ETE/Math-2115 (MHU) 1

Lecture 1-5: Partial Differential Equation

 Partial Differential Equation (PDE): An equation involving one or more partial derivatives is called a
partial differential equation.
Or, A differential equation involving derivatives of one or more dependent variables with respect to more
than one independent variables is called partial differential equation.
z z
Example:(i) x  y  z is a partial differential equation.
x y
u v
(ii)   v is a Partial Differential Equation.
s t
 Classification: Partial differential equation are two kinds such as :
A) Linear partial differential equation
B) Nonlinear partial differential equation
 Linear Partial Differential Equation: A partial differential equation is said to be linear if it is of the 1st
degree in the partial derivatives.
z z
Example: x  y  z is a linear partial differential equation.
x y
 Non Linear Partial Differential Equation: A partial differential equation is said to be nonlinear if it is
more than one degree in the partial derivatives.
2
z  z 
Example: x  y   z is a linear partial differential equation.
x  y 
 Order of the Differential Equation: The order of the differential equation is the highest ordered
derivatives involved in that equation.
z z
Example: x  y  z is a 1st Order Differential Equation.
x y
 Degree of the Differential Equation: The degree of the differential equation is the power of the highest
ordered derivatives.
4
d 3 y  dy 
Example: i) 3
 3   e x is a 1st degree Differential Equation.
dx  dx 
3
 d4y  d2y
ii)  4   5 2  3 y  0 is a 3rd degree Differential Equation.
 dx  dx
ETE/Math-2115 (MHU) 2
dx dy dz
 Theorem: If u ( x, y, z )  c1 and v( x, y, z )  c2 be any two independent solution of   where
P Q R
P , Q , R are function of x, y , z then prove that  (u , v )  0 or, v   (u ) is a general solution of the
Lagrange’s linear equation P p  Q q  R , where  is an arbitrary function.
Proof: Let u and v be any two function of the variables x, y , z connected by the relation  (u , v )  0 .....(i)
Partially differentiating equation (i) with respect to x and y respectively we get,
  u u z    v v z 
       0 .............................(ii)
u  x z x  v  x z x 

  u u z    v v z 
and        0 .........................(iii)
u  y z y  v  y z y 

 
Now eliminating and from (ii) and (iii) we get,
u v
u u z v v z
 
x z x x z x
0
u u z v v z
 
y z y y z y

u u v v
 p  p
x z x z
z z
or, 0 where,  p, q
u u v v x y
 q  q
y z y z

 u u   v v   v v   u u 
or,   p    q  -   p    q  =0
 x z   y z   x z   y z 

 u v u v   u v u v   u v u v 
or, p    q       .................(iv)
 z y y z   x z z x   y x x y 
u v u v u v u v u v u v
Let, P   ; Q   ; R  
z y y z x z z x y x x y
Hence the equation (iv) becomes
p P  q Q   R
or, P p  Q q  R ..............(v) this is Lagrange’s linear partial differential equation.

Again let, u ( x, y, z )  c1 and v( x, y, z )  c2 be two solution of equation (v).

Differentiating these equation with respect to x, y, z respectively we get,
u u u
dx  dy  dz  0 ....................(vi)
x y z
v v v
and dx  dy  dz  0 ...................(vii)
x y z
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Solving equation (vi) and (vii) we get,
dx dy dz
 
u v u v u v u v u v u v
  
y z z y z x x z x y y x
dx dy dz
or,  
P Q R
dx dy dz
or,   which are the required Lagrange’s auxiliary equation.
P Q R

 z 
Problem 1: Find the partial differential equation of   2 , x 2  y 2  z   0 .
x 
 z 
Solution: Given,   2 , x 2  y 2  z   0 ...........(i)
x 
z
Let, u  2
, v  x 2  y 2  z then (i) becomes  u, v   0 ..............(ii)
x
Partially differentiating equation (ii) with respect to x and y respectively we get,
  u u z    v v z 
     0
u  x z x  v  x z x 

  u u z    v v z 
and      0
u  y z y  v  y z y 

   2 z 1  
or,   2 p  2 x  1. p   0 .............................(iii)
u  x 3 x  v

  1  
and 0  2 q   2 y  1.q   0 .........................(iv)
u  x  v
 
Now eliminating and from (iii) and (iv) we get,
u v
 2z p
 2 2x  p
x3 x
0
q
 2y  q
x2

