2017-18

Class 12

MATHEMATICS
FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED
SECOND
EDITION

Exhaustive Theory
(Now Revised)

Formula Sheet
9000+ Problems
based on latest JEE pattern

2500 + 1000 (New) Problems

of previous 35 years of
AIEEE (JEE Main) and IIT-JEE (JEE Adv)

5000+Illustrations and Solved Examples

Detailed Solutions
of all problems available

Topic Covered Masterjee Concepts

Tips & Tricks, Facts, Notes, Misconceptions,
Indefinite Integration Key Take Aways, Problem Solving Tactics

MasterjeeEssential
Questions recommended for revision
 22. INDEFINITE
I N T E G R AT I O N

1. INTRODUCTION

Integration is a reverse process of differentiation. The integral or primitive of a function f(x) with respect to x is a
differential function φ(x) such that the derivative of φ(x) with respect to x is the given function f(x). It is expressed
symbolically as ∫ f(x)dx = φ(x)
d
Thus. ∫ f(x)dx =φ(x) ⇔ φ(x) =f(x) .
dx 
The process of finding the integral of a function is called Integration and the given function is called Integrand.
Now, it is obvious that the operation of integration is the inverse operation of differentiation. Hence the integral of
a function is also named as the anti-derivative of that function.
Further we observe that

d 2
dx
x ( ) 
= 2x 

d 2
dx
(
x +2 ) 
= 2x  ⇒ ∫ 2xdx =x2 + constant

d 2
dx
(
x +k ) =

2x 

So we always add a constant to the integral of function, which is called the constant of Integration. It is generally
denoted by c. Due to the presence of this arbitrary constant such an integral is called an Indefinite Integral.

2. ELEMENTERY INTEGRATION
The following integrals are directly obtained from the derivatives of standard functions.

(a) ∫ 0.dx = c
(b) ∫ 1.dx= x + c
(c) ∫ k.dx =kx + c(k ∈ R)
n xn+1
(d) ∫ x=
dx
n+1
+ c(n ≠ −1)
1
(e) ∫=
x
dx loge x + c
x
(f) ∫ e dx= ex + c
2 2 . 2 | Indefinite Integration

x ax
(g) ∫ a dx = log + c = ax loga e + c
ea
(h) ∫ sinx dx = − cos x + c
(i) ∫ cos x dx = sinx + c

3. BASIC THEOREMS OF INTEGRATION

If f(x), g(x) are two functions of a variable x and k is a constant, then

(a) ∫ k f(x)dx = k ∫ f(x)dx

(b) ∫ f(x) ± g(x) dx = ∫ f(x)dx ± ∫ g(x)dx
d
(c)
dx
( ∫ f(x)dx ) = f(x)
 d 
(d) ∫  dx f(x) dx = f(x) +c

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

The results of integration are very different from differentiation. There is no standard formula for
integration.
Always make sure to write the constant of integration. NEVER assume it as zero from your side.

Vaibhav Gupta (JEE 2009, AIR54)

1 − sinx
Illustration 1: Evaluate: ∫ cos2 x
dx  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: As we know, ∫ f(x) ± g(x) dx = ∫ f(x)dx ± ∫ g(x)dx therefore we can split

1 − sinx 1 sinx
∫ 2
cos x
dx as ∫ cos2 xdx − ∫ cos2 xdx and then by solving we can get result.

1 − sinx 1 sinx
∫ dx = ∫ dx − ∫ dx = ∫ sec2 x dx − ∫ tanx sec x dx = tanx − sec x + c
2 2 2
cos x cos x cos x

Illustration 2: Evaluate: ∫ 1 + sin2x dx  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 and sin2x = 2sinx cos x , therefore by using these formulae and solving we will get the
result.

∫ 1 + sin2x dx = ∫ sin2 x + cos2 x + 2sinx cos x dx = ∫ (sinx + cos x)2 dx

= ∫ (sinx + cosx)dx = ∫ sinx dx + ∫ cos x dx

= −cos x + sin x + c
 Mat he mat ics | 22 .3

Illustration 3: Evaluate: ∫ sin4 x dx  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here as we know, sin2 x = 1 − cos2x , Now by putting this in the above integration and solving we will get the
2
1
term ∫ (1 − 2cos2x + cos2 2x)dx , After that by using the formula
4
1 + cos 4x
cos2 2x = we can solve the problem given above.
2
2
4  1 − cos2x  1 2
∫ sin x dx = ∫  2  dx = 4 ∫ (1 − 2cos2x + cos 2x)dx
1  1 + cos 4x  1 1 sin 4x 
= ∫
4 
 1 − 2cos2x +
2
dx = ∫ (3 − 4 cos2x + cos 4x)dx = 3x − 2sin2x +
 8 8 4 
+C

3
Illustration 4: If f '(x) = 4x3 − such that f(2)=0,then, find f(x)  (JEE ADVANCED)
x4
3 3  3 
Sol: Here f '(x) = 4x − 4 therefore f(x) = ∫  4x3 − dx hence by splitting this integration and solving we will get
the result. x  x4 

d 3  3  3 3
We have, f(x) = 4x3 − ⇒ f(x) = ∫  4x3 − dx = ∫ 4x dx − ∫ dx = 4 ∫ x3dx − 3∫ x −4 dx
4 
dx x4  x  x4

x3+1 x −4 +1 1
=4 −3 + C = x4 + + C  …(i)
3+1 −4 + 1 x3
1 1 129
Given f(2) = 24 + + C = 0 ⇒ 0 = 16 + +C⇒C = −
23 8 8
1 129
Putting the value of C in (i), we get f(x) = x 4 + −
x 3 8

4. METHODS OF INTEGRATION
When the integrand can’t be reduced into some standard form then integration is performed using following
methods

4.1 Integration by Substitution

4.1.1 Integrand is a Function of Another Function

If the integral is of the form ∫ f φ(x) φ' (x)dx , then we put φ(x) = t so that φ ' (x) dx=dt. Now integral is reduced ∫ f(t) dt.

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

In this method the function is broken into two factors so that one factor can be expressed in terms of
the function whose differential coefficient is the second factor.
In case of objective questions in which direct indefinite integration is asked, function being very
complicated to integrate, then try differentiating the options.
 2 2 . 4 | Indefinite Integration

dx
If I = ∫ sin(x − a)cos(x − b) , then I is Equal to
1 sin(x − a)
(a) log +C
sin(a − b) cos(x − b)

1 sin(x − a)
(b) log +C
cos(a − b) cos(x − b)

1 sin(x − a)
(c) log +C
sin(a + b) cos(x − b)

1 sin(x − a)
(d) log +C
cos(a + b) cos(x − b)
Vaibhav KrishnanJEE 2009, AIR 22

Illustration 5: Evaluate: ∫ x tanx2 sec x2dx  (JEE MAIN)

Sol:This problem is based on integration using substitution method. In this we can put x2 =t and therefore 2x
dx=dt and then solving we will get the result.
Let x2 =t
1 1 1 1
⇒ 2x dx=dt ⇒ x dx = dt ∴ ∫ x tanx
2
sec x2dx = ∫ tant sec t=
dt sec t =
+c sec x2 + c
2 2 2 2

