Transportation Engineering I

CE 304
Dr. Anjan Kumar S
Civil Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Email: [email protected]
Course Contents

• Introduction to Transportation Engineering

• Characterization of Pavement Materials

• Pavement Analysis and Design

• Geometric Design of Highways

• Introduction to Superpave
Texts and References
• Texts:
• S.K. Khanna, C.E.G. Justo, and A. Veeraragavan. Highway Engineering, Nem Chand Bros., 2014.
• P. Chakroborty and A. Das, Principles of Transportation Engineering, Prentice Hall India, 2003.

• References:
• C.J. Khisty and B.K. Lall, Transportation Engineering: an introduction, Prentice Hall India, 2003.
• Y. H. Huang, Pavement Analysis and Design, Pearson Education, India, 2008.
• C.S. Papacostas and P.D. Prevedouros, Transportation Engineering and Planning, Prentice Hall India, 2001.

• Codes and Specifications

• IRC
• MORT&H
• ASTM
• AASHTO
Evaluation Structure
• Quizzes and Exams
QUIZ 1 MIDSEM QUIZ 2 ENDSEM
10 (Marks) 30 (Marks) 10 (Marks) 50 (Marks)

• Grading
• Out of 100 Marks

• Attendance
• AS PER INSTITUTE NORMS (MIN 75%)
Introduction
• Transportation System
• Consisting of the fixed facilities, the flow entities, and the control system that permit
people and goods to overcome the friction of geographical space efficiently in order to
participate in a timely manner in some desired activity

• Fixed Facilities
• Roadway, railway, pipelines, airports

• Flow entities
• Vehicles, Trains, Ships, Aircrafts

• Control system
• Vehicular Control
• Vehicle and Driver
• Flow control
• Signals, marking and signs
Introduction
• Importance of Transportation
• Emergency
• Role of Transportation • Law and order
• safe, economic, efficient transport • Defense
→ Overall development • Medical

• Economic development • Rural areas

• Production or supply • Farm to Market
• Distribution or demand • Diversification and Commercialization
• Access to education, health and
• Social effects finance services
• Sectionalism
• Concentration
• Safety
Introduction
• Basic Media • Major Modes of Transportation
• Land • Roadways or Highways
• Water • Railways
• Air • Waterways
• Airways
• Others !!
• Pipelines
• Ropeway
• Hyperloop
• How about Telecommunications?
Overview of Major Transportation Systems: Roads
Passenger Freight
System Ubiquity Mobility Efficiency Mode
Service Service
Highways Very high: Speeds are Not high as Truck Negligible Intercity, local
land owners limited by regards farm to
have direct human safety, processing and
access to a factors and energy, and market centers.
road or speed limits. some costs Small
street. Direct Capacity per shipments;
routing vehicle is low containers
limited by but many Bus Intercity Packages
terrain and vehicles are and local (Intercity)
land use. available
Automobile Intercity Personal items
and local only
Bicycle Intercity Negligible
and local
Historic Development of Roads

Source: A HISTORY OF ROADS IN VIRGINIA “THE MOST CONVENIENT WAYES”

Development of Roads in India
• Current Status
• Second largest in the world (67 lakh km)

National Highways 1,44,634

State Highways 1,76,818
Other Roads 62,00,000

• Road Development Programmes

• National Highway Development Programme
• NHAI, NHIDCL,
• Bharathmala, Sagarmala
• National Rural Road Development Agency
• PMGSY, CMGSY, etc.,
• Vibrant Village Program, etc.,
Source: https://surveyofindia.gov.in/pages/road-map-of-india
Road Classification
• Generic
• all-weather roads
• fair-weather roads

• Methods of classification
• traffic Volume: vehicle count: ex: vehicles per hour
• load transported or tonnage
• location and function
Road Classification
• Nagpur Road Plan

• National Highways (NH): main highways running through the length and breadth of
India, connecting major ports, foreign highways, capitals of large states, industrial and
tourist centre including roads required for strategic movements for the defence in India.