  2z p   q 
or,  3  2  2 y  q   2 x  p  2   0
 x x  x 
4 yz 2 zq 2 yp pq 2q pq
or,  3  2  2   0
x3 x x x x x2
or, 4 yz  2 zq  2 xyp  2 x 2 q  0

or, xyp  q( x 2  z )  2 yz which is the required PDE.

ETE/Math-2115 (MHU) 4

Problem 2: Find the partial differential equation arising from  x  y  z , x 2  y 2  z 2  0 . 
 
Solution: Given,  x  y  z, x 2  y 2  z 2  0 ...........(i)

Let, u  x  y  z , v  x 2  y 2  z 2 then (i) becomes  u, v   0 ..............(ii)

Partially differentiating equation (ii) with respect to x and y respectively we get,
  u u z    v v z 
     0
u  x z x  v  x z x 

  u u z    v v z 
and      0
u  y z y  v  y z y 

or, 1  1. p    2 x  2 z. p   0 .............................(iii)
u v

and 1  1.q    2 y  2 z.q   0 .........................(iv)
u v
 
Now eliminating and from (iii) and (iv) we get,
u v
1 p 2 x  2 zp
0
1 q 2 y  2 zq

or, 1  p 2 y  2 zq   2 x  2 zp 1  q   0

or, 2 y  2 zq  2 yp  2 zpq  2 x  2 xq  2 zp  2 zpq  0
or, p ( y  z )  q ( x  z )  x  y which is the required PDE.
Problem 3: Find the partial differential equation arising from 𝒛 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄𝒙𝒚.
OR, Eliminate the constants 𝒂, 𝒃 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄 from 𝒛 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄𝒙𝒚.
Solution: Given 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑥𝑦 ……………………………(i)
Partially differentiating Eq. (i) with respect to 𝑥 we get,

= 𝑎 + 𝑐𝑦 ………………………. (ii)

Again, partially differentiating Eq. (i) with respect to 𝑦 we get,

= 𝑏 + 𝑐𝑥 ………………………. (iii)

Also, partially differentiating Eq. (ii) with respect to 𝑦 we get,

= 𝑐 ………………………. (iv)

Multiplying Eq.(ii) by 𝑥, Eq.(iii) by 𝑦 and adding we get

𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑥𝑦

Or, 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦𝑞 = 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦

Or, 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦𝑞 = 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑠 Ans. where = 𝑝; = 𝑞; = 𝑠.

 ETE/Math-2115 (MHU) 5
Another Method: Given 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑥𝑦 ……………………………(i)
Partially differentiating Eq. (i) with respect to 𝑥 we get,

= 𝑎 + 𝑐𝑦 ………………………. (ii)

Again, partially differentiating Eq. (ii) with respect to 𝑥 we get,

= 0 Ans.

Or, 𝑟 = 0. Ans. where = 𝑟.

H.W. Problem 4: Form a partial differential equation arising from 𝒍𝒙 + 𝒎𝒚 + 𝒏𝒛 = 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 ).

OR, Eliminate the arbitrary function f from 𝒍𝒙 + 𝒎𝒚 + 𝒏𝒛 = 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 ).

Problem 5: Find the solution of the partial differential equation (3 x  y  z ) p  ( x  y  z ) q  2( z  y ) .