4.1.2 Integrand is the Product of Function and its Derivative

If the integral is of the form I= ∫ f ' (x) f(x) dx we put f(x) = t and convert it into a standard integral.
Illustration 6: Evaluate: ∫ tanx sec2 x dx  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here sec2 x is a derivatives of tanx hence we can put tan x = t and sec2 x.dx = dt thereafter we can solve the
given problem.
Let tan x =t ⇒ sec2 x.dx = dt
2 t2 tan2 x
=∴ I ∫=
tanx sec x dx ∫ t dt =
2
+c
=
2
+c

4.1.3 Integrand is a Function of the Form f(ax+b)

Here we put ax+b =t and convert it into a standard integral. Now if,
1
∫ f(x)dx = φ(x), then ∫ f(ax + b)dx =aφ(ax + b)

Illustration 7: Evaluate: ∫ cos3x cos5x dx  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: By multiplying and dividing by 2 in the given integration and using the formula
= cos ( A + B ) + cos ( A − B ) we can solve it.
2cos A.cosB
1
( cos8x + cos2x ) dx= 12  18 sin8x + 12 sin2x  + c
 
∫ cos3x cos5x dx = 2∫
I=
 
 Ma t he m a ti cs | 22 .5

x dx
Illustration 8: Evaluate: I = ∫ x 4 + x2 + 1  (JEE ADVANCED)

1 dt 1 dt
Sol: Here by putting x2 = t ⇒ dt = 2xdx we will get the term
2 ∫ t2 + t + 1 2 ∫
= and then by
( )
2
( t + (1 / 2)) +
2
1 3 3 /2
putting t += tan θ , we can solve it.
2 2
1 dt 1 dt
Let x2 = t ⇒ dt = 2xdx ∴ I= ∫ = ∫
2 t + t +1 2
( )
2 2
( t + (1 / 2)) +
2
3 /2

  1 
1 1  f (x)  1 1

1
 t + 
tan−1   tan−1  2  + c
∫ 2
= dx
a a
= ×
f ' ( x )
+c ∴I
2   
f ( x )  + a2 
 
 3 3
    
 2  2 

1  −1  2t + 1   1  −1  2x2 + 1  
=tan   + c tan 

 + c
3   3   3   3  

1 3 3
Now put t += tan θ ⇒
= dt sec2 θ dθ
2 2 2

1 ( 3 / 2)sec2 θdθ 1 1 1  2t + 1  1  2x2 + 1 

tan−1  tan−1 
2 ∫ (3 / 4) tan2 θ + 1 ∫ dθ=
∴ = θ + c=  + c= +c
( ) 3 3 3  3  3 
 3 

Standard integration results

f ' (x)
∫ f(x) dx loge f(x) + c
(a) =
n+1
f(x)
f (x)dx 
n '
(b) ∫ f(x)= n+1
+ c (provided n≠-1)

f ' (x)
(c) ∫ =
f(x)
dx 2 f(x) + c

sec2 x
Illustration 9: Evaluate: ∫ dx  (JEE MAIN)
tanx
Sol: Here simply substituting t=tan x ⇒ dt = sec2 x dx we can solve it.
Let t=tan x ⇒ dt = sec2 x dx

1
dt
∴ I= ∫ =
t
2 t2 c 2 tanx + c
+=

4.1.4 Integral of the Form

dx b b
∫ asinx + b cosx then substitute a=r cos θ and b=r sin θ , tan θ= ⇒ θ= tan−1   ,we get
a a

I= ∫ =
dx 1 1 x +θ (
logtan (x / 2) + (1 / 2)tan−1 (b / a) )
r sin(x + θ) r ∫
cosec(x
= + θ)dx logtan  +c= +c
r  2  a2 + b2
2 2 . 6 | Indefinite Integration

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS
m
∫ sin x cosn x dx , where m, n ϵ N
⇒ If m is odd put cos x=t
If n is odd put sin x = t
If both m and n are odd, put sin x=t if m ≥ n and cos x=t otherwise.
If both m and n are even, use power reducing formulae
1 − cos 2x 1 + cos 2x
sin2 x = or cos2 x =
2 2
If m+n is a negative even integer, put tan x=t
Shrikant Nagori (JEE 2009, AIR 30)

1
Illustration 10: Evaluate: ∫ dx  (JEE ADVANCED)
sinx + cos x
dx
Sol: As we know, if integration is in the form of ∫ asinx + b cosx then we can put
1 x+θ
a=r cos θ and b=r sin θ hence the integration will be log tan  +c .
r  2 
Here a=1 & b=1
1 1 x 1  1 x π
So ∫ sinx + cos xdx = logtan  + tan−1 1  + c = logtan  +  + c
1+1 2 2  2 2 8

4.1.5 Standard Substitutions

The following standard substitutions will be useful

Integrand form Substitutions

1
a2 − x2 or x = a sin θ or x = a cos θ
a2 − x2

1
x2 + a2 or x = a tan θ or x = a cot θ or x=a sinh θ
x + a2
2

1
x2 − a2 or x = a sec θ or x = acosec θ
x − a2
2

x a+x 1 x=a tan2 θ

or or x(a + x) or
a+ x x x(a + x)

x a−x 1 x = a sin2 θ or x= a cos2 θ

or or x(a − x) or
a−x x x(a − x)
 Mat he mat ics | 22 .7

x x−a 1 x=a sec2 θ or x=a cosec2 θ

or or x(x − a) or
x−a x x(x − a)

a−x a+ x x = a cos2 θ
or
a+x a−x

x−α x = α cos2 θ + β sin2 θ

or (x − α )(β − x) (β > α )
β−x

Some Standard Integrals

(a) ∫ tanxdx = logsec x + c = − logcos x + c

(b) ∫ cot xdx = logsinx + c = − logcosec x + c
π x
(c) ∫ sec xdx = log(sec x + tanx) + c = − log(sec x − tanx) + c = logtan  4 + 2  + c
(d) x
∫ cosecxdx = − log(cosecx + cot x) + c = log(cosecx − cotx) + c = log tan   + c
2
(e) ∫ sec x tanxdx = sec x + c
(f) ∫ cosec x cot x dx = − cosec x + c
2
(g) ∫ sec xdx = tanx + c

2
(h) ∫ cosec xdx = − cot x + c
x
(i) ∫ logxdx = xlog  e  + c = x (logx + 1) + c

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

 1 1 1 
If the integral is of the form ∫ R  x p , x q , x r ...... dx , where R is a rational function then,
 
 
Let a = lcm of (p,q,r,…….) and put x = ta
Nitish Jhawar (JEE 2009, AIR 7)

dx
dx 2 2
Illustration 11: Prove that: ∫∫ 22 22
n(x
 n(x++ x x2−−aa2) +
==log ) +CC  (JEE ADVANCED)
x x −−aa
Sol: By putting x = a sec θ ⇒ dx = a sec θ tan θdθ , we can solve the problem given above.

dx asec θ tan θdθ

Let x = a sec θ ⇒ dx = a sec θ tan θdθ ⇒ ∫ = ∫ atan θ
= ∫ sec θdθ = log
 n(sec θ + tan θ) + C
x2 − a2
x2 + a2 x
= log
 n(  n(x + x2 + a2 ) + C'
+ ) + C = log
a a
2 2 . 8 | Indefinite Integration

Illustration 12: Evaluate: ∫ cos2x.cos 4x.cos6xdx  (JEE MAIN)