• State Highways (SH): arterial roads of state, connecting the national highways of
adjacent state, district head quarters and important cities

• Major District Roads (MDR): important roads within a district serving areas of
production and markets

• Other District Roads (ODR): roads serving rural areas of production to markets

• Village Roads (VR): connecting villages or groups of villages

Road Classification
• Modified Classification • Classification of urban roads
I. Primary system
a) Expressways
b) National Highways • Arterial roads

II. Secondary system • Sub-arterial roads

a) State Highways
b) Major District Roads
• Collector streets and
III. Tertiary system or rural
a) Other district roads • Local streets
b) Village roads
Road Patterns

• Rectangular or Block Pattern

Built
Up
Area
Main Road

Central
Business Area

Cross Roads
Road Patterns

• Hexagonal Pattern
Road Patterns

• Radial or Star and Block Pattern

Central
Radial Roads
Business
Area

Rectangular Pattern

Built Up Area
Road Patterns

• Radial or Star and Circular Pattern Central Business

Area or Focal Point
Built Up
Area
Ring Road

Radial Road
Road Patterns
• Radial or Star and Grid Pattern
Focal Point

Radial Roads

Grid
Road Development Summary
Highway Planning
• Objects of planning
• to plan overall road network
• arrive at road system with maximum utility
• phase development
• prioritization
• future planning
• suitable financing system
Highway Planning
• Planning Surveys (fact finding studies)

I. Economic studies
II. Financial studies
III. Traffic or road use studies
IV. Engineering studies
Highway Planning
• Economic studies
a) Total population and classified distribution
• occupation; income; village; town

b) Population growth trend of groups

c) Agricultural and industrial products

• growth and trends

d) Existing facilities
• communication; education; banks; hospitals etc.,

e) Per capita income

Highway Planning
• Financial Studies
a) Sources of income
• revenue from road transport
b) Standard of living
• trend in changes
c) Resources
• toll taxes; vehicle registration and fines
d) Anticipated development
• generated income
e) Future trends
Highway Planning
• Traffic or road use studies
a) Classified traffic volume- vehicles/hour
• ADT (average daily traffic); AADT (average annual daily traffic); AWT (average week
day traffic); AAWT (average annual week day traffic); PHF (peak hour factor); DHV
(design hour volume)
b) Origin and destination studies
c) Mass transportation facilities
d) Road Crashes
• causes and cost
e) Forecasted trends in travel pattern
• goods
• trips and mode choice
Highway Planning
• Engineering studies
• topographic surveys
• soil surveys
• location and classification of roads
• assessment of developments
• road life studies
• special problems
• drainage; construction; climate; maintenance
Highway Planning
• Interpretation of data
• road length optimization
• project prioritization
• assess road use
• identify areas of congestion
• assess performance
• economic comparison
• predict future trends
• growth in productivity and population
• generate traffic volume
Highway Planning
• MASTER PLAN
• Determination of optimum road length
• saturation system: utility based
• population
• < 500 = 0.25
• 501 to 1000 = 0.50
• 1001 to 2000 = 0.75
• productivity
• one thousand tonnes = 1
• coal & raw materials assigned lower values
Highway Planning
• Four alternate road plans P, Q, R & S with different road length is
proposed for an area under consideration. The details of
population and products served are given below. Determine the
optimum road plan.

Number of town and villages served with

Road Total
population range
Proposal length, productivity,
(utilities: 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.5 respectively)
km thousands
1001-2000 2001-5000 5001-10000 >10000
P 300 160 80 30 6 200
Q 400 200 90 60 8 270
R 500 240 110 70 10 315
S 550 248 112 73 12 335
Highway Planning
Road Total Total
Utility per Priority based
Proposal length, population productivity,
length on utility
km units thousands

325/300 =
P 300 125 200 II
1.083
445/400 =
Q 400 175 270 I
1.112
525/500 =
R 500 210 315 III
1.050
556/550 =
S 550 221 335 IV
1.010

(𝟏𝟔𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓) + (𝟖𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎) + (𝟑𝟎 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟎) + (𝟔 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟓) = 𝟏𝟐𝟓

Summary
• Transportation
• diverse field: planning; design; construction; operation and management
• Good transportation
• safe; economic and efficient
• Multidisciplinary
• economics; geography; statistics
• Why, when and how people move? COMPLEX ISSUE
• Transportation and Sustainability
• strong connection
• Advanced technologies
Phases and Scope
• Development: planning; master plan; surveys and alignment
• Highway design
• geometric
• structures
• Traffic Performance and its control
• regulation; control; design
• Materials, Construction and Maintenance
• Economics, Finance and Administration
“American roads are good not because America is rich,
but America is rich because American roads are good.”
John F. Kennedy