Synchronous Machines

1. Synchronous Generators
 Principle of Operation

 Phasor Diagram and Equivalent Circuit

 Power and Torque

 Synchronous Generator Characteristics & Tests

 Generator Modes of Operation

 Generator Stability

 Generator Rating

 Practical Generator
 Synchronous Generator: Modes of Operation
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2. Parallel Operation with Large Power Systems

V system  const f system  const

Vt
Ia
Pmech

If
ns
 Synchronous Generator: Modes of Operation
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2. Parallel Operation with Large Power Systems

Synchronization V  const
system f system  const
Before switching, the following
must be achieved:
1. Ef = Vsystem Ef
2. fG = fsystem Ia
3. Same phase sequence. Pmech
4. Proper instance of switching
(two phasor diagrams coincide) I f
ns
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2. Parallel Operation with Large Power Systems

a. Floating Condition

Ef E f V sys
I a  zero

V Pmech

P  Q  zero
If
ns
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2. Parallel Operation with Large Power Systems

a. Floating Condition

f
f sys E f V sys
I a  zero

Pmech

P
If
PG ns
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2. Parallel Operation with Large Power Systems

b. Controlling Field Current (If)
At zero prime-mover power (fnl=fsys)
Ef
Ia
V jI a X S
Ia Pmech
P  zero Q  3V t I a
Q If
ns
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2. Parallel Operation with Large Power Systems

b. Controlling Field Current (If)

Ef
 P Ia
jI a X S
Pmech
 V Q
Ia
P  const . Q If
ns
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2. Parallel Operation with Large Power Systems

c. Controlling the Prime-mover(Pmech)

Ef
jI a X S Ia
P
Pmech
 V Q
Ia
P Q If
ns
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2. Parallel Operation with Large Power Systems

c. Controlling the Prime-mover(Pmech)
f

f sys f nl
Ia

Pmech
P  slope (f nl  f sys )

P Q If
P1 P2 P3 ns
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3. Parallel Operation of Two Generators

f Load

PL  P1  P2

G1 G2
PG 2 PG 1
P2 P1
PL  P1  P2

Q L  Q1  Q 2
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3. Parallel Operation of Two Generators

f
Load

PL  P1'  P2'

PL  P1  P2
G1 G2
PG 2 PG 1

P2 P2' P1 P1'
PL  P1  P2

Q L  Q1  Q 2
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3V  E f sin  3V  E f sin 
P Td  P
XS s X S

PPM
d
T PM T d  J
dt
T PM  T d

T PM T d 
T PM  T d   const .
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Voltage (V, kV)

Frequency (Hz)
Speed (rpm)
Apparent Power (kVA, MVA)
Power Factor
Field Current (A)
Service Factor
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Rated Speed: depends on the prime-mover maximum speed,

the number of poles should be adjusted according to the
speed range to produce the required system frequency.
Rated Apparent Power: depends on the maximum
permissible shaft torque (i.e. PPMmax), the maximum
permissible armature current (Iamax)and the maximum
permissible field current (Ifmax).
S rated  3V rated I a max
Rated Power Factor: the least lagging power factor at which
the armature and field currents are maximum.
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Generator Capability Curves

V 
3V 
Ef
XS
jI a X S I a X S cos 

 V I a X S sin  V
Ia
P (kW )
3V  E f
XS
3V  I a  S 3V  I a cos   P

3V 2
3V  I a sin   Q Q (kVAR )
XS
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Generator Capability Curves

P (kW )
PPM max

3V  E f max S rated
Operating
XS Region
max

2
Q (kVAR )
3V 

XS
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Generator Capability Curves

pf rated  cos rated P (kW )

rated
Operating
Region

Q (kVAR )
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Voltage (V, kV)

Frequency (Hz)
Speed (rpm)
Apparent Power (kVA, MVA)
Power Factor
Field Current (A)
Service Factor
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Excitation Systems
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Excitation Systems: Brushless Excitation

 Synchronous Generator: Practical Aspects
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Excitation Systems: Brushless Excitation

 Synchronous Generator: Practical Aspects
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Synchronization
Dark Lamp Method
La , Lb & Lc are dark
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Synchronization
Transposed Lamp Method
Lb is dark while La and Lc are at maximum brightness
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Synchronization
Synchroscope
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Synchronization