= cos ( A + B ) + cos ( A − B )
Sol: By multiplying and dividing by 2 in the given integration and then by using 2cos A.cosB
we can solve it.
1 1
Let I = ∫ cos2x.cos 4x.cos6xdx = ∫ (2cos2x.cos 4x)cos6 xdx = ∫ (cos6x + cos2x)cos6 xdx
2 2
B cos ( A + B ) + cos ( A − B ) 
∴ 2 cos A cos=


=
1
2 ∫ (
cos2 6x + cos 6x − cos2x dx
=
1
4∫
) (
2cos2 6x + 2cos 6x − cos2x dx )
1 1 1 1 1
=  ∫ (1 + cos 12 x ) + ( cos8x + cos 4a) dx  = ∫ dx + ∫ cos12xdx + ∫ cos8xdx + ∫ cos 4xdx
4  4 4 4 4

 sin  f ( x )  
 ∫ cos
= f ( x ) dx +C
 f '(x) 
 

1 sin 12 x sin8x sin 4x 

I = x + + + +C
4 12 8 4 

cos2x − cos2α
Illustration 13: Evaluate: ∫ cos x − cos α
dx  (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Here in this problem by using the formulae

C +D C − D , sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A and 2 cos C cos D = cos (C+D)+cos (C-D)

cosC − cosD =
−2sin .sin
2 2

We can solve the problem above step by step.

We have,
cos2x − cos2α −2sin(x + α )sin(x − α ) sin(x + α )sin(x − α )
∫ cos x − cos α
dx = ∫
−2sin ( (x + α ) / 2 ) sin ( (x − α ) / 2 )
dx = ∫ sin ((x + α) / 2 ) sin ((x − α) / 2)dx

2sin ( (x + α ) / 2 ) cos ( (x + α ) / 2 ) .2sin ( (x − α ) / 2 ) cos ( (x − α ) / 2 )

= ∫ sin ( (x + α ) / 2 ) sin ( (x − α ) / 2 )
dx (sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A)

x+α x−α
= 4 ∫ cos   cos  dx  [2 cos C cos D = cos (C+D)+cos (C-D)]
 2   2 
= 2∫ (cos x + cos α=
)dx 2∫ cos xdx + 2cos α=
∫ dx 2sinx + 2x cos α + C
sin8 x − cos8 x
Illustration 14: Evaluate: ∫ 1 − 2sin2 x.cos2 x dx  (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Here by using the formula a2 − b2 = ( a + b )( a − b ) and putting (sin2 x + cos2 x)2 in place of 1 in the denominator,
we can reduce the above integration and then using cos2x = cos2 x − sin2 x we can solve it.

sin8 x − cos8 x (sin4 x + cos4 x)(sin4 x − cos4 x)

We have, ∫ 1 − 2sin2 x.cos2 x dx = ∫ (sin2 x + cos2 x)2 − 2sin2 x.cos2 x dx
 Mat he mat ics | 22 .9

(sin4 x + cos4 x)(sin2 x + cos2 x)(sin2 x − cos2 x)

= ∫ dx = ∫ 1.(sin2 x − cos2 x)dx = − ∫ cos2xdx  cos2x = cos2 x − sin2 x 
(sin4 x + cos4 x)  

sin 2x
=− +C
2

4.2 Integration by Parts

If u and v are two functions of x, then
 du 
∫ (u.v)dx = u ( ∫ v dx ) − ∫  dx  ( ∫ v dx ) dx
This is also known as uv rule of integration. This method of integrating is called integration by parts.

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

•• From the first letter of the words inverse circular, logarithmic, Algebraic, Trigonometric, Exponential
functions, we get a word ILATE. Therefore the preference of selecting the u function will be according
to the order ILATE.
•• In some problems we have to give preference to logarithmic function over inverse trigonometric
functions. Hence sometimes the word LIATE is used for reference.
•• For the integration of Logarithmic or Inverse trigonometric functions alone, take unity (1) as the v
function.

Shivam Agarwal (JEE 2009, AIR 27)

Illustration 15: Evaluate: ∫ (1 + x)logxdx  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here we can integrate the given problem by using Integration by parts i.e.
 du 
∫ (u.v)dx = u ( ∫ v dx ) − ∫  dx  ( ∫ v dx ) dx
Here u = logx and v = (1 + x) .

Let I= ∫ (1 + x)logxdx

Integrating by parts, taking log x as 1st function, (by LIATE rule) we get

d   x2  1 x2   x2   x
I= logx ∫ (1 + x )dx − ∫  (logx). ∫ (1 + x)dx dx = logx  x +  − ∫ .  x +  dx =  x +  logx − ∫  1 + dx
 dx   2  x  2   2   2
 

 x2   x2 
=  x +  logx −  x +  + C
 2   4 
 
3
Illustration 16: Evaluate: ∫ sec xdx  (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Here we can solve by integrating by parts, taking sec x as the first function.
3
I= ∫ sec xdx = ∫ sec x.sec2 xdx Let u = sec x & v = sec2 x

I = sec x tan x − ∫ ( sec x tan x ). tan x dx = sec x tanx − ∫ sec x tan2 xdx = sec x tanx − ∫ sec x(sec2 x − 1)dx
2 2 . 1 0 | Indefinite Integration

I = sec x tanx − ∫ sec3 xdx + ∫ sec xdx ⇒=I sec x + tan x − I + ∫ sec x dx
1
⇒ 2 I sec x. tan x + log ( sec x + tan x=
= )+C ⇒ I sec x tanx + log(sec x tanx) + C
2

Illustration 17: Evaluate : ∫ (sin−1 x)2 dx  (JEE ADVANCED)

(=
sin x ) & v
2
−1
Sol: We can write the given integration as ∫ (sin x)2 .1dx and then
= taking u −1
1
solving by integration by parts.
 
d 
I= (sin−1 x)2 .x − ∫  (sin−1 x)2 .x  dx = (sin−1 x)2 .x − 2 sin−1 x .
 dx  
1
.x  dx
1 − x2 
( )
dx
Now, putting sin−1 x = t ⇒ x = sin t so that = dt
1 − x2
{
⇒ I = x(sin−1 x)2 − 2∫ t.sintdt = x(sin−1 x)2 − 2 −t cos t + ∫ cos tdt (again Integrating by parts) }
= x(sin−1 x)2 − 2 {−t cos t + sint} + C = x(sin−1 x)2 + 2t cos t − 2sint + C = x(sin−1 x)2 + 2sin−1 x. 1 − x2 − 2x + C

sin−1 x − cos−1 x
Illustration 18: Evaluate: ∫ sin−1 x + cos−1 x
dx  (JEE ADVANCED)

π
Sol: By using the formula sin−1 x + cos−1 x = , we can solve the above problem.
2
sin−1 x − cos−1 x (
sin−1 x − ( π / 2) − sin−1 x )dx  −1 π
x + cos−1 x =
Let I= ∫ sin−1 x + cos −1
x
dx = ∫ ( π / 2)
 sin


2

2  −1 π 4
= ∫  2sin x −=dx ∫ sin−1 xdx − ∫ 1dx
π  2 π
4
sin−1 xdx − x 
π∫
= … (i)

Putting sin−1 x = θ ⇒ x= sin2 θ so that dx = 2 sin θ . cos θ d θ = sin 2 θ d θ .

