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1 Engine Types and Operation

internal combustion engine

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66 views26 pages

1 Engine Types and Operation

internal combustion engine

Uploaded by

annas shahid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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414309 IC Engines

Instructor
Dr. Naseem Ahmad
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad
Email: [email protected]
• Text Books
• Internal Combustion Engines Fundamentals by J.B.
Heywood
Reference Material:
1. Introduction to I.C. Engines by Richard Stone
2. Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal
Combustion Engine by Willard W. Pulkrabek
1
TOPIC

Engine types and


their operation
Introduction: What is an Engine?

 An engine is a device which


transforms one form of energy
into another form.
 However, while transforming
energy from one form to another,
the efficiency of conversion
plays an important role.
 Normally, most of the engines
convert thermal energy into
mechanical work and therefore
they are called ‘heat engines’.
Heat Engine:

Heat engine is a device which transforms the


chemical energy of a fuel into thermal energy and
utilizes this thermal energy to perform useful work.
Engine Types
Basically, the engines are of two types, and these
are external combustion engines and internal
combustion engines.
(i). External combustion engine: In an external
combustion engine, the combustion of fuel takes
place outside the engine. Example: the steam
engine.
(ii). Internal combustion engine: In an internal
combustion engine, the combustion of fuel takes
place inside the engine. Two-stroke and four-
stroke petrol and diesel engine are examples of
the internal combustion engines.
6
Engine Classifications
• Application (road, railroad, airborne, utility, stationary)
• Design (reciprocating, rotary)
• Cycle (four-stroke, two-stroke, naturally aspirated, supercharged)
• Valve Design and Location (overhead, underhead )
• Fuel (gasoline, diesel, CNG, LPG, biofuels, hydrogen, dual-fuel,)
• Fuel/Air Mixing (carburetor, fuel injection SI, Diesel fuel injection)
• Ignition (spark, compression)
• Combustion Chamber design (open, divided)
• Load Control (fuel control, fuel/air mixture control)
• Cooling (water, air, uncooled) 7
Operating Cycles

• 4-stroke cycle: Requires two complete revolutions


to complete a cycle
• 2-stroke cycle: Requires one complete revolution
to complete a cycle

9
Cylinder Geometry

Intake manifold Exhaust manifold


and Valve and Valve

Vc
TDC
Bore, B
Vt
Vd Stroke, L

BDC
l

Connecting Rod
q Length

Crank Radius, a
10
Cylinder Geometry

Intake manifold Exhaust manifold


and Valve and Valve

Compression ratio
Vc
maximum cylinder volume Vd  Vc
TDC rc  
Bore, B
minimum cylinder volume Vc
Vt
Vd Stroke, L Displaced (swept) volume
 B2
Vd  L
BDC 4
l

Connecting Rod Typical values of rc are 8 to 12 for SI


q Length engines and 12 to 24 for CI engines
Crank Radius, a
11
Four-stroke operating cycle (Otto cycle)
Intake stroke: The piston at TC and ends at BC,
draws fresh mixture into the cylinder. The inlet
valve opens shortly before the stroke starts.
Compression stroke: Both valves are closed and
the mixture inside the cylinder is compressed.
Toward the end of the compression stroke,
combustion is initiated and the cylinder pressure
rises more rapidly.
Power stroke: Starts with the piston at TC and
ends at BC as the high-temperature, high-
pressure, gases push the piston down and force
the crank to rotate. About five times as much work
is done on the piston during the power stroke.
Exhaust Stroke: The remaining burned gases
exit the cylinder first, because the cylinder
pressure may be substantially higher than the
exhaust pressureand they are swept out by the
piston as it moves toward TC.

12
Four-stroke operating cycle

Exhaust Inlet

back
Two-stroke operating cycle

Compression stroke: Starts


by closing the inlet and
exhaust ports, compresses
the cylinder contents and
draws fresh charge into the
crankcase. the piston
approaches, combustion is
initiated.
Power stroke, similar to that
in the four-stroke cycle until
the piston approaches BC,
first the exhaust ports and
then the intake ports 14
are uncovered
Two-stroke operating cycle

back
SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE OPERATION
• In a spark ignition engine, the fuel is mixed with air and then
inducted into the cylinder during the intake process. After the
piston compresses the fuel-air mixture, the spark ignites it,
causing combustion. The expansion of the combustion gases
pushes the piston during the power stroke.
• Carburetor or fuel injection system is used.
Inlet Valve: Air-fuel mixture enters into
cylinder through inlet valve.
Exhaust Valve: The burnt or exhaust
gases produced in the power stroke
escapes out through exhaust valve.
Spark Plug: It produces spark at the end
of the compression stroke, which ignites
the compressed air-fuel mixture.
Cylinder: It is a hollow cylinder in which
the piston reciprocates.
Piston: It is moving part of the engine that
performs reciprocating motion and
transmits the power generated during
power stroke to the crankshaft through
connecting rod.
Connecting Rod: It is that part of the
engine which connects the piston to the
crankshaft.
Crankshaft: It is used to convert the
reciprocating motion of the engine into
rotary motion.
Spark Ignition Engines

18
Combustion ignition engine operation
• In compression-ignition engines, air alone is inducted into the
cylinder. The fuel is injected directly into the engine cylinder
just before the combustion process is required to start.
• Load control is achieved by varying the amount of fuel injected
each cycle
Single point fuel injection
Multipoint port fuel injection
Direct injection in SI engines
Spark Ignition Engines

back

23
Compression
Ignition
Engines

24
Compression Ignition Engines

25
Diesel fuel system with distributor-type fuel injection pump with mechanical governor

back

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