AIR UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER

ENGINEERING
EXPERIMENT NO 4

Lab Title: Amplitude Modulation DSB-SC

Student Name: Reg. No:
Objective: To generate a DSB-SC signal using AD 633 multiplier IC. To perform DSB-SC
demodulation using AD 633 multiplier IC and filter. Analyze the spectrum created by
modulation in the time domain waveform of the DSB-SC signal on an oscilloscope.

LAB ASSESSMENT:
Excellent Good Average Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
Attributes
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Ability to
Conduct
Experiment
Ability to assimilate the
results
Effective use of lab
equipment and follows the
lab safety rules

Total Marks: Obtained Marks:

LAB REPORT ASSESSMENT:

Excellent Good Average Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
Attributes
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

Data presentation

Experimental results

Conclusion

Total Marks: Obtained Marks:

Date: Signature:
EXPERIMENT NO 4

AMPLITUDE MODULATION DSB-SC

Objective:

 To study the theory behind DSB-SC modulation.

 To generate a DSB-SC signal using AD 632 multiplier IC.
 To study the time-domain waveform of DSB-SC signal on oscilloscope and its frequency
spectrum on spectrum analyzer.
 To perform DSB-SC demodulation using coherent detection.
Equipment required:
 Oscilloscope
 Function generator
 Trainer
 AD 632 IC
 Spectrum analyzer

Background:

Amplitude modulation is the oldest method of performing modulation . Its biggest virtue is the
ease with which it is generated and reversed . Modulation is accomplished rather simply in the
transmitter using a switching modulator or a square-law modulator. Demodulation is
accomplished just as easily in the receiver using an envelope detector. The net result is that an
amplitude modulating system is relatively cheap to build, which is the reason that AM radio
broadcasting has been popular for so long and is quite likely to remain so well into the future .
We recall that transmitted power and channel bandwidth are our two primary communication
resources and they should be used efficiently. In this context, we find that the standard form of
amplitude modulation suffers from two major limitations.
Amplitude modulation is wasteful of power: The carrier wave c(t) is completely independent of the
information-bearing signal of baseband signal m(t). The transmission of the carrier wave therefore
represents a waste of power, which means that in amplitude modulation only a fraction of the
total transmitted power is actually affected by m(t).
Amplitude modulation is wasteful of bandwidth: The upper and lower sidebands of an AM wave are
uniquely related to each other by virtue of their symmetry about the carrier frequency; hence, given the
amplitude and phase spectra of either sideband, we can uniquely determine the other. This means that
insofar as the transmission of information is concerned, only one sideband is necessary, and the
communication channel therefore needs to provide only the same bandwidth as the baseband signal. In
light of this observation, amplitude modulation is wasteful of bandwidth as it requires a transmission
bandwidth equal to twice the message bandwidth. To overcome these limitations, we must make certain
changes, which result in increased system complexity of the amplitude modulation process. In effect, we
trade off system complexity for improved utilization of communication resources. Starting with amplitude
modulation as the standard, we can distinguish three modified forms of amplitude modulation:
Double sideband-suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) modulation, in which the transmitted wave consists of
only the upper and lower sidebands. Transmitted power is saved here through the suppression of the
carrier wave, but the channel bandwidth requirement is the same as before (i.e., twice
the message bandwidth).
Basically, double sideband-suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) modulation consists of the product of the
message signal m(t) and the carrier wave c(t), as follows:

4.1

Figure 4.1 DSB-SC Modulator Block Diagram

Consequently, the modulated signal s(t) undergoes a phase reversal whenever the message signal m(f)
crosses zero. The envelope of a DSB-SC modulated signal is therefore different from the message signal.
From Eq. (4.1), the Fourier transform of s(t ) is obtained as

4.1

DSB-SC Modulated Waveforms:

Figure 4.2 DSB-SC Modulated Signal

 Figure 4.3 Spectrum of Message Signal

Figure 4.4 Spectrum of DSB-SC Signal

Procedure:

 Connect the circuit as shown in figure 4.5

 Apply a sinusoidal wave as carrier signal to the carrier input terminal.
 Apply a sinusoidal wave as message signal to the modulating signal input.
 Connect the output of the modulator to the oscilloscope and observe the spectrum of the DSB-SC
signal. The spectrum should contain an upper side band and a lower side band at the sum and
difference respectively of the two input frequencies.
 Connect the output of the modulator to the spectrum analyzer and observe the time domain
waveform of the DSB-SC signal.

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 4.5 Circuit diagram of an DSB-SC modulator

Demodulation of DSB-SC:
The demodulation process of a DSB-SC signal involves obtaining the original information signal or
scaled version of it from the modulated signal. This can be done by multiplying the modulated signal with
another carrier signal that has exactly the same frequency and phase as the carrier signal in the modulator
block as seen in the demodulator block diagram shown below. The amplitude of the two carrier signals in
the modulator and demodulator are not important since they just affect the magnitude of the different
intermediate signals and final output signal of the demodulator.