−1
∴ ∫ sin xdx = ∫ θ.sin2θdθ Let u = sin 2 θ , then integing by parts we get
θ& V=

=
−θ
2
( 1
)
1 − 2sin2 θ + 2 sin θ.cos θ
4
cos2θ 1 θ 1 1 1
= −θ. + ∫ cos2θdθ = − cos2θ + sin2θ = − θ(1 − 2sin2 θ) + sin θ 1 − sin2 θ
2 2 2 4 2 2
1 1
= − (sin−1 x )(1 − 2 x) + x. 1 − x + C  … (ii)
2 2

From (i) and (ii), we get

I=
4 1
− (1 − 2x)sin
π 2
−1
x+
1
2

x − x2  − x + C =

2
π { x−x 2
}
− (1 − 2x)sin−1 x − x + C

4.2.1 Integration by Cancellation

 2 1 1
Illustration 19: Evaluate : ∫  3x tan − x sec2 dx  (JEE MAIN)
x x
 Ma t he m a t i cs | 2 2. 11

 1 1 1 1
Sol: Let ∫  3x2 tan − x sec2 dx = ∫ 3x2 tan dx − ∫ x sec2 dx and then by using the integration by parts formula
 x x x x

∫ (u.v)dx u
i.e. = ( ∫ v dx ) − ∫  du 
 ( v dx ) dx we can solve the problem above.
dx  ∫
 1 1 1 1 1  1  1  1 1
∫  3x
2
tan − x sec2 dx = ∫ 3x2 tan dx − ∫ x sec2 dx = tan x3 − ∫  sec2  − x3dx − ∫ x sec2 dx = x3 tan + c
x x x x x  x 2
 x  x x

4.2.2 Integration of the Form:

If the integral is of the form ∫ ex f(x) + f ' (x) dx , then use the formula;
 
x
∫e ex f(x) + c
f(x) + f '(x) dx =

x
Illustration 20: Evaluate: ∫ e (logx + 1 / x)dx  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Solution of this problem is based on the method mentioned above, here f(x) = log x and f’(x)

x  1
==
1/x. ∫e log x + dx
 x

 x ex  Here, f(x) = logx 

I= ∫
 e logx +  dx = ex logx + c  ' 
x  &f (x) = 1/ x 
 

∫ xf (x) + f(x)dx ∫ xf (x) + f(x)dx =xf(x) + c

' '
If the integral is of the form then use the formula;

Illustration 21: Evaluate : ∫ (x sec2 x + tanx)dx  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Similar to the problem above.

Here I = ∫ (x sec2 x + tanx)dx = ∫ xf '(x) + f(x)dx [where f(x) = tanx ] = x . tan x + c

4.2.3 Special Integrals

ax eax
∫ e sinbxdx
=
a2 + b2
(asinbx − bcosbx) + Cc

ax eax
∫ e cosbxdx
=
a2 + b2
(bsinbx + acosbx) + c

ax eax
∫e cosbxdx =
a2 + b2
(b sin bx+a cos bx)+c

sin−1 x
Illustration 22: Evaluate : ∫e dx  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: By putting sin−1 x = t ⇒ x=sin t ⇒ dx = cos t dt and then integrating by parts we can solve the given problem.

sin−1 x
I= ∫e dx

Let sin−1 x = t ⇒ x=sin t ⇒ dx = cos t dt

−1 x
t et esin
⇒I= ∫ e cos=
tdt (sint + cos t)=
+c (x + 1 − x2 ) + c
2 2
2 2 . 1 2 | Indefinite Integration

4.3 Integration of Rational Functions

4.3.1 When the Denominator can be Factorized (Using Partial Fraction)

f(x)
Let the integrand be of the form , where both f(x) and g(x) are polynomials. If degree of f(x) is greater than
g(x)
degree of g(x), then first divide f(x) by g(x) till the degree of the remainder becomes less than the degree of g(x).
Let Q(x) be the quotient and R(x), the remainder then
f(x) R(x)
= Q(x) +
g(x) g(x)

Now in R(x)/g(x), factorize g(x) and then write partial fractions in the following manner:

(a) For every non-repeated linear factor in the denominator. Write

1 A B
= +
(x − a)(x − b) x − a x − b

(b) For every repeated linear factor in the denominator. Write

1 A B C D
= + + +
(x − a)3 (x − b) (x − a) (x − a)2 (x − a)3 (x − b)

(c) For every non-repeated quadratic factor in the denominator. Write

1 Ax + B C
= +
2
(a x + bx + c)(x − d) 2
a x + bx + c x−d

(d) For every repeated quadratic factor in the denominator. Write

1 Ax + B Cx + D E
= + +
2 2
(a x + bx + c) (x − d) 2
(a x + bx + c) 2
a x + bx + c x − d
2

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

Consider f(x) as the function we need to factorize

1. For non- repeated linear factor in the denominator.
1 A B
Let f(x)= = +
(x − a)(x − b) (x − a) (x − b)

To obtain the value of A remove (x−a) from f(x) and find f(a).
Similarly, to obtain value of B, remove (x-b) from f(x) and find f(b).
2. For repeated linear factor in the denominator.

1 A B C D
Let f(x) = = + + +
3
(x − a) (x − b) (x − a) (x − a)2
(x − a)3 (x − b)

To obtain value of D remove (x−b) from f(x) and find f(b).

To obtain value of c remove (x−a)3 from f(x) and find f(a).
Now that we have reduced the number of unknowns from 4 to 2, we can find A and B easily by equating.
 Ma t he m a t i cs | 2 2. 13

x 4 + x3 + 2x2 − x + 4
Now let’s try this method for
x(x2 + 2)(x2 + 1)3
Partial fraction will be of the form

x 4 + x3 + 2x2 − x + 4 A Bx + C Dx + E Fx + G Hx + I
=+ + + +
2 2
x(x + 2)(x + 1) 3 x (x + 2) (x + 1) (x + 1)
2 2 2 2
(x2 + 1)3

Now remove x and put x=0, we get A=2

Now remove (x2 + 1)3 and put x2 =-1 i.e. x = i (you can also substitute x = −i ).
We get Hi+I = –3i –2. Hence H = –3 and I = –2.