Solution: Given that, (3 x  y  z ) p  ( x  y  z ) q  2( z  y )
We know the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations are
dx dy dz
 
P Q R
dx dy dz
or,  
3x  y  z x  y  z 2( z  y )
Choosing 1,-3,-1; 1,1,-1; 1,-1,1 as multiplier we get,
dx dy dz dx  3dy  dz dx  dy  dz dx  dy  dz
    
3 x  y  z x  y  z 2( z  y ) 0 4( x  y  z ) 2( x  y  z )
From 4th ratio we get, dx  3dy  dz  0

or, x  3 y  z  c1 [By integrating]

dx  dy  dz dx  dy  dz
Again from 5th and 6th ratio we get, 
2( x  y  z ) ( x  y  z)
1
or, Log ( x  y  z )  Log ( x  y  z )  Logc 2 [By integrating]
2
( x  y  z)
or, Log  Logc2
( x  y  z)

x yz
or,  c2
x yz

 x  y  z 
Hence the general solution is   x  3 y  z ,  0 , where  is an arbitrary function.
 x  y  z 
 
Problem 6: Solve: ( y  zx) p  ( x  yz )q  x 2  y 2 .

Solution: Given that, ( y  zx) p  ( x  yz )q  x 2  y 2

We know the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations are
ETE/Math-2115 (MHU) 6
dx dy dz
 
P Q R
dx dy dz
or,   2
y  zx  ( x  yz ) x  y 2
Choosing y , x, 1 and x, y ,  z as multiplier we get,
dx dy dz ydx  xdy  dz xdx  ydy  zdz
  2  
y  zx  ( x  yz) x  y 2
0 0
From 4th ratio we get, ydx  xdy  dz  0
or, d ( xy )  dz  0

or, xy  z  c1 [By integrating]

From 5th ratio we get, xdx  ydy  zdz  0

or, x 2  y 2  z 2  c2 [By integrating]

 
Hence the general solution is  xy  z , x 2  y 2  z 2  0 , where  is an arbitrary function.

Problem 7: Find the general solution of ( x 2  y 2  z 2 ) p  2 xyq  2 xz .

Solution: Given that, ( x 2  y 2  z 2 ) p  2 xyq  2 xz

We know, the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations are
dx dy dz
 
P Q R
dx dy dz
or,  
x y z
2 2 2
2 xy 2 xz
dy dz
Taking 2nd and 3rd ratio, 
2 xy 2 xz
dy dz
or, 
y z
or, Logy  Logz  Logc1 [By integrating]
y
or,  c1
z
Choosing x, y , z as multiplier we get,
dx dy dz xdx  ydy  zdz
  
x y z
2 2 2
2 xy 2 xz x( x 2  y 2  z 2 )
dz 2 xdx  2 ydy  2 zdz
Taking 3rd and 4th ratio, 
z (x2  y2  z2 )
or, Logz  Log ( x 2  y 2  z 2 )  Logc2 [By integrating]
z
or,  c2
x  y2  z2
2
 ETE/Math-2115 (MHU) 7
y z 
Hence the general solution is   , 2   0 , where  is an arbitrary function.
2 
z x y z 
2

H.W. Problem 8: Find the general solution of the partial differential equation
(i) y 2 zp  x 2 zq  x 2 y . [Hints, Taking 1st and 2nd ratio; Taking 2nd and 3rd ratio; then (x3  y3 , y 2  z 2 )  0 Ans]

(ii) ( x 2  yz ) p  ( y 2  zx)q  z 2  xy

(iii) ( y  z ) p  ( x  y ) q  z  x . [Hints 1,1,1 and x , z , y as multiplier then  ( x  y  z , x 2  2 yz )  0 Ans]

(iv) x(2 y 4  z 4 ) p  y ( z 4  2 x 4 )q  z ( x 4  y 4 ) [Hints x 3 , y 3 , z 3 as multiplier and x, y, z as divider then

2
 ( x 4  y 4  z 4 , xyz 2 )  0 Ans.]
(v) x( z 2  y 2 ) p  y ( x 2  z 2 )q  z ( y 2  x 2 ) [Hints x , y , z as multiplier and x , y , z as divider then

 ( x 2  y 2  z 2 , xyz)  0 Ans.]

