z+3 Or,
2<x with = to all in may
= simplifying, 4 this
+5| equivalent
of linc
is -3| consists B
grapbjcally
the
Represcnt
,(6) cquation + on 0).
radius lz becomes or while
iy Vu-3 P A(3, or
+ of point 16 is thus 5. circle
Problems:
Miscellaneous
constants
lx and circle point = incquality
this any
given z=xtiy, any Method.
Another 5) set
simplifying,
3|+
2|z Squaring to 5)7+ required
a Geometrically,
=4,
of
P cquation
real
Solution
The from given
S| +
which
(a) distance (z The and The are
(a) + i.e.,
Iz
i.e.,
Problem5.1:
they
and
(b) that
a
Prove
where
12
>0,C>0becomes
1=-1.
equation1+i. Hence
A
where
2i,
0
this =1=1.
C= that -i,
follows. 1 ==W-1=1.
+ have points wherelzl=1
=0 BZ line. -1=-1I=-I)
+D result line. +Bz
we the follwings:
straight
1/w, through (iii)
written a
Cy into +
required
+D=0
or/ Azz z=
+ degeneratesato
2
be Bx the
+1-i|=
nlanereduces passing of
is or -1V-1=()) 12
can A(?+y)+ the w=1/z
plane D=, coordinate
z planc.circle
circle the circle (i)lz
xy in inversion,
the becomes and w the
circle
the the :
fallacy
=B the for 2
in a=0, a =0, in and +1+il= so
circle coordinates (C/2i) of of
circleequation
radius
i=N-1,
IfA
equation the
a transformation
a
of + A complex. =0, 5.4:Explain
equation (B/2)case an the Since
conjugate general
+A Find Find(i)z
special
a, is Bw
A= Problem5.
:2 circle
general B the+ 5.3:
Solution in The and Bw Solution
:
which Callingthe Under Problem
the
Problem
In Cww+
The Note:
Cis