Now remove (x2 + 2) and put x= 2i . We get B ( 2i ) +C=2 2i +3. Hence B = 2 and C = 3
Now the number of unknowns have reduced from 9 to 4 and the remaining unknowns can be solved
easily.
This method very useful instead of solving for all the unknowns at the same time.
Also remember that substituting an imaginary number for x is not discussed anywhere in NCERT. So, use
this method only for competitive exams.
Ravi Vooda (JEE 2009, AIR 71)

x
Illustration 23: Evaluate : ∫ dx  (JEE MAIN)
2
x −x−2

1
Sol: Here the given integration is in the form of , hence by using partial fractions we can split it as
(x − a)(x − b)
A B
+ and then by solving we will get the required result.
(x − a) (x − b)
x 1 2 1  1 1
Here I = ∫ (x − 2)(x + 1)dx = ∫ 3  x − 2 + x + 1  dx = 2log(x − 2) + log(x + 1)=
+c log (x − 2)2 (x + 1) + c
3 3  

xdx
Illustration 24: Evaluate : ∫  (JEE ADVANCED)
3x − 18x2 + 11
4

Sol: Here simply by putting t= x2 ⇒ dt = 2x dx and then by using partial fractions we can solve the given problem.
1
dt
xdx 2
I= ∫ dx = ∫ (Put t= x2 ⇒ dt = 2x dx)
4 2 2
3x − 18x + 11 3t − 18t + 11

1 dt 1 dt 1 dt
6 ∫ t2 − 6t + (11 / 3) 6 ∫ (t − 3)2 − (16 / 3) 6 ∫
= =
( )
2
(t − 3)2 − 4 / 3

1 1 (t − 3) − (4 / 3) 3 3t − 3 3 − 4 3 3x2 − 3 3 − 4
log = +C log
= +C log +C
6 2 × (4 / 3) (t − 3) + (4 / 3) 48 3t − 3 3 + 4 48 3x2 − 3 3 + 4
2 2 . 1 4 | Indefinite Integration

4.3.2 When the Denominator cannot be Factorized

In this case the integral may be in the form
dx (px + q)
(i) ∫ ax2 + bx + c (ii) ∫ ax2 + bx + cdx

Method:
(i) Here taking the coefficient of x2 common from the denominator , write
b2 − 4ac
x2 + (b / a) x + c/ a = (x + b/ 2a)2 −
4a2
Now the integrand obtained can be evaluated easily by using standard formulae.
d 
(ii) Here suppose that px + q = A  (ax2 + bx + c) + B = A(2ax+b)+B  …..(i)
 dx 
Now comparing coefficient of x and constant terms.

We get A=p/2a, B=q-(pb/2a)

p 2ax + b  pb  dx
2a ∫ ax2bx + c
∴I = dx +  q − ∫ 2
 2a  ax + bx + c

Now we can integrate it easily.

4.3.3 Integrand Containing Only Even Powers of x

To find integral of such functions, first we divide numerator and denominator by x2 , then express the numerator
as d(x±1/x) and the denominator as a function of (x±1/x). The following examples illustrate it.

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

∫ R(sinx,cos x)dx where R is a rational function (universal substitution tan(x/2)=t)

Special cases:
(a) If R (−sin x, cos x) = −R(sinx, cos x)
Put cos x=t
(b) If R (sin x, cos x) = −R(sinx, cos x)
Put sin x=t
(c) If R (−sin x, −cos x) = R(sinx, cos x)
Put tan x=t
Akshat Kharaya (JEE 2009,AIR 235)

x2 + 1
Illustration 25: Evaluate: ∫ x 4 + 1dx  (JEE ADVANCED)

1 + (1 / x2 ) 1 + (1 / x2 )
Sol: Here dividing the numerator and denominator by x2 , we get ∫ x2 + (1 / x2 ) ∫ 
dx = dx and
{ } 
2

then by putting x-1/x=t ⇒[1+1/ x2 ]dx = dt, we can solve it.  x − ( 1 / x ) + 2 

 Ma t he m a t i cs | 2 2. 15

1 + (1 / x2 ) 1 + (1 / x2 )
I= ∫ x2 + (1 / x2 )dx = ∫  dx
{ } 
2
 x − (1 / x ) + 2

Now taking x-1/x=t ⇒[1+1/ x2 ]dx = dt, we get

dt 1  t  1  x2 − 1 
I= ∫
= tan−1  +c = tan−1  +c
2
t +2 2 2  2x 
 2  

4.4 Integration of Irrational Functions

If any one term in numerator or denominator is irrational then it is made rational by a suitable substitution. Also
if the integral is of the form
dx
∫ or ∫ ax2 + bx + c dx
2
ax + bx + c

Then we integrate it by expressing ax2 + bx + c= (x + α )2 + β2

px + q
Also for integrals of the form ∫ dx or ∫ (px + q) ax2bx + c dx
2
ax + bx + c
First we express px+q in the form
d
px+q = A [ (ax2bx + c) ]+B and then proceed as usual with standard form.
dx
ex
Illustration 26: Evaluate : ∫ dx  (JEE MAIN)
5 − 4ex − e2x
x
Sol: Simply by putting e = t , then ex dx = dt, we can solve the given problem.
Put ex = t , then ex dx = dt
ex dt dt dt dt
∴ ∫ dx = ∫ = ∫ = ∫ = ∫
9 − ( t + 2)
x 2x 2 2 2 2
5 − 4e − e 5 − 4t − t 5 − (t + 4t) 5 − (t + 4t + 4) + 4

dt t+2  ex + 2 
= ∫ = sin−1   + C = sin−1  +C
 3   3 
(3)2 − (t + 2)2  

1
Illustration 27: Evaluate : ∫ (x − a)(x − b)
dx  (JEE ADVANCED)

2
a+b
Sol: Here first expand (x − a)(x − b) and then adding and subtracting by   , we can reduce the above
 2 
a+b
integration. After that by putting x −  = u , we can solve the given problem.
 2 
1 1 dx
Let, I = ∫ (x − a)(x − b)
dx = ∫ dx = ∫
x2 − (a + b) x + ab x2 − (a + b) x + ( (a + b) / 2 ) − ( (a + b) / 2 ) + ab
2 2

dx dx
= ∫ = ∫
( x− ((a + b) / 2) ) ( ) ( x− ((a + b) / 2) )
2 2
− ( a − b ) / 4 
2
−  (a2 + b2 + 2ab) / 4 − ab 
   
dx
= ∫  … (i)
( x− ((a + b) / 2) ) − ((a − b) / 2)2
2
2 2 . 1 6 | Indefinite Integration

a+b
On putting x −  = u so that dx = du in (i), we get
 2 
du  1  2
I= ∫ ∫ dx = log x + x2 − a2  = log u + u2 −  a − b  + Cc
 2
 x −a
2   2 
u2 − ( (a − b) / 2 )
2

  a + b 
Putting u=  x −    , we get
  2 

2 2
  a + b    a + b   a − b  a+b
I = log  x − 
2
 + x − 
2
 − 
2
 + Cc = log x −
2
+ ( x − a)( x − b ) + Cc
       

5. STANDARD INTEGRALS

1 1 x
(a) ∫= dx tan−1   + c
x2 + a2 a a

1 1 x−a
(b) ∫ x2 − a2 dx 2a log x + a + c
=

1 1 a+ x
(c) ∫ a2 − x2 dx 2a log a − x + c
=

1 x x
(d) ∫ dx =sin−1   + c =− cos−1   + c
a −x2 2 a
  a

1 x
(e) ∫ dx sinh−1   +
= = c log  x + x2 + a2 +c

x +a2 2 a
   

1 x
(f) ∫ dx cosh−1   +
= c log  x + x2 − a2  + c
=
x −a2 2  a   

x 2 a2 x
(g) ∫ a2 − x2 dx
= a − x2 + sin−1 + c (Substitute
= x acos θ or=x asin θ and proceed)
2 2 a

2 2 2 2 xx 2 2 2 2 a2a2 2 2 2 2
(h) ∫ ∫ x x+ a+ adx=dx= 2 2 x x+ a+ a+ +2 2log
n nx +x + x x+ a+ a + c+ c (Substitute
= x atan θ or
= x acot θ and proceed)