Integrating Surface
Problem 1: Find the equation of the integral surface satisfying 4 yzp  q  2 y  0 and passing

through y 2  z 2  1, x  z  0 .
Solution: Given that, 4 yzp  q  2 y  0
We know the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations are
dx dy dz
 
P Q R
dx dy dz
or,  
4 yz 1  2 y
From 2nd and 3rd ratio, we get,
dy dz

1  2y
or ,2 ydy  dz  0
or , 2 ydy  dz  0

or, y 2  z  c1 .................(i) [By integrating]

dx dz
Again from 1st and 3rd ratio we get, 
4 yz  2 y
or, dx  2 zdz  0
or, x  z 2  c2 ...............(ii) [By integrating]

Adding (i) and (ii) we get, y 2  z  x  z 2  c2  c1

or, 1  0  c2  c1

or, c1  c2  1
ETE/Math-2115 (MHU) 8
or, y 2  z  x  z 2  1 which is the required integral surface.
Problem 2: Find the integral surface of the linear partial differential equation
x( y 2  z ) p  y ( x 2  z )q  ( x 2  y 2 ) z which contain the line x  y  0, z  1 .

Solution: Given that, x( y 2  z ) p  y ( x 2  z )q  ( x 2  y 2 ) z

We know the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations are
dx dy dz
 
P Q R
dx dy dz
or,   2
x( y  z )  y( x  z ) ( x  y 2 ) z
2 2

Choosing x, y ,  1 as multiplier and x, y , z as divider we get,

dx dy dz
 
dx dy dz xdx  ydy  dz x y z
  2  
x( y  z )  y ( x  z ) ( x  y ) z
2 2 2
0 0
From 4th ratio we get, xdx  ydy  dz  0

or, x 2  y 2  2 z  c1 .................(i) [By integrating]

dx dy dz
Again from 5th ratio we get,   0
x y z
or, Logx  Logy  Logz  Logc2 [By integrating]

or, xyz  c2 ...............(ii)

Since (i) and (ii) passes through, x  y  0, z  1 .

 xy  c2 and x 2  y 2  2  c1

or, ( x  y ) 2  2 xy  2  c1

or, 0  2c2  2  c1

or, c1  2c2  2  0

or, x 2  y 2  2 z  2 xyz  2  0 which is the required integral surface.

Problem 3: Find the integral surface of the linear partial differential equation
2 y ( z  3) p  ( 2 x  z ) q  y ( 2 x  3) which passes through the circle z  0, x 2  y 2  2 x.
Solution: Given that, 2 y ( z  3) p  ( 2 x  z ) q  y ( 2 x  3)
We know the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations are
dx dy dz
 
P Q R
dx dy dz
or,  
2 y ( z  3) 2 x  z y (2 x  3)
Choosing 1, 2 y ,  2 as multiplier we get,
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dx dy dz dx  2 ydy  2dz
  
2 y ( z  3) 2 x  z y (2 x  3) 0
From 4th ratio we get, dx  2 ydy  2 dz  0

or, x  y 2  2 z  c1 .................(i) [By integrating]

dx dz
Again taking 1st and 3rd ratio we get, 
2( z  3) (2 x  3)
or, ( 2 x  3)dx  2( z  3) dz
or, x 2  3x  z 2  6 z  c2 ...............(ii) [By integrating]
Since (i) and (ii) passes through, z  0, x 2  y 2  2 x.
Adding (i) and (ii) we get, x 2  y 2  2 x  z 2  4 z  c1  c2
or, 2 x  2 x  c1  c2
or, c1  c2  0
 x 2  y 2  2 x  z 2  4 z  0 which is the required integral surface.
Problem 4: Find the integral surface of the linear partial differential equation
( x  y ) y 2 p  ( y  x) x 2 q  ( x 2  y 2 ) z which passes through xz  a 3 , y  0 .

