106. Use the correct form of the gerund of the verbs in brackets and the correct word order.

1. I can't blame her for not wanting to see me.

2. The thought of never seeing him again, never being able to touch him, was a twisting pain in her heart.
3. No one had told me about that. I resented not being informed.
4. The driver admits to not seeing the boy who came from the opposite pavement.
5. John had the men leave their weapons in the sheds, and they followed his lead by never discussing matters
of war in front of me.
6. My teenage daughter often whines about never being allowed to stay out late.
7. I was getting anxious about not hearing from him for weeks.
8. He hadn't even realized that not going to the show was an option.
9. I confess to not immediately grasping his reason.
10. He is a talented researcher, but he admits to not winning any prizes or scholarships.
11. I've got used to not being able to go out and enjoy the solitude of the garden.
12. Red with the effort of shouting, and the frustration of not being heard, they belted out: "Mary Murphy!"
"Antonio Balducci!" "Ludmila Kuchar!"
13. "There's no shame in not wanting to do something just because everyone else is, lad," said Grandpa.
105. Rewrite the sentences using the gerund.
1. I can well remember staying at the Belgravia Hotel in London and walking around the city admiring the
sights.
2. We decided to have dinner at home together and I'll never forget making that pizza.
3. She nearly knocked me over and then she apologized for causing the trouble.
4. She apologized for being dishonest.
5. The accused denied stabbing and murdering Mr. Spark.
6. The suspect admitted being at the scene of the crime at that exact hour.
7. The professor recalls once telling a group of students to observe what was going on in the operating
theatre.
8. He apologized for putting it so coarsely, but asked to be excused.
9. Johnson admitted driving recklessly while unfit through drink.
10. "I apologize for expressing my feelings so strongly to you then." "No need to apologize for expressing
them in the past."
11. Airport worker Sue Thomas admitted taking a box of chocolates from the duty-free shop.
12. I remember being at primary school – the boys playing football and us playing netball.
13. He loved the Spanish way of living very much, but regretted never having the opportunity to learn the
language.
14. The company admitted being positively influenced by its staff commitment.
15. The journalists described visiting survivors in hospital the following day – the news was splashed across
the front pages.
16. "I apologize for introducing myself without waiting to be introduced, Dr. Watson," said the visitor.
17. Unemployed Morton, 21, admitted carrying out the burglary.
18. She could only recollect being wheeled along a hospital's endless corridor, probably after fainting.
122. Point out attributes and adverbial modifiers. Define the types of adverbial modifiers.
1. Andrew was sad at having to turn down Paul's invitation. Once again he had to put the needs of his family
business above his own desires. Attributes: Paul's, family, own
Adverbial Modifiers: At having to turn down (reason), once again (time), above his own desires (place)
2. In spite of feeling tired, we decided to go out. Adverbial Modifiers: In spite of feeling tired (concession), to
go out (purpose)
3. She was angry with me for waking her up. Adverbial Modifiers: With me (cause), for waking her up (reason)
4. We need a really good vac for cleaning these carpets. Attributes: Really good, these
Adverbial Modifiers: For cleaning these carpets (purpose)
5. Sometimes, a problem can be softened by offering up a solution at the same time. Adverbial Modifiers:
Sometimes (frequency), by offering up a solution (means), at the same time (time)
6. It was odd because she'd been so cross at mum for talking about the very same thing. Attributes: The very
same
Adverbial Modifiers: Because she'd been so cross (reason), for talking about the very same thing (reason)
7. The quickest way of ending a war is to lose it. (George Orwell) Attributes: The quickest, a
Adverbial Modifiers: Of ending a war (purpose), to lose it (result)
8. George, you couldn't even pretend to die without getting it wrong! Adverbial Modifiers: Even (emphasis),
without getting it wrong (condition)
9. "Well, lucky you," the woman said after thinking for a moment and shrugging her shoulders as if to say,
"He's peculiar!" Adverbial Modifiers: After thinking for a moment (time), shrugging her shoulders (manner), as
if to say (comparison)
10. The idea of having serious trouble with the powerful trade union made the manager nervous. Attributes:
Serious, powerful
Adverbial Modifiers: With the powerful trade union (association)
11. When Henry Tudor became Henry VII in 1485, shortly after the publication of Sir Thomas Malory's Morte
d'Arthur, he emphasized his British ancestry by naming his eldest son Arthur. Attributes: His, eldest
Adverbial Modifiers: When Henry Tudor became Henry VII (time), shortly after the publication (time), by
naming his eldest son (means)
12. She held the ebony elephant in her hand, feeling its weight, coolness and smoothness for one more time
before putting it back in its original place on the shelf. Attributes: Ebony, its, original
Adverbial Modifiers: In her hand (place), for one more time (frequency), before putting it back (time), on the
shelf (place)
13. I can't tell you if the profits will rise without looking at the figures. Adverbial Modifiers: Without looking at
the figures (condition)
14. "Go on!" she said, chasing the two of us round the kitchen with the wet tea-towel. "Get out of my house
before I flatten the pair of you!" We could barely stand up for laughing when we got outside. Attributes: The
wet, the
Adverbial Modifiers: Chasing round the kitchen (manner), with the wet tea-towel (means), before I flatten you
(time), for laughing (reason), when we got outside (time)
Use gerund.
1. After a visit to his dentist, the inventor had the idea of using the power of water to drill rather than much
slower and costly compressed air.
2. If you go to the island on holiday or for a weekend, you'll probably have a good chance of finding fossils,
because the Isle of Wight is called "the dinosaur capital."
3. This project is a serious effort at improving the country's healthcare system.
4. We said everything we hadn't said in the weeks before, quickly inventing hopes and dreams to distract us
from the terror of saying goodbye.
5. Depression may be a result of suppressing negative emotions and feelings.
6. He realized he had no chance of winning, but didn't give up.
7. Czar Ivan the Terrible made an attempt at building a cathedral in Vologda and had plans for turning the
town into his new capital, but then he changed his mind.
8. The reason for breaking an academic essay into parts is to make it more accessible to the reader and to
communicate your ideas successfully.
9. Susan Bedford turned out to be a highly sociable, quick-witted young woman. She had a well-supplied
wardrobe, the result, Jane imagined, of being the only child of a wealthy man and widower.
10. The previous year Jill had been certain that she had a glowing future with her then-boyfriend, Ben, and
had even begun to think in terms of buying a house together.
8.