22 22 xx 22 22 a2a2 22 22
(i) ∫ ∫ x x − −a adx=dx= 2 2 x x − −a a − −2 2log
n nx x+ + x x − −a a + +c c (Substitute
= x asec θ=
or x acosec θ and proceed)

1 1 x
( j) ∫ = dx sec−1 + c (Valid for x > a > 0)
x x2 − a2 a a

ax eax eax   b  
(k) ∫e sinbx
= dx
2 2
(asinbx − bcosbx) + c = sin bx − tan−1    + c
a +b 2
a +b 2
  a  
 Ma t he m a t i cs | 2 2. 17

ax eax eax  b
(l) ∫e cosbx
= dx (acosbx + bsinbx) + c = cos bx − tan−1  + c
a +b2 2 2
a +b 2  a

Integration of irrational algebraic functions:

dx
Type 1: (a) ∫ (x − α) (Put
= : x acos2 q + b sin2 q )
(x − α )(β − x)

dx
(b) ∫ (x − α) (Put
= : x asec2 q − b tan2 q )
(x − β)

dx
Type 2: ∫ (a x + b) (Put: px + q =t2 )
px + q

dx 1
Type 3: ∫ (Put: ax + b = )
2 t
(ax + b) px + qx + r

dx
Type 4: ∫ (ax2bx + c) (Put: px + q =t2. )
px + q

dx
Type 5: ∫
(ax + bx + c) px2 + qx + r
2

Case I: When (ax2bx + c) breaks up into two linear factors, e.g.

dx  A B  1 dx dx
I= ∫ dx then = ∫  +  dx = A ∫ + B∫
( 2
x − x −2 x + x +1 ) 2  x − 2 x + 1 2
 x + x +1 2
x −2 x + x +1

(
x + 1 ) x2 + x + 1
 
( )
1 1
Put x − 2 = Put x + 1 =
t t
2 1
Case II: If ax + bx + c is a perfect square say (lx + m)2 , then put lx + m =
t
Case III: If b = 2, q = 0

dx 1
e.g. ∫ 2 2
then, put x =
t
or trigonometric substitutions are also helpful.
(ax + b) px + r
dx
Integral of the form ∫P Q
, where P, Q are linear or quadratic functions of x.

Integral Substitutions

1
∫ dx cx + d =z2
( ax + b ) cx + d

dx
∫ px + q =z2
( 2
ax + bx + c ) px + q

dx 1
∫ px + q =
z
(px + q) 2
ax + bx + c

dx 1
∫ x=
(ax 2
+b ) cx + d 2 z
2 2 . 1 8 | Indefinite Integration

dx
∫ ax + b =
1/t
( ax + b )
m
ax2 + bx + c

dx
Illustration 28: Evaluate : ∫ (x + 1)  (JEE MAIN)
( x − 2)
Sol: Simply by putting x − 2 =t2 , ∴dx =
2t dt we can solve the given problem by using the appropriate formula.
dx
∫ (x + 1)
( x − 2)
Put x − 2 =t2
∴dx =
2t dt

2t dt dt 2  t  2  x −2
∴I= ∫ (t2 + 3)t = 2∫ = tan−1  +c = tan−1    + c (∵=t (x − 2) )
t2 + ( 3)2 3  3 3   3  
 

dx
Illustration 29: Evaluate : ∫ (x2 − 4) x
 (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here first put x = t2 therefore dx = 2t dt and then using partial fractions we reduce the given integration in
standard form. After that by solving we will get the result.

dx
Let I = ∫ (x2 − 4) x
2 2t dt
Put x = t ∴ dx = 2t dt then I = ∫ (t 4 − 4)t dt =2 ∫
(t + 2)(t2 − 2)
2

1 1 A B
Put t2 = z ∴ = = +
(t2 + 2)(t2 − 2) (z + 2)(z − 2) z+2 z−2

1 1 1 1 1
A= − and B = ⇒ = +
4 4 2 2 2 2
(t + 2)(t − 2) 4(t + 2) 4(t − 2)

1 1 dt 1 dt 1  t  1 t− 2
∴ I = 2∫ − ∫
= + ∫ = − tan−1  + log +c
2
(t + 2)(t − 2) 22 t +2 2 t −2
2 2
2 2  2 4 2 t+ 2

1 x 1 x− 2
= − tan−1   + log + Cc (∵ t = x )
2 2 2 4 2 x+ 2

6. SPECIAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Here we shall study the methods for evaluation of the following types of integrals.

Type 1
dx dx dx dx
(i) ∫ a + bsin2 x (ii) ∫ a + b cos2 x (iii) ∫ acos2 x + bsinx cos x + c sin2 x (iv)
2
∫ (asinx + bcos x)
Method: Divide the numerator and denominator by cos2x in all such types of integrals and then put tan x=t
 Ma t he m a t i cs | 2 2. 19

dx
Illustration 30: Evaluate : ∫ 1 + 3sin2 x  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here dividing the numerator and denominator by cos2x we can solve it.

sec2 xdx sec2 x dx 1 −1

I= ∫ sec2 x + 3tan2 x ∫ 1 + 4 tan2 x 2 tan (2 tanx) + c
==

Type 2
dx dx dx dx
(i) ∫ a + b cos x (ii) ∫ a + b sinx (iii) ∫ acos x + b sinx (iv) ∫ asinx + b cos x + c
Method: In such types of integrals we use the following substitutions

2 tan ( x / 2 ) 2t 1 − tan2 ( x / 2 ) 1 − t2 2dt

=sinx = = , cos x = = ; dx
1 + tan ( x / 2 ) 1 + t
2 2
1 + tan ( x / 2 ) 1 + t
2 2
1 + t2
and integrate another method for the evaluation of the integral.

dx
Illustration 31: Evaluate: ∫ 5 + 4 cos xdx  (JEE MAIN)

1 − tan2 ( x / 2 )
Sol: Here by putting cos x = and then by taking tan (x/2) = t we can solve the given problem
1 + tan2 ( x / 2 )
dx sec2 (x / 2) dt
I= ∫ 5 + 4 (1 − tan2 (x / 2)) / (1 + tan2 (x / 2)) = ∫ 9 + tan2 (x / 2)dx = 2∫ where tan (x/2) = t
32 + t2
 

1  t  1  tan x / 2  
2  tan−1    + C 2  tan−1 
=  + C
3  3  3  3 

Type 3
p sinx + qcos x p sinx qcos x
(i) ∫ asinx + b cos x dx (ii) ∫ asinx + b cos xdx (iii) ∫ asinx + b cos xdx
For their integration, we first express numerator as follows-
Numerator = A (denominator) + B (derivative of denominator)
Then integral = Ax + B log (denominator) + C

6 + 3sinx + 14 cos x
Illustration 32: Evaluate : ∫ 3 + 4 sinx + 5cos x
dx  (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: By using partial fractions, we can reduce the given integration to the standard form.
6 + 3sinx + 14 cos x
∫ 3 + 4 sinx + 5cos x
dx

⇒ 6 + 3sinx + 14 cos x = A ( 3 + 4 sinx + 5cos x ) + B ( 4 cos x − 5sinx ) + c

Solving R.H.S. & comparing both sides, we get 4A – 5B = 3 5A + 4B = 14

A(3 + 4 sinx + 5cos x) + B(4 cosx − 5sinx) + c

Also, 3A+C=6 ∴ ∫ 3 + 4 sinx + 5cos x
2 2 . 2 0 | Indefinite Integration

C dx
 n(3 + 4 sinx + 5cos x) + ∫
⇒ AxAx++log
3
+ 4 sinx + 5cosx

this is of type 2

2sin2φ − cos φ
Illustration 33: Evaluate : ∫ 6 − cos2 φ − 4sin φdφ  (JEE ADVANCED)

2(sin2φ − 4 cos φ) + 7 cos φ

Sol: Here we can write the given integration as ∫ 6 − cos2 φ − 4 sin φ
dφ and as we know 2(sin2φ − 4 cos φ) is

the derivative of 6 − cos2 φ − 4 sin φ hence by putting 6 − cos2 φ − 4 sin φ = t , we can solve the given problem.