Solution: Given that, ( x  y ) y 2 p  ( y  x) x 2 q  ( x 2  y 2 ) z

We know, the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations are
dx dy dz
 
P Q R
dx dy dz
or,   2
( x  y) y 2
( y  x) x 2
(x  y 2 )z
dx dy
Taking 1st and 2nd ratio we get, 
( x  y) y 2
( y  x) x 2
dx dy
or, 
( x  y) y 2
( x  y) x 2
or, x 2 dx  y 2 dy  0

or, x 3  y 3  c1 .................(i) [By integrating]

Choosing 1,  1, 0 as multiplier we get,
dx dy dz dx  dy
  2 
( x  y) y 2
( y  x) x 2
( x  y ) z ( x  y )( x 2  y 2 )
2

dz dx  dy
Again taking 3rd and 4th ratio we get, 
z ( x  y)
or, Logz  Log ( x  y )  Logc2 [By integrating]
z
or,  c2 ...............(ii)
x y

Since (i) and (ii) passes through, xz  a 3 , y  0 .

ETE/Math-2115 (MHU) 10
from (i) we get, x 3  c1
xz
from (ii) we get,  c2
x2
a3
or,  c2
x2
a9
or,  c23
x 
3 2

a9
or,  c23
c12

or, c12 c23  a 9

3
2 z 
or, x 3  y 3     a 9
 x y


or, z 3 x 3  y 3 
2
 a 9 ( x  y ) 3 which is the required integral surface.

Problem 5: Find the integral surface of x 2 p  y 2 q  z 2  0 which passes through xz  x  y, z  1 .

Solution: Given that, x 2 p  y 2 q  z 2  0

We know, the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations are
dx dy dz
 
P Q R
dx dy dz
or, 2  2 
x y  z2
dx dy
Taking 1st and 2nd ratio we get, 2  2
x y
1 1
or,   a .................(i) [By integrating]
x y
1 1
or,   a .................(i)
x y
dy dz
Taking 2nd and 3rd ratio we get, 
y 2
 z2
1 1
or,   b [By integrating]
y z
1 1
  b ...............(ii)
or,
y z
Since (i) and (ii) passes through, xz  x  y, z  1 .
1 1
adding (i) and (ii) we get,   ab
x z
zx
or,  ab
xz
 ETE/Math-2115 (MHU) 11
1 x
or,  ab
x y
1 x 1 1
or,   which is the required integral surface.
x y x z

H.W. Problem 6: Find the integral surface of the linear partial differential equation
(i) 4 yzp  q  2 y  0 which passes through y 2  z 2  1, x  z  0 .

[Hints,Taking 1st and 3rd ratio; Taking 2nd and 3rd ratio; then adding and y 2  z 2  x  z  3 Ans]

(ii) ( x  y ) p  ( y  x  z )q  z Which contain the circle z  1, x 2  y 2  1.

[Hints,1, 1, 1 and 1, -1, 1 as multiplier, Taking 4th ratio; Taking 3rd and 5th ratio;
and z 4 ( x  y  z ) 2  2 z 4 ( x  y  z )  2 z 2 ( x  y  z )  ( x  y  x) 2  0 Ans]

Non Linear Partial Differential Equation

Theorem If F ( x, y , z , p, q )  0 be a nonlinear partial differential equation then the Charpit’s auxiliary
dp dq dz dx dy
equations are:    
F F F F F F F F
p q p q  
x z y z p q p q
dp dq dz dx dy
or,    
Fx  pFz Fy  qFz  pFp  qFq  Fp  Fq

Problem 1: Find the complete integral of the given partial differential equation by Charpit’s method
p2  y 2q  y 2  x 2

Solution: Given that, p 2  y 2 q  y 2  x 2

Let, F ( x, y, z , p, q)  p 2  y 2 q  y 2  x 2  0 ..............(i)
We know the Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
   
F F F F F F F F
p q p q  
x z y z p q p q
dp dq dz dx dy
or,     2
2 x  0  2 yq  2 y  0  2 p  y q  2 p y
2 2

From 1st and 4th ratio, we get,

ETE/Math-2115 (MHU) 12
dp dx

2x  2 p
or , pdp  xdx  0

or, p 2  x 2  c1 .................(ii) [By integrating]

Now, solving (i) and (ii) we get, c1  y 2 q  y 2  0

c1  y 2 c1
or, q   2 1
y2 y
and p  c1  x 2
z z
We know, dz  dx  dy
x y
or, dz  pdx  qdy

c 
or, dz  c1  x 2 dx   12  1dy
y 
c 
or,  dz   c1  x 2 dx    12  1dy
y 

c1  x 2 c1  x  c1
or, z   sin 1     y  k [By integrating]
2c1 2  c  y
 1 
which is the required complete integral/ Solution of (i).
Problem 2: Solve z 2 ( p 2 z 2  q 2 )  1 by Charpit’s method

Solution: Given that, z 2 ( p 2 z 2  q 2 )  1

Let, F ( x, y, z, p, q)  p 2 z 4  q 2 z 2  1  0 ..............(i)
We know, the Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
   
Fx  pFz Fy  qFz  pFp  qFq  Fp  Fq

dp dq dz dx dy
or,    
0  p(4 p z  2 zq ) 0  q(4 p z  2 zq )  p.2 pz  q.2qz
2 3 2 2 3 2 4 2
 2 pz 4
 2qz 2
From 1st and 2nd ratio, we get,
dp dq

p q
or , Logp  Logq  Logc [By integrating]
or, p  qc .................(ii)

Now, solving (i) and (ii) we get, c 2 q 2 z 4  z 2 q 2  1  0

1 c
or, q  and p 
z c z 1
2 2
z c z2 1
2

z z
We know, dz  dx  dy
x y
 ETE/Math-2115 (MHU) 13
or, dz  pdx  qdy
c 1
or, dz  dx  dy
z c z 12 2
z c z2 1
2

or, z c 2 z 2  1dz   c dx  1 dy
3
1
or, 2 (c 2 z 2  1) 2  cx  y  k [By integrating] which is the required complete Solution.
3c
Problem 3: Solve pxy  pq  qy  yz by Charpit’s method
Solution: Given that, pxy  pq  qy  yz
Let, F ( x, y , z , p , q )  pxy  pq  qy  yz  0 ..............(i)
We know, the Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
   
Fx  pFz Fy  qFz  pFp  qFq  Fp  Fq

dp dq dz dx dy
or,    
py  p( y ) q  px  qy  z  pxy  pq  pq  qy  xy  q  ( p  y )
From 1st ratio, we get,
dp  0
or, p  c .................(ii) [By integrating]
Now, solving (i) and (ii) we get, cxy  cq  qy  yz  0
yz  cxy
or, q  and p  c
c y
z z
We know, dz  dx  dy
x y
or, dz  pdx  qdy
yz  cxy
or, dz  cdx  dy
c y
y ( z  cx)
or, dz  cdx  dy
c y
dz  cdx y
or,  dy
z  cx c y

dz  cdx  c 
or,  1  dy
z  cx  c y
or, Log ( z  cx )  y  cLog (c  y )  Logk [By integrating]
or, 𝑧 − 𝑐𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑘(𝑐 + 𝑦)
or, 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑘(𝑐 + 𝑦) which is the required complete Solution.
ETE/Math-2115 (MHU) 14
Problem 4: Solve 16 p 2 z 2  9q 2 z 2  4 z 2  4  0 by Charpit’s method and identifying the surface.

Solution: Given that, 16 p 2 z 2  9q 2 z 2  4 z 2  4  0

Let, F ( x, y, z , p, q)  16 p 2 z 2  9q 2 z 2  4 z 2  4  0 ..............(i)
We know, the Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
   
Fx  pFz Fy  qFz  pFp  qFq  Fp  Fq

dp dq dz dx dy
or,    
32 p z  18 pq z  8 pz 32 p qz  18q z  8qz  32 p z  18q z
3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2
 32 pz 2
 18qz 2
Choosing 4 z , 0, 4 p , 1, 0 as multiplier,
dp dq dz dx dy dx  4 pdz  4 zdp
    
32 p z  18 pq z  8 pz 32 p qz  18q z  8qz  32 p z  18q z
3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2
 32 pz 2
 18qz 2
0
i.e, dx  4 pdz  4 zdp  0
or, dx  4d ( pz )  0
or, x  4 pz  a [By integrating]
ax
or, p  .................(ii)
4z

Now, solving (i) and (ii) we get, 16

a  x 2 .z 2  9q 2 z 2  4 z 2  4  0
16 z 2
or, a  x   9q 2 z 2  4 z 2  4  0
2

or, 9q 2 z 2  4  4 z 2  a  x 
2

4  1 2
or, q 2  2 1  z 2  a  x  
9z  4 
2 1
1  z 2  a  x 
2
or, q 
3z 4
We know, dz  pdx  qdy

ax 2 1
1  z 2  a  x  dy
2
or, dz  dx 
4z 3z 4

ax 2 1
1  z 2  a  x  dy
2
or, zdz  dx 
4 3 4

1
or, zdz  a  x dx  2 1  z 2  1 a  x 2 dy
4 3 4
1
3
zdz  a  x dx
or, 4  dy
2 1
1  z  a  x 
2 2

3 1
1  z 2  a  x   y  c [By integrating] which is the required Solution
2
or, 
2 4
 ETE/Math-2115 (MHU) 15
9 1 2
1  z  a  x     y  c 
2 2
or,
4 4 
1
or, 1  z 2  a  x 2  4  y  c 2
4 9
4
or,  y  c 2  1 a  x 2  z 2  1 it is represent an ellipsoid.
9 4
Problem 5: Solve p 2  q 2  py  qx by Charpit’s method

Solution: Given that, p 2  q 2  py  qx

Let, F ( x, y, z , p, q)  p 2  q 2  py  qx  0 ..............(i)
We know, the Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
   
Fx  pFz Fy  qFz  pFp  qFq  Fp  Fq

dp dq dz dx dy
or,    
q  p  2 p  yp  2q  qx  2 p  y  2q  x
2 2

dp dq
From 1st and 2nd ratio, we get 
q p
or, pdp  qdq  0

or, p 2  q 2  a [By integrating].................(ii)

Now, solving (i) and (ii) we get, a  q 2  q 2  a  q 2 y  qx  0

or, a  qx  a  q 2 y
or, a 2  2aqx  q 2 x 2  ay 2  q 2 y 2 [by Squaring]
or, q 2 ( x 2  y 2 )  2aqx  a 2  ay 2  0
 2ax  4a 2 x 2  4( x 2  y 2 )(a 2  ay 2 )
or, q 
2( x 2  y 2 )
 ax  ay 2 ( x 2  y 2  a )
or, q 
(x2  y 2 )
1
   
2 2
  ax  ay 2
( x 2
 y 2
 a )
and p  a    
  (x2  y 2 )  
  

We know, dz  pdx  qdy

1
  
2 2
  ax  ay ( x  y  a )     ax  ay 2 ( x 2  y 2  a ) 
2 2 2

or, dz  a    dx   dy
  (x2  y 2 )    (x2  y2 ) 
    
ETE/Math-2115 (MHU) 16
1
  
2 2
  ax  ay ( x  y  a )     ax  ay 2 ( x 2  y 2  a ) 
2 2 2

or, z   a  
  (x2  y2 )

 
dx    (x2  y2 )
dy  k

    

[By integrating] which is the required Solution

H.W. Problem 6: Find the complete integral of the given partial differential equation by Charpit’s method
(i) 2 z  p 2  qy  2 y 2  0 [Hints,Taking 1st and 4th ratio and 2 y 2 z  y 2 ( x  a) 2  y 4  c Ans]
((ii) 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 = 𝑝𝑞

Problem 7: Find the complete and singular integral of p 2  q 2 y  qz  

 
Solution: Given that, p 2  q 2 y  qz

 
Let, F ( x, y, z , p, q)  p 2  q 2 y  qz  0 ..............(i)
We know, the Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
   
Fx  pFz Fy  qFz  pF p  qFq  Fp  Fq

dp dq dz dx dy
or,  2   
 pq p  q  q
2 2
 2 p y  2q y  qz  2 py  2qy  z
2 2

dp dq
From 1st and 2nd ratio, we get 
q p
or, pdp  qdq  0

or, p 2  q 2  a [By integrating].................(ii)

Now, solving (i) and (ii) we get, ay  qz
ay
or, q 
z
az 2  a 2 y 2
and p
z

We know, dz  pdx  qdy

az 2  a 2 y 2 ay
or, dz  dx  dy
z z

or, = 𝑎𝑑𝑥

or, az 2  a 2 y 2  ax  b [By integrating] which is the complete Solution

or, az 2  a 2 y 2  ax  b  .............(iii)

2

Differentiating equation (iii) with respect to a and b respectively

z 2  2ay 2  2 xax  b  .....................(iv)
 ETE/Math-2115 (MHU) 17
and 0  2ax  b  or, ax  b  0 ................(v)

z2
From (iv), z 2  2ay 2  0 or , a 
2y2

 xz 2
and from (v) , b
2y2
2
z4 z4 2  z2x z2x 
Putting these values of a and b in (iii) we get,  y   2  2 
2y2 4y4  2y 2y 

or, z 4  0 which is the required singular solution.

Problem 8: Find the complete and singular integral of 2 xz  px 2  2qxy  pq  0

Solution: Given that, 2 xz  px 2  2qxy  pq  0

Let, F ( x, y, z , p, q)  2 xz  px 2  2qxy  pq  0 ..............(i)

We know, the Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
   
Fx  pFz Fy  qFz  pFp  qFq  Fp  Fq

or, = = = =

From 2nd ratio, we get dq  0

or, q  a [By integrating].................(ii)

Now, solving (i) and (ii) we get, 2 xz  px 2  2axy  pa  0

or, p(a  x 2 )  2axy  2 xz
2axy  2 xz
or, p 
a  x2

We know, dz  pdx  qdy

2axy  2 xz
or, dz  dx  ady
a  x2
2 x( z  ay )
or, dz  ady  dx
x2  a
dz  ady 2x
or,  2 dx
z  ay x a

or, Log ( z  ay )  Log ( x 2  a)  Logb [By integrating] which is the complete Solution

or, z  ay  b( x 2  a)

or, z  ay  b( x 2  a) .............(iii)
Differentiating equation (iii) with respect to a and b respectively
0  y  b or, b  y .....................(iv)
ETE/Math-2115 (MHU) 18
and 0  x 2  a or , a  x 2 ................(v)

Putting these values of a and b in (iii) we get, z  x 2 y  y ( x 2  x 2 )

or, z  x 2 y which is the required singular solution.


H.W. Problem 9: Find the complete and singular integral of q 2  z 2 p 2 1  p 2 . 
a2  z2 a a2  z 2
Hints: Taking 1st and 2nd Ratio then q  pa so, p  and q 
z z

hence complete solution  a 2  z 2  x  ay  b and singular solution z 2  0