Figure 4.6 DSB-SC Demodulator Block Diagram

However, as seen in the FT of e(t), the original message signal (scaled by ½) is present but also other
components with frequencies centered around 2wc and -2wc. These components are undesired and must
be removed for us to get the message signal. This can be done using a LPF (filter centered on zero
frequency that permits low frequencies to pass and rejects high frequencies). The BW of the filter must be
2w rad/s (or B Hz)or possibly slightly higher (but not much higher that it will allow the high -frequency
components around 2Wc and -2Wc to partially or completely pass).
Therefore, the output signal f(t) of the LPF will be

f(t)=1/2 m(t) ⟺ (1/2)M(w)

This is simple a scaled version of the original transmitted signal that can be easily amplified to obtain
the original signal exactly.
Figure 4.7Frequency Domain Representation of Different Signals Obtained in DSB-SC Modulation and Demodulation Process
 Procedure:
 Generate an DSB-SC wave as described in the previous experiment.
 Patch the demodulator circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
 Apply the DSB-SC wave to the input of the demodulator.
 Observe the output of the demodulator on the oscilloscope. The output will be our message signal
but containing high frequency components.
 Design a passive low-pass filter with cut-off frequency just higher than the frequency of message
signal, by selecting suitable values of the resistor and capacitor using the equation:

 Connect the output of the modulator to the input of the low-pass filter.
 Now observe the output of the low-pass filter on the oscilloscope. This will be our received
message signal.

Circuit Diagram:

Task:

Modulation:

Circuit Diagram:
The setting of modulating signal and carrier signal:
fm = 1kHz, and Amplitude Vm = 4V(p-p).
fc = 10.20kHz, and Amplitude Vc = 4V(p-p).
Waveform:
fm = 1kHz, and Amplitude Vm = 4V(p-p).
fc = 10.20kHz, and Amplitude Vc = 4V(p-p).

fm = 1kHz, and Amplitude Vm = 4V(p-p).

fc = 20.42kHz, and Amplitude Vc = 4V(p-p).
fm = 1kHz, and Amplitude Vm = 4V(p-p).
fc = 30.00kHz, and Amplitude Vc = 4V(p-p).

Analyses:
The identification of DSB-SC is that it contains a consecutive positive peak at the minimum point of
a cycle. As I increased the frequency of the carrier signal, a signal went from under modulation
towards ideal modulation. On the oscilloscope, a signal is attaining the shape of a diamond as I
increase the frequency of the carrier signal.

Demodulation:
Circuit Diagram:
Setting:
fm = 2kHz, and Amplitude Vm = 4V(p-p).
fc = 52.60kHz, and Amplitude Vc = 4V(p-p).

fm = 1.50kHz, and Amplitude Vm = 4V(p-p).

fc = 52..61kHz, and Amplitude Vc = 4V(p-p).

fm = 1kHz, and Amplitude Vm = 4V(p-p).

fc = 52.61kHz, and Amplitude Vc = 4V(p-p).

fm = 6kHz, and Amplitude Vm = 4V(p-p).

fc = 52.60kHz, and Amplitude Vc = 4V(p-p).

fm = 4kHz, and Amplitude Vm = 4V(p-p).

fc = 52.60kHz, and Amplitude Vc = 4V(p-p).

Analyses:
In demodulation, we retained an accurate sine wave with an amplitude of 4V(p-p) and frequency of
1kHz. As I increased the frequency of a modulating signal number of boxes decreased which contain
one cycle. For example, in the above figures(demodulation) at a frequency of 1kHz, one cycle is
contained in two boxes, and another example at a frequency of 6kHz one cycle is contained in half
of a box. The amplitude of the sine wave also decreases with increasing frequency of a modulating
signal. I increased the frequency of a modulating signal to see whether the retained signal was
correctly getting back. In the demodulation process, a first-order low-pass filter is used to cut higher
frequencies. The formula to calculate cut-off frequency is fc = 1 / 2πRC. We used a cut-off of
1.2kHz because the frequency of a modulating signal is 1kHz. The value of resistor “R” is 10kohms
and capacitor “C” is 13nF.

Conclusion:
The identification of DSB-SC modulation is consecutive positive peaks at the minimum point value
of the cycle. As the carrier signal frequency increased, the signal transitioned from under-modulation
towards ideal modulation, displaying a diamond-like shape on the oscilloscope. In Demodulation
increasing the frequency of the modulating signal resulted in fewer boxes containing a single cycle,
indicating a higher frequency of modulation. In the demodulation process, a first-order low-pass
filter is used to cut higher frequencies. The formula to calculate cut-off frequency is fc = 1 / 2πRC.
An increase in modulation frequency led to a decrease in the amplitude of the sine wave.