2sin2φ − cos φ d
I= ∫ 6 − cos2 φ − 4sin φdφ = (6 − cos2 φ − 4sin φ)
dφ

= 2cos φ sin φ − 4 cos φ = sin2φ − 4cosφ = 2sin2φ − cos

= φ 2(sin2φ − 4cosφ) + 7cosφ

2(sin2φ − 4 cos φ) + 7 cos φ 2(sin2φ − 4 cos φ)dφ 7 cos φdφ dt 7 cos φdφ
I= ∫ ∫ +∫ = 2∫
t ∫ 6 − (1 − sin2 φ) − 4 sin φ
dφ = +
6 − cos2 φ − 4 sin φ 2
6 − cos φ − 4 sin φ 2
6 − cos φ − 4 sin φ

7 cos φdφ 7dx

= 2logt + C1 + ∫ = 2log(6 − cos2 φ − 4 sin φ) + C1 + ∫ ( sin φ =x )
2 2
5 + sin φ − 4 sin φ x − 4x + 5

7dx x−2
= 2log(6 − cos2 φ − 4 sin φ) + C1 + ∫ = 2log(6 − cos2 φ − 4 sin φ) + C1 + 7 tan−1 + C2
2
(x − 2) + 1 1

= 2log(6 − cos2 φ − 4 sin φ) + 7 tan−1 (sin φ − 2) + C

7. SPECIAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

aex x
(a) ∫ b + cex dx [put e =t]

1
(b) ∫ 1 + ex dx [Multiply and divide by e− x and e− x = t]

1
(c) ∫ 1 − ex dx [Multiply and divide by e− x and e− x = t]

1
(d) ∫ ex − e−x dx [Multiply and divide by ex ]

ex − e− x  f ' (x) 
(e) ∫ ex + e−x dx  form
 f(x) 
ex + 1
(f) ∫ ex − 1 dx [Multiply and divide by e− x/2 ]

1
(g) ∫ (1 + ex )(1 − e−x ) dx [Multiply and divide by ex and put ex =t]

1
(h) ∫ dx [Multiply and divide by e − x/2 ]
x
1−e
 Ma t he m a t i cs | 2 2. 21

1
(i) ∫ dx [Multiply and divide by e − x/2 ]
x
1+e
1 − x/2
( j) ∫ x
dx [Multiply and divide by e ]
e −1

1
(k) ∫ dx [Multiply and divide by 2e− x/2 ]
x
2e − 1

(l) ∫ 1 − ex dx [Integrand = (1 − ex ) / 1 − ex ]

(m) ∫ 1 + ex dx [Integrand = (1 + ex ) / 1 + ex ]

(n) ∫ ex − 1dx [Integrand = (ex − 1) / ex − 1 ]

ex + a
(o) ∫ dx [Integrand = (ex + a) / e2x − a2 ]
ex − a

Illustration 34: Evaluate : ∫ ex − 1dx  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here by multiplying and dividing by ex − 1 in the given integration and then by putting ex − 1 = t2 we can
evaluate the given integration.

ex − 1 ex 1
Here I = ∫ ex − 1dx = ∫ dx = ∫ dx − ∫ dx
ex − 1 ex − 1 ex − 1
Let ex − 1 = t2 , then e=
x
dx
= 2t dt

2
∴
= I 2∫ dt − ∫ dt = 2t − 2 tan−1 (t) + c = 2  ex − 1 − tan−1 ex − 1  + c
t +12  

ex
Illustration 35: Evaluate : ∫ dx  (JEE MAIN)
5 − 4ex − e2x

ex
Sol: We have, ∫ dx
5 − 4ex − e2x

Put ex = t , then ex dx = dt

ex dt
∴∫ dx = ∫ dx
x 2x
5 − 4e − e 5 − 4t − t2

dt dt
= ∫ 2
= ∫ 2
5 − (t + 4t) 5 − (t + 4t + 4) + 4

dt dt t+2  x
−1 e + 2

= ∫ = ∫ = sin−1   + C = sin  +C

9 − (t + 2)2 (3)2 − (t + 2)2  3   3 
2 2 . 2 2 | Indefinite Integration

PROBLEM-SOLVING TACTICS

Integration by Parts
(a) Integration by parts is useful for dealing with integrals of the products of the following functions
uu << tan−−11 x,
<< tan sin−−11 x,cos
x, sin x,cos−−11 xx (logx)
nx)kkk sin
((nx) sin x,
x, cos
cos xx eexx >> dv
>> dv
Priority for choosing u and dv: ILATE
(b) Integration by parts is sometimes useful for finding integrals of functions involving inverse functions such as
n x and sin−1 x .
(c) Sometimes when dealing with integrals, the integrand involves inverse functions (like sin−1 x ), it is useful to
substitute x = the inverse of that inverse function (like x = sin u), then do integration by parts.
2 x 3
(d) Sometimes you will have to do integration by parts more than once (for example, ∫ x e dx and ∫ x sinxdx .
Sometimes you need to do it twice by parts, then manipulate the equation (for example, ∫ ex sinxdx ).
(e) Try u – substitution first before integration by parts.

Trigonometric Integral
m
(a) Integral Type : ∫ sin x cosn xdx
Case 1: One of m or n are even, and the other odd
Use u – substitution by setting u = sin or cos that with an even power. Use the identity sin2 x + cos2 x =
1.
Case 2: Both m and n are odd
Use u – substitution by setting u = sin or cos that with a higher power. Use the identity sin2 x + cos2 x =
1.
Case 3: Both m and n are even (hard case)
Do not use u – substitution. Use the half double angle formula to reduce the integrand into case 1 o r2:
1 2 1 2 1
sinx cos x = sin2x ; sin= x (1 − cos2x) ; cos= x (1 − cos2x)
2 2 2
(Note: 0 is also an even number. For example, sin3 x = sin3 x coso x , so it is in case 1)
Just remember that when both are even, you can’t use u-substitution, but you can use the half – double angle
formula. When it is not that case, let u = sin x or cos x, and one will work (at the end there is no square root
term after substitution).
m
(b) Integral type : ∫ tan x secn xdx
Case 1: sec is odd power, tan is even power.
Hard to do, we omit (most likely won’t pop out in the exam).
Case 2: Else
Set u = sec x or tan x, and use 1 + tan2 x =
sec2 x . One will work at the end (there is no square root term after
substitution).
(c) Integral type : ∫ sin(Ax)cos(Bx)dx , ∫ cos(Ax)cos(Bx)dx , ∫ sin(Ax)sin(Bx)dx
Use the product to sum formula:
1 1
cos θ cos
= φ (cos θ − φ) + (cos θ + φ)) ; sin θ cos
= φ (cos θ − φ) − (cos θ + φ))
2 2
1
sin θ cos
= φ (sin θ − φ) + (sin θ + φ))
2
Reduce product into sum and then integrate.
 Ma t he m a t i cs | 2 2. 23

Trigonometric Substitution
(a) Trigonometric substitution is useful for quadratic form with square root:
a2 − x2 : Let=x asin θ

x2 + a2 : Let
= x atan θ

x2 − a2 : Let
= x asec θ
(b) General procedure for doing trig sub:
Step 1: Draw the right triangle, and decide what trigonometric function to substitute for x.
Step 2: Find dx, then substitute the integrand using triangle, convert integral into trigonometric integral.
Step 3: Solve the trigonometric integral.
Step 4: Substitute back using triangle.
(i) If the quadratic form is not in the Pythagoras form (for example, 2 + 2x + x2 , then use the perfecting
the square method to transform it into Pythagoras form).
(ii) Try u – substitution before trigonometric substitution.
(iii) Integrals involving (1 − x2 ) and (x2 − 1) without square roots can be solved easily with partial fractions.
So don’t use trigonometric substitution.

Rational Integral and Partial Fraction

(a) General step for solving rational integral:
Step 1: Do long division for the rational function if the degree of the numerator is higher than the denominator.
Step 2: Do partial fraction decomposition.
Step 3: Evaluate the integral of each simple fraction.
(b) General step for partial fraction:
Step 1: Factorize the denominator.
Step 2: Set the partial fraction according to “rule”.
Step 3: Solve the unknown of the numerator of the partial fraction.

Improper Integral
(a) General steps for evaluating improper integral:
Step 1: Change the improper integral into the appropriate limit. [Change ±∞ or singular point (where) to
appropriate limit.]
Step 2: Evaluate the integral.
Step 3: Find the limit.
(b) The very first step to test improper integral involving ∞ is to check its limit. If its limit is not zero, then the
integral diverges.
(c) Whenever you see improper integrals involving the quotient of a rational or irrational function, such as
∞
x3 + 3x
∫a 3
dx
(8x3 + 7x) 2

Use limit comparison test. The appropriate comparing function can be found by looking at the Integrand
(quotient of rational irrational). “Discard” the lower degree terms.
2 2 . 2 4 | Indefinite Integration

(d) Sometimes, using u – substitution before using any test will be easier.
(e) Sometimes, to determine if an improper integral converges or diverges, directly evaluating the improper
integral is easier.
(f) When doing a comparison test, beware of the comparing function that you choose. It might not give an
appropriate conclusion if the comparing function is not correct.
(g) Try the limit comparison test before the comparison test.
(h) Useful comparing function, which is good to know their convergence or divergence
∞ k −βx
∫a x e dx < ∞ For k ≥ 0, β > 0

∞ 1 < ∞ if p > 1;
∫a p
x
dx 
= ∞ if p ≤ 1;

∞ 1 < ∞ if p < 1;
∫a p
x
dx 
= ∞ if p ≥ 1;

FORMULAE SHEET

Basic theorems of Integration:

1. ∫ k f(x)dx = k ∫ f(x)dx 2. ∫ f(x) ± g(x) dx = ∫ f(x)dx ± ∫ g(x)dx

d
3.
dx
( ∫ f(x)dx ) = f(x) 4.
 d 
∫  dx f(x) dx = f(x)

Elementary Integration:

1. ∫ 0.dx = c 2. ∫ 1.dx= x + c

n xn+1
3. ∫ k.dx =kx + c(k ∈ R) 4. ∫ x= dx
n+1
+ c(n ≠ −1)

1
5. ∫= dx loge x + c x
ex + c
x
6. ∫ e dx=

ax
7. x
∫a= dx + c ax loga e + c
= 8. ∫ sinx dx =
− cos x + c
loge a

n (ax + b)n+1
9. ∫ cos x=
dx sinx + c 10. ∫ (ax + b) =dx
a(n + 1)
+C
c

cc cc
11. ∫ ax dx
∫ ax+ +b=
=
b
n naxax+ +b b+ +CC
dx log
aa
c 12. '
∫ f (x)e
f(x)
= ef(x) + C
dx c

13. ∫ logx=
dx xlogx − x + c x
14. ∫ log a x dx= xloga x − +c
loga
 Ma t he m a t i cs | 2 2. 25

Standard substitution:

1 x = a sin θ or x = a cos θ
1. a2 − x2 or
a2 − x2

1 x = a tan θ or x = a cot θ
2. x2 + a2 or
x2 + a2

1 x = a sec θ or x = acosec θ
3. x2 − a2 or
x2 − a2
x a+x 1
4. , , x(a + x) and x=a tan2 θ
a+ x x x(a + x)

x a−x 1 x = a sin2 θ or x= a cos2

5. or x(a − x) and
a−x x x(a − x)

1
x x−a x=a sec2 θ or x=a cosec2 θ
6. or or x(x − a) or x(x − a)
x−a x

a−x a+ x x = a cos2 θ
7. and
a+x a−x

x−α x = α cos2 θ + β sin2 θ

8. or (x − α )(β − x) (β > α )
β−x

Some standard Integrals:

1. ∫ tanxdx =logsec x + c =− logcos x + c 2. ∫ cot

= xdx logsinx + c

3. ∫ sec xdx= log(sec x + tanx) + c 4. ∫ cosecxdx =

− log(cosecx + cot x) + c
π x x
=− log(sec x − tanx) + c =logtan  +  + c = log(cosecx − cotx)
= + c log tan   + c
 4 2  2

5. ∫ sec x tanxdx
= sec x + c 6. ∫ cosec x cot x dx =
− cosec x + c

2 2
7. ∫ sec xdx tanx + c
= 8. ∫ cosec xdx =
− cot x + c

x
9. ∫ logxdx
= xlog  =+ c x (logx + 1 ) + c 2 1 sin2x 
e
10. ∫ sin xdx = x −
2 2 
+C

1
=−(x sinxcosx) + C
2
2 2 . 2 6 | Indefinite Integration

1 sin2x  12. 3xdx == 1

33 11
11. 2
∫ cos xdx= x +  + C= ∫∫sec
secxdx
∫sec xdx = sec
sec
222
xxtanx
sec xtanx
tanx
2 2 
11
1 +++ 1
ln
lnlnsec
log secxxx+++tanx
sec tanx+++CCcC
tanx
(x + sinxcosx) + C 222
2

sinn−1 x cos x n cosn−1 x sinx

13. ∫ sinn
xdx = −
n
+ 14. ∫ cos xdx =
−
n
+

n−1 n−1
cosn−2 xdx
n ∫
sinn−2 xdx
n ∫

Integration by Parts:

∫ (u.v)dx u
1. = ( ∫ v dx ) − ∫  du 
 ( v dx ) dx
dx  ∫
2. ∫e
x
ex f(x) + c
f(x) + f '(x) dx =

Standard Integrals:

1 1 x
1. ∫= dx tan−1   + c
2
x +a 2 a a

1 1 x−a
∫ x2 − a2 dx 2a log x + a + c
2. