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LECTURE 1 Introductroduction To Basic Composite

Heatcon Composite Training

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11 views38 pages

LECTURE 1 Introductroduction To Basic Composite

Heatcon Composite Training

Uploaded by

EregnEspur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fundamentals of Composite

SYNCHRONOUS MEETING
MARCH 03, 2022
HCCT 300 1X-B2
PW 2 : Introduction to Basic Composite
BY: BIERA, JN.

JNB LIBRARY 2022 1


REFERENCES

• AVIATION MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN HANDBOOK


• AIRFRAME VOLUME 1
• BY: FAA
• CHAPTER : 7 ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS
• ESSENTIALS OF ADVANCE COMPOSITE FABRICATION AND REPAIR
• BY: LOUIS C. DORWORT
• HEATCON WORK BOOK
• BY: HCT

JNB LIBRARY 2021 2


Learning Objective:

• To understand the meaning of composite.


• To familiarize the classes of composite and fabric material
types.
Basic Composite
• Composite materials have played a major role in weight
reduction, and hence they are used for both structural
applications and components of all spacecraft and aircraft
from gliders and hot air balloon gondolas to fighter planes,
space shuttle and passenger airliners.
Basic Composite

• Composite materials are becoming


more important in the construction
of aerospace structures.
• Aircraft parts made from composite
materials, such as fairings, spoilers,
and flight controls, were developed
during the 1960s for their weight
savings over aluminum parts.
Basic Composite

• New generation large aircraft are


designed with all composite
fuselage and wing structures, and
the repair of these advanced
composite materials requires an
in-depth knowledge of composite
structures, materials, and tooling.
Basic Composite

• The primary advantages of composite materials are their high strength,


relatively low weight, and corrosion resistance
Basic Composite
B 787
AIRBUS
A-350
AIRBUS
A-380
Basic Composite
• WHAT IS A COMPOSITE?

• A material composed of a mixture or combination of two or


more substances, differing in form and/or material
composition, resulting in anew material with characteristics
superior to either single substance.
Basic Composite
• It is believed that the first use of basic composite was by the
Egyptian and Chinese over 3,000 years ago to make bricks of
mud and straw.
Basic Composite
• Examples:
• Celery, pulp and plant fibers – Natural Composites
• Mud and Straw Bricks – 1,000 BC Egyptians and Chinese
• Reinforced Concrete – Gravel and Iron reinforcement bars
• Plywood – cross-ply fibers
Basic Composite
• WHAT IS ADVANCED COMPOSITE?
• Composite made of high-strength, high modulus fibers
embedded in a homogeneous matrix, and used in the primary
and secondary structures of aircraft and aerospace vehicles.
Basic Composite
• What is the function of advanced composite materials
• Replace heavy/dense metal structural components with ones
of stronger, lighter weight
Basic Composite

• The function of advanced


composite materials
• Allow light weight aircraft
to carry larger payloads,
farther distances using less
fuel.
Basic Composite

• The function of advanced


composite materials
• In space application more
payload in orbit at less cost per
pound.
CLASSES OF COMPOSITES
Basic Composite
• Classes of Composites
Basic Composite
• A particulate composite
• is characterized as being composed of particles suspended in
a matrix. Particles can have virtually any shape, size or
configuration. Examples of well-known particulate composites
are concrete and particle board. There are two subclasses of
particulates: flake and filled/skeletal: Flake.
Basic Composite
• Composite fibers
• are built up of two or more different components, which can
be of inorganic and organic origin. These so-called
organic/inorganic composite fibers are prominent in the
literature and applications with cellulose as organic
component are especially mentioned.
Basic Composite

• Laminar composites
• include plywood, which is a laminated composite of thin layers
of wood in which successive layers have different grain or fiber
orientations. The result is a more-or-less isotropic composite
sheet that is weaker in any direction than it would be if the
fibers were all aligned in one direction.
Basic Composite
• Flake composites
• consist of flat reinforcements of matrices. Typical flake
materials are glass, mica, aluminum, and silver. Flake
composites provide advantages such as high out-of-plane
flexural modulus, higher strength, and low cost.
Basic Composite
• Highly filled (HF) composites
• or concentrated suspensions are typically polymers with a
large volume fraction of particulate fillers (inorganic or
organic) that could be macro-, micro- or nano-sized particles.
These particles could be of a wide variety of chemical
composition, shapes, sizes and size distributions
Fabric Material Types
Fiberglass/Aramid Fibers/Carbon/Graphite/Ceramic fibers
Basic Composite

• Fiberglass
• is often used for secondary structure
on aircraft, such as fairings, radomes,
and wing tips. Fiberglass is also used
for helicopter rotor blades.
Basic Composite
• E-glass
• Identified as such for electrical applications.
• It has high resistance to current flow.
• is made from borosilicate glass.
• S-glass and S2-glass
• identify structural fiberglass that have a higher strength than E-glass.
Basic Composite
• S-Glass
• is produced from magnesia-alumina-silicate. Advantages of
fiberglass are lower cost than other composite materials, chemical
or galvanic corrosion resistance, and electrical properties
(fiberglass does not conduct electricity).

• Fiberglass has a white color and is available as a dry fiber fabric or


prepreg material.
Basic Composite

Kevlar
DuPont in 1965
Basic Composite
• Kevlar (para-aramid) is a heat-resistant and strong
synthetic fiber, related to other aramids such as
Nomex and Technora.
• Developed by Stephanie Kwolek at DuPont in 1965
• the high-strength material was first used
commercially in the early 1970s as a replacement
for steel in racing tires.
• Kevlar has many applications, ranging from bicycle
tires and racing sails to bulletproof vests, all due to
its high tensile strength-to-weight ratio; by this
measure it is five times stronger than steel.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar
Basic Composite
• Kevlar®
• Kevlar® is DuPont’s name for aramid fibers. Aramid fibers are light weight,
strong, and tough. Two types of Aramid fiber are used in the aviation industry.
Kevlar® 49 has a high stiffness and Kevlar® 29 has a low stiffness.

Kevlar 49 Aerospace Kevlar® 29


applications
Basic Composite
• What’s the difference between Kevlar 49 & 29
• As already noted, the main difference is the modulus of elasticity and
elongation at break. Kevlar 29 has an elongation at break of 3.6% vs.
2.4% for the Kevlar 49, and on the modulus of elasticity of Kevlar 49
almost 30% higher than Kevlar 29.
Basic Composite

An advantage of aramid fibers is their high


resistance to impact damage, so they are often
used in areas prone to impact damage. The
main disadvantage of aramid fibers is their
general weakness incompression and
hygroscopy.
Basic Composite

• Hygroscopy is the phenomenon of attracting and holding water molecules


via either absorption or adsorption from the surrounding environment,
which is usually at normal or room temperature.

• Service reports have indicated that some parts made from Kevlar® absorb up
to 8 percent of their weight in water. Therefore, parts made from aramid
fibers need to be protected from the environment. Another disadvantage is
that Kevlar® is difficult to drill and cut.
Basic Composite
• The fibers fuzz easily and special scissors are needed to cut the material. Kevlar® is
often used for military ballistic and body armor applications. It has a natural yellow
color and is available as dry fabric and prepreg material. Bundles of aramid fibers
are not sized by the number of fibers like carbon or fiberglass but by the weight.
END

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