1. We were happy to return home.

2. He was ashamed to ask such questions.
3. I can't afford to buy this player.
4. She pretended to be asleep.
5. She expected to be met at the airport (but she wasn’t).
6. She expected to be taken to the hotel.
7. He seems to be preparing for the exam in the library right now.
8. It seems we did this exercise in the last lesson.
9. She seems to be always 15 minutes late.
10. The letter must have been delivered by now.
11. What happened? – It seems I have lost my keys.

1. We didn’t manage to discuss the project at the meeting.

2. She can afford to eat at expensive restaurants.
3. I can’t decide which job to choose.
4. It’s very nice to meet you.
5. It seems someone entered the building a minute ago.
6. I can’t figure out how to pronounce this sound.
7. It was so kind of him to give us a ride in his car!
8. It’s so thoughtful of you to never be late for class.
9. He claimed to have been living in Moscow for twenty years.
10. She can't afford to go on vacation to Egypt.
11. He promised not to mention that name again.
12. I hope we will be given a warm welcome.

9. Choose a suitable form of the infinitive.

1) There is beautiful scenery (to see) travelling to Chichester, a town on the south-east coast of England. 2)
There is so much (to see) and do in Prague — a city which is brought to life by buskers, festivals and
exhibitions which add to its architectural, artistic, and musical heritage. 3) "I have nothing (to gain) by
defending you." - "Nothing (to lose), either." . 4) He picked up the phone. There was one more call (to make).
5) By the end of the week I'm even walking to work because my wallet is empty, and I can't afford bus fare. I
certainly have nothing (spend) on a movie. 6) It was Ok. There was no need (to humiliate) herself. 7) He went
on down the road despairingly, because there was no place else (to go). 8) There was a letter (to write) to her
mother. 9) There is a lot (to say) about this species of butterfly, but it is hard not to fall for it. 10) No matter
what, I still have my guitar (to strum) and books (to read). 11) There is nothing (to add). 12) I'm bored stiff. I've
got nothing (to do). 13) "There is nothing (to do). Sorry." - "Right. We can't help it." 14) The car stopped: out of
petrol. He made a small gracious gesture to himself, as one bows before the inevitable. There was nothing (to
do), he would have to spend the night in the woods.
11. Translate into English using an infinitive. Do not use modal verbs.

1. There is no time to lose. 2. There is nothing to fear. 3. There is nothing to worry about. 4. I have a lot of
work to do today. 5. I am very busy at work. I have a lot of messages to type and to send. Here is the list of
people to invite to the conference. Two hundred people! But there's nothing to be done about it. I have
enough time to get everything done by Friday evening. 6. Jackie, the documents to translate are on my desk.
The other urgent things to do are in the email. If there is anything you need to ask me, do it now, because I
won’t be here until 4 o’clock. 7. Moscow is a big city, and there is plenty to do here. There are many museums
and galleries to visit, historical monuments to photograph, and magnificent buildings to admire. Don’t believe
those who say they are bored here with nothing to do.

18. Choose between the to-infinitive or the bare infinitive.

1) She had managed (to roll) the fifteen beds out of the room and prepare ladders, ropes and buckets of
water. 2) Can we (use) the bicycle? A sick person is dying, and we have (to get) the doctor and the priest. I
jump on my bicycle, no one would dare (say) a word! 3) "Please, don't let them (bomb) us any more! Let them
(bomb) anyone else, dear God, but not us! I have three children! I have (to save) them!" 4) From now on, he
knew he could not just (stand by) and (let) disaster (strike). 5) It was a wonderful feeling, to disappear like
that. It made him (feel) different and special. 6) He was trying heroically not (to cry) out, and his contorted
face made him (look) like a large skinny old monkey. 7) He was made (to look) foolish. 8) People can't be
made (to integrate), (to socialize) if they don't want to. 9) "When does she get back?" "At 3." "Shall I have her
(call) you?" "No. I'll call her myself." 10) Did you feel the earth (shake)? 11) I didn't notice you (come in). 12)
Babe Ruth was everyone's hero. His face was always in the newspapers. Everyone knew him, even though few
people ever saw him (play) baseball. 13) Ryan saw his mother's shoulders (move) once, and then she put her
head down for a second. She reached down for her handbag on the floor. 14) John Gielgud had only got into
the third act of the play when the siren went. Fortunately, there was order, even though a bomb was heard
(to drop) quite near. 15) I love that tree! I want it for Christmas. I'll get Neil (to carry) it.

24. Translate into English using the full or bare infinitive.

1) If you have a headache, it's better to take a pill right away. 2) She promised to clean the apartment, but in
reality, she only washed the dishes. 3) I would rather learn Chinese than go to PE classes. 4) We couldn't help
but change the terms of the contract due to the high inflation rate in the country. 5) During the holidays, I
would like to do something very unusual, like go diving.

30. State the function of the infinitives or infinitive phrases (subjects, predicatives, parts of compound nominal
and verbal predicates).
1. To get an operation like that in Dublin would cost a hundred pounds. subject
2. Our intention is to implement the project by October next year. Predicative, part of the compound nominal
predicate.
3. To err is human but to really foul things up requires a computer. (Anonymous) subject
4. I'll have to walk back to that garage. I shouldn't be long. Part of the compound verbal modal predicate.
5. It's lovely to see you. Predicative, part of the compound nominal predicate.
6. My goal was to save £500 by the New Year. Predicative, part of the compound nominal predicate.
7. Then at night we were able to walk from the hotel to the water's edge. Part of the compound verbal
predicate.
8. The street was starting to empty... Part of the compound verbal predicate.
9. I began to panic and thought I was going to faint. Part of the compound verbal predicate.
10. An important thing in photography is to capture the characters' expressions. It is the hardest part.
Predicative, part of the compound nominal predicate.
11. Facts do not cease to exist because they are ignored. Part of the compound verbal predicate.
12. It is nice to be important, but it is more important to be nice. predicative
13. If you tell the truth, you don't have to remember anything. (M.Twaine) Part of the compound verbal
predicate.
14. "You must be hungry," she said. It was true, he was famished. predicative
15. Mrs Jones, the English teacher, used to sit at her desk, clutching her handbag as if we were going to steal
her purse. Part of the compound verbal predicate.
16. Lord George, Eighth Earl of Grimley, was to be officially declared dead as the result of a terrible accident.
Part of the compound verbal modal predicate.

32. State the function of the infinitives or infinitive phrases (adverbial modifiers).
1. "Barry has got lovely blue eyes." "That's true, but if you turn your back, they'd be looking elsewhere. Coral
Parker, for instance. He offered to prune her shrubs." Adverbial modifier of purpose
2. Steve had always urged her to make peace with the past. Adverbial modifier of purpose
3. He needed crutches in order to be able to stand. Adverbial modifier of purpose
4. She wasn't sure what to do with her evening. Adverbial modifier of result
5. He kissed her. Holding her at arm's length he stared into her face as if to memorise every detail. Adverbial
modifier of purpose
6. When she returned from Miami she didn't know where to go. Adverbial modifier of result
7. She said how they liked to have barbecues in summer. Adverbial modifier of purpose
8. I practically ran to the staff room, bravely knocked on the door and asked to see Mr Brown. Adverbial
modifier of purpose
9. He was too intelligent not to understand what was happening to him. Adverbial modifier of result
10. "This is the spot," said the Captain. "Hide your men by the water's edge, Colonel. We'll stay on the other
side so as not to hinder your movement when the moment comes." Adverbial modifier of purpose
11. The Confederates retreated in confusion never to recover their southern territories. Adverbial modifier of
result
12. She noticed her puckered chin where tiny black hairs sprouted, never to be tweezed away. Adverbial
modifier of result
13. I let up on the accelerator, only to gradually reach again the 60 m.p.h. Adverbial modifier of result
14. One day, the memories would surely comfort and not hurt. Someday, she'd be strong enough to share
them with Paul's family. Adverbial modifier of purpose
15. When I was at school, I was short-sighted but too vain to wear glasses. Adverbial modifier of result
16. My father has been forgiven, my brothers too, and now the victor breaks bread with them as if to forget
they were enemies. Adverbial modifier of purpose
41. Identify the infinitives fulfilling the function of adverbial modifiers of purpose and those of attendant
circumstances. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. She giggled nervously, pushing her fiancé away only to give in and kiss him. Adverbial modifier of attendant
circumstances.
Она нервно хихикнула, оттолкнув жениха, только чтобы потом уступить и поцеловать его.
2. I fell when I was running to catch a bus. Adverbial modifier of purpose
Я упал, когда бежал, чтобы успеть на автобус.
3. James looked up to discover Elsie staring at him. Adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances
Джеймс поднял голову, чтобы обнаружить, что Эльси смотрит на него.
4. If you stain your shirt, use bleach to clean it thoroughly. Adverbial modifier of purpose
Если вы запачкаете рубашку, используйте отбеливатель, чтобы очистить её тщательно.
5. "Thank heaven," Lewis echoed from the depths of his heart. He turned to find Tom watching the rescued
men, not with joy, but with a worried frown on his face. Adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances
«Слава богу», — отозвался Льюис от всего сердца. Он повернулся, чтобы увидеть Тома, наблюдающего
за спасёнными людьми не с радостью, а с тревогой на лице.
6. You should plan to leave early tomorrow to avoid traffic jams. Adverbial modifier of purpose
«Слава богу», — отозвался Льюис от всего сердца. Он повернулся, чтобы увидеть Тома, наблюдающего
за спасёнными людьми не с радостью, а с тревогой на лице.
7. Later in life, James and his father drifted apart, never to be reconciled. Adverbial modifier of attendant
circumstances
Позже в жизни Джеймс и его отец отдалились друг от друга, так и не примирившись.
8. As they were looking they heard giggling at the back of the shop. Alex turned to see the sullen waitress from
that morning, Eva. She was obviously off duty, with her hair up and wearing high heels. Adverbial modifier of
attendant circumstances
Когда они смотрели, сзади магазина послышался смех. Алекс повернулся, чтобы увидеть ту самую
угрюмую официантку с утра, Еву. Она явно была не на работе, с собранными волосами и на каблуках.
9. He scored a goal and the fans' roar would roll out across the neighbourhood, only to be answered moments
later by the opponents' roar for a similar triumph. Adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances
Он забил гол, и рёв фанатов разнёсся по окрестностям, только чтобы через мгновение быть перекрытым
рёвом соперников в ответ на подобный триумф.
10. He did everything he could to keep Christine happy. Adverbial modifier of purpose
Он делал всё возможное, чтобы сделать Кристин счастливой.
11. "But" Elsa began, only to be cut off. Adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances
«Но...» — начала Эльза, только чтобы её перебили.
12. A person travels the world over in search of what they need, and then returns home to find it. Adverbial
modifier of attendant circumstances
Человек путешествует по миру в поисках того, что ему нужно, и затем возвращается домой, чтобы это
найти.
13. January 1: Optimists stayed up last night to see the New Year in. Pessimists however waited to make sure
the old one had left. Adverbial modifiers of purpose.
1 января: Оптимисты не спали прошлой ночью, чтобы встретить Новый год. Пессимисты же ждали,
чтобы убедиться, что старый ушёл.
14. He might not have the physical strength or skill to help in the mine, but there must be other ways he could
work to bring some security to the lives of the miners' families. Adverbial modifiers of purpose
У него может не быть физической силы или навыков, чтобы помочь в шахте, но должны быть другие
способы, которыми он мог бы работать, чтобы принести немного стабильности в жизнь семей шахтёров.
15. The convicts escaped from prison, never to be caught. Adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances
Заключённые сбежали из тюрьмы, так и не будучи пойманными.

29. Study the functions of the infinitive and fill in the table below with examples of your own.
The subject: To travel the world is my dream.
The predicative (=part of the compound nominal predicate): His goal is to win the championship.
The compound verbal predicate: modal: She must leave now. , aspect: He began to write his novel last week.
An object: I want to learn Spanish.
Adverbial modifier of:
 Purpose: She went to the store to buy some groceries.
 Result: He spoke too quickly to be understood.
 Comparison (manner): He ran as if to catch the last train.
 Attendant circumstances: She opened the door, only to find the room empty.
An attribute:
 Class nouns, nouns of materials: He gave me a book to read.
 Abstract nouns: His decision to quit surprised everyone.
 Indefinite pronouns, quantifiers: There's nothing to worry about.
 Ordinal numerals: She was the first to arrive at the meeting.
 The adjective last: He was the last to leave the party.
Parenthesis: To be honest, I don’t like this movie.
52. Open the brackets to use the complex object.
1. The way her mother and uncle understood each other without any effort made her wonder what it
would be like if she wasn't an only child.
2. She didn't want Paul to be a memory; she wanted him here, now, right beside her.
3. The school principal began by saying that if anyone started being silly and giggling, she would make
them spend every break for the next two weeks picking up litter.
4. Sorry, I don't get it. I need you to explain it.
5. The sound was still in her mind - the rattling slam of a screen door, that made her think of hot
afternoons with the rich scent of yellow jessamine in her garden in South Carolina.
6. Here, back home, she could let the past slide away with the sluggish water that trickled over the
stones.
7. If you've never been to the Isle of Wight before, I strongly urge you to put that right as soon as
possible.
8. John, did I hear you lock the back door? Paul isn't home yet.
9. Georgie listened. The comfortable words made her catch her breath.
10. Harry had forbidden her to leave the house, apart from visits to the small local shops for groceries and
meat to make the huge meals he demanded every evening.
11. He wants an assistant to help him with the horses. I'd like that. He said he'd pay me a bit on Saturdays.
12. Gran was speaking again, in a tone sharper than Laura had ever heard her use before.
13. I smile as I watch my hubby chase the kids back into the lounge.
14. She played truant from school on autumn days. She was reluctant to let the summer go.
15. She saw her sister go into the front room and pull back a corner of the carpet.
16. No, she would survive. She forced her common-sense to prevail.
1. Translate
1) She didn't want me to go to Moscow. 2) Dad wanted me to be a pianist. 3) I would like you to come to us. 4)
They wanted us to lose the game. 5) I would like you to wait for me.
55. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is very good to use when describing people's feelings.
Read the situations below and identify the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction. Translate the
sentences with the construction into good Russian. Have you translated them word for word or used
equivalents? Why?
1. Amelia felt her heart flutter with excitement and in that moment all thoughts of Chrissie were forgiven.
Амелия почувствовала, как её сердце затрепетало от волнения, и в этот момент все мысли о Крисси
были прощены.
2. Several seconds ticked by as he stared in silence at the photo. I continued to hold my breath, feeling my
heart beat in my chest.
Прошло несколько секунд, пока он молча смотрел на фотографию. Я продолжала задерживать дыхание,
чувствуя, как бьётся моё сердце в груди.
3. I looked down and the ground seemed to zoom up to meet me. I felt myself go dizzy.
Я посмотрел вниз, и земля как будто подлетела мне навстречу. Я почувствовал, как закружилась голова.
4. I felt great. It made me forget everything else.
Я чувствовал себя прекрасно. Это заставило меня забыть обо всём остальном.
5. She returned to the bar, but every time she looked up it seemed Geoffrey Barton was smiling at her over the
top of his book. It made her flutter inside and forget the drinks people had ordered, but it was, she decided, a
nice kind of fluttering.
Она вернулась к бару, но каждый раз, когда поднимала глаза, казалось, Джеффри Бартон улыбался ей
из-за своей книги. Это заставляло её внутренне трепетать и забывать о заказах, но, как она решила, это
был приятный трепет.

6. Whenever she looked up there was a soft smile on his lips for her. It made her blush and muff her notes so
that once Mrs. Jacobs glared at her most directly.
Каждый раз, когда она поднимала глаза, на его губах появлялась мягкая улыбка, адресованная ей. Это
заставляло её краснеть и сбиваться с нот, так что миссис Джейкобс однажды посмотрела на неё
осуждающе.
7. "The thought of standing up there in the show with all those people looking at me..." Jordan shuddered and
Grandad's frown deepened even further. "It makes my stomach hurt." Jordan felt his eyes fill with tears.
"Мысль о том, что мне придётся стоять там перед всеми этими людьми, смотрящими на меня..."
Джордан вздрогнул, а хмурое лицо деда стало ещё мрачнее. "Это заставляет мой живот болеть."
Джордан почувствовал, как его глаза наполняются слезами.
8. "Your parents used to do weddings and concerts and all sorts. They were even offered a recording contract. I
suppose you could say I was their roadie! I used to drive them to all their gigs and help carry their equipment
back and forth." Jordan felt his mouth drop open. The trouble with Grandad was that you never knew when
he was telling the truth.
"Твои родители выступали на свадьбах, концертах и прочем. Им даже предложили контракт на запись.
Можно сказать, что я был их помощником на гастролях! Я возил их на все выступления и помогал носить
оборудование." Джордан почувствовал, как у него отвисла челюсть. С дедом была проблема —
никогда не знал, когда он говорит правду.
9. One particular young herring gull gave us a great deal of fun. Nicknamed Harry, though of course we had no
idea of the bird's sex, it seemed to be all feet - large and black and seemingly far too big for its fluffed grey
specked body, the little gull eventually grew very sleek and fat because it had been fed daily. We were sorry to
see it go one day.
Один молодой серебристый чаек доставил нам массу удовольствия. Мы прозвали его Гарри, хотя,
конечно, не знали его пол. Казалось, что это были одни лапы — большие и чёрные, казавшиеся слишком
большими для его пушистого, пятнистого серого тела. В конце концов, чаек стал гладким и упитанным,
так как его кормили ежедневно. Нам было жаль видеть, как он улетел однажды.
73. Point out the For-to-Infinitive Construction and define its syntactic function.

1. For him to ignore the consequences is difficult.

 Syntactic function: Subject of the sentence.

2. Once he gets started on the project, it's hard for him to let go.

 Syntactic function: Subject of the infinitive clause functioning as the real subject (extraposed subject)
of "it's hard."

3. I couldn't bear for Jack and Cara to leave us. It would break my heart.
  Syntactic function: Object of the verb "bear."

4. I was standing at my bedroom door waiting for the letter to drop through the letterbox.

 Syntactic function: Object of the verb "waiting."

5. The woman calls for the dog, throwing a ball for him to chase.

 Syntactic function: Purpose clause (shows purpose or intention of throwing the ball).

6. In order for the team to succeed, they must work together.

 Syntactic function: Purpose clause (shows the reason or goal for which they must work together).

7. He was sent to a hospital in Arizona until his health improved enough for him to come back to Washington.

 Syntactic function: Result clause (shows the result of his health improving).

8. Jackson knew that this place must go or he must go. And for him to leave this job now would mean the end
of his career.

 Syntactic function: Subject of the sentence.

9. The new future was breaking through, but it was for her daughter to seize.

 Syntactic function: Predicative complement (explains what the new future is for).

10. There was a stream of calls for the president to resign.

 Syntactic function: Post-modifier of the noun "calls" (shows what the calls were about).

11. Laura found more work for her to do.

 Syntactic function: Post-modifier of the noun "work" (shows the purpose of the work).

12. Everybody, my friend, everybody lives for something better to come.

 Syntactic function: Purpose clause (shows the reason people live).

13. It was difficult for us to meet. We could not be seen together.

 Syntactic function: Subject of the infinitive clause functioning as the real subject (extraposed subject)
of "it was difficult."

14. Our neighbors moved out of their flat because Mrs. Cole had had an operation and it wasn't easy for her to
live in the flat any longer - she has to be in a wheelchair.

 Syntactic function: Subject of the infinitive clause functioning as the real subject (extraposed subject)
of "it wasn't easy."
78. Rephrase the sentences so as to use the For-to-Infinitive Construction.
1. It's time for the kids to go to school.
2. There's nothing for us to do.
3. She wrapped her arms around her body and waited for Chrissie to catch up.
4. Grandad's been like a cat on a hot tin roof waiting for you to arrive.
5. I was bristling with excitement, my toes curled in my boots, waiting for the moment for him to kiss me
again.
6. All of us women were craving a bit of beauty, something pretty for us to look at.
7. Her sister was supposed to move in and pay my half of the rent for the few months I was away. I arranged
for her to do it.
8. For a long time the villagers were afraid that the pirates might come again, so for many months they
arranged for a watchman to look out from the heights at night and give warning in case of an attack.
9. Later that day, Laura phoned again with the news that she had arranged for Marie to prepare the food for
the party.
10. He knew every animal, noticed their presence in shaking leaves. "Rabbit!" he called on our second or third
day out together. I sat firmly down on a large stone and insisted for us to wait there for a fluffy ball to come
out.
11. At lunchtime, she held up her hand for me to stop and called down to the kitchen for tea.
12. She pressed the elevator button, and when the doors opened, she indicated for me to get in.
13. Chrissie sat on the short grass and indicated for Amelia to do likewise.
14. I couldn't allow myself to despair, so I continued my search in my mother's drawers to find some trinket for
me to brighten up.
15. I waited for the others to catch up.
16. The flat roof of our house was high enough for us to admire the spectacular sunsets of Ohio.
17. I must marry her. It is the only way for me to save her good name and her position.

79. Use the correct form of the infinitive, the Objective-with-the-Infinitive or the For-to- Infinitive in the
texts below. Remember to use the preposition for where necessary.
The bay was tiny. Once Debby had run past the couple of cafes, by the small hotel and around the corner near
the boatyard, there would be nowhere else for her to run. I wanted everything to happen now. I stood in the
kitchen waiting for the water to heat up. The man was pointing out something high up on the building. Celia
felt her heart clench. She returned her gaze firmly to her hands, clasped demurely on her lap, and waited for
this ordeal to be over. "Don't go, Lil. I don't want you to go and leave me." "Let's go to Egypt." "Egypt? Where
the pyramids are? You make it sound very appealing, love." It is very easy for me to stand here and say "try to
keep calm and polite and reasonable." Your boss has been trying to get hold of you. He wanted you to ring
him up instantly whenever you got back. On our long country walks, Grandad was usually the one who had to
wait for the others to catch up. Her voice was almost inaudible, but the words had to be spoken. He
threatened her not to spill the beans, to keep her mouth shut.

70. Rephrase the sentences so as to use the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction without to be.
1. Somebody wanted her dead.
2. The stepmother despised Cinderella and wanted her out. She wanted her gone.
3. He must be out of his trance. I must get him do it.
4. She must be out of the house. I must get her do it as fast as I can!
5. Everybody thought her pretty.
6. Women are disappointed when one doesn't think them worthy of attention.
7. She wanted to buy herself a car because she didn't consider her husband's car fashionable.
8. Such things should not be said in public because people will think them impolite.
9. Linda was jealous because her father considered her younger sister his princess.
10. Though she grew up in Russia, she considered New York her home.
11. They found it very difficult to get on with him.
12. You will probably find it easy to make friends here.
13. I just found him very annoying.
14. Derek considered her one of the sharpest lawyers he had ever worked with.
15. Art experts think this picture a fraud.
16. He didn't know whether he should go to the airport by train or by bus. He found it safer to go by train to
avoid the traffic jams.

80. Use the correct form of the infinitive, the Objective-with-the-Infinitive or the For-to- Infinitive in the
texts below. Remember to use the preposition for where necessary.

"The good thing is that this is the first time I've seen you cry. Crying is normal. You don't have to be strong for
your dad, you know. He'll get by."
"Will he? I sometimes wish he'd find someone else. But then I feel so guilty even thinking that. I don't want
him to forget mum. It's just..."
"That you want him to be happy again? I understand, pet. He won't forget, and neither will you. She'll always
be special, even if someone else does come along. That person won't replace her, she'll just be an extra
person for your dad to care about."

The funds to convert the disused stable block into a hospital, along with the salaries of two doctors and
several nurses, had now been secured. Alan had already agreed to work three days a week in the hospital, so
that the patients who could not pay for treatment could at last find some ease for their suffering. It was so like
Alan to be so passionate about the welfare of his patients. But a doctor had to make a living. He could not
afford to treat all his patients without payment. A post at the hospital would give him a salary that would
enable him to treat all who came. He was so full of optimism for the future of the new hospital, and so
impatient for it to open.

69. Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do
not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given.
1. As I was going to put a coat on my little daughter, I expected her to have a tantrum and scream, but she
didn't.
2. The burglars may have got in through the fire exit.
3. I never heard her spread gossip about anybody.
4. Art experts believe the painting to be a copy of the old Master's.
5. I expected a better car than that.
6. She let the guests enter.
7. As early as the 6th century B.C., the earth was seen as spherical.
8. I know that I should not have got angry in front of the children.
9. We were told not to use the computers because of a virus attack.
65. Read the texts below and use the correct form of the infinitive.
This is a fine example of the head of Medusa, one of the three Gorgon sisters. She made the goddess Athena
fly into a rage by consorting with Poseidon, god of the sea. The effects of the spell cast on Medusa caused
anyone she gazed upon, to turn to stone. Her hair had also been transformed into snakes or serpents. The
poor girl, whose name means "a patroness," a "keeper," had to hide her ugliness and was made to move to
"the world's end," an island lost in the sea. Later, Perseus cut off her head. Drops of Medusa's blood fell into
the sea and caused fabulous red corals to appear in the water. These corals are now called gorgonaria or
gorgonia.

Charles looked up, to discover Elinor watching him. For a moment he was disconcerted. Elinor's eyes were
unexpectedly shrewd. No young woman had ever viewed Charles with quite such open appraisal. It was a look
that had nothing to do with his wealth or social status. One that seemed to go straight to his heart. It was with
an absurd sense of relief that he saw her, nod. "If you could hold Tom's arm for me," she said. "I think it might
be broken. I want to secure it as best I can before the men take him down to the village." Thankful to have
some kind of employment, Charles held the damaged arm firmly as Elinor worked. "You are a good nurse, I
see," he remarked. He saw her, give a wry smile. "No more than the rest of the women in the village," she
replied. "Llinos is the real nurse in the family. She'd know if this was broken or not only by looking at it. The
rest of us have learned how to make do."

67. You have learnt the forms and functions of the infinitive and the Objective-with-the- Infinitive
Construction so far. Now try your hand at translating. Translate the cards below orally, off the page.
CARD 1
We are happy to have been invited to your conference.
They must have already left the house.
We are very glad to have received your invitation.
You must have read about it earlier.
The Olympic champion came in second.
This problem is too complicated to solve right now.
It seems we have met before.
My phone number is easy to remember.
He turned out to be a pleasant and sociable person.
What made you raise this issue at the meeting?

CARD 2
Everyone was pleased to have seen Agatha Christie's "The Mousetrap."
She must still be sitting in the library. What a pity!
How lucky I am to have gotten plane tickets!
He was the last one to take the exam yesterday. I think this must be his textbook.
They must receive instructions tomorrow.
He is not the kind of person to believe everything.
He seems to be telling the truth.
Sorry, but I have nothing to say.
First-year students tend to make pronunciation mistakes.
What made you conduct this experiment?

CARD 3
Mike regretted not telling his wife about his plans.
We would like the goods to be delivered on time.
Could we have missed that program?
He was the first one to reach the finish line.
He is unlikely to have heard about this theory.
He was glad to have told her the truth.
He doesn't seem to be lying.
There's nothing to do but discuss all the points.
I pretended not to notice him.
Why do you think that?

CARD 4
The melody made him remember his first date with Mary.
We would like everything to be documented.
Your next task is to test this equipment.
He is unlikely to know the answer.
You are the first one to answer.
He is fun to talk to.
She seems to have forgotten everything.
This map is easy to read.
Who was the last one to get off the bus?
Don't make me do what I don't want to!

Define the function of the Infinitive in the sentence.

1. To learn, to desire, to know, to feel, to think, to act - is what I want in life.

2. It was natural to invite her to the party.
3. I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.
4. Just to be alive is a grand thing.
5. It gives me pleasure to think of you.
6. We managed to see him at last.
7. The main problem is to get the money.
8. What I want is to be healthy, wealthy and wise.
9. I persuaded her to change her decision.
10. Here are some instructions to follow.
11. He taught Mary to play chess.
12. They should think about it.
13. We can’t afford to make mistakes.
14. They seem to know everything.
15. The purpose of knowledge is to make you wiser and stronger.
16. The best way to cheer yourself up is to cheer someone else up.
17. The book is hard to read.
18. He isn’t easy to do business with.
19. You must speak out.
20. The situation is going to be tough to deal with.
21. She hoped to succeed in life.
22. He is not the man to be easily frightened.
23. I left the flat to get some fresh air.
24. He was, strange to say, an ordinary chap.
25. She used the remote control to switch on the television.
26. I awoke one morning to find myself famous.
27. To be quite frank, I don’t like him at all.
28. I opened the door of the pub to discover that the place was packed full.
29. We never seem to have a moment to spare these days.
30. We used to listen to lectures at the university.

1. To learn, to desire, to know, to feel, to think, to act – Subject.

2. To invite – Adverbial modifier (of result).
3. To have given – Adverbial modifier (of reason).
4. To be alive – Subject.
5. To think – Object. The infinitive functions as the object of "gives me pleasure."
6. To see – Part of compound verbal predicate (aspective).
7. To get – Predicative (part of the predicate).
8. To be – Predicative (part of the predicate).
9. To change – Object. The infinitive acts as the object of the verb "persuaded."
10. To follow – Attribute.
11. To play – Object. It is the object of the verb "taught."
12. Think – Part of compound verbal predicate (modal).
13. To make – Part of compound verbal predicate (modal).
14. To know – Part of compound verbal predicate (aspective). It forms part of the compound predicate with
"seem."
15. To make – Predicative (part of the predicate).
16. To cheer (both instances) – Predicative (part of the predicate).
17. To read – Attribute.
18. To do – Attribute.
19. Speak – Part of compound verbal predicate (modal).
20. To deal – Attribute.
21. To succeed – Object.
22. To be – Attribute.
23. To get – Adverbial modifier (of purpose).
24. To say – Parenthesis.
25. To switch on – Adverbial modifier (of purpose).
26. To find – Adverbial modifier (of result).
27. To be – Parenthesis.
28. To discover – Adverbial modifier (of result).
29. To spare – Attribute.
30. To listen – Part of compound verbal predicate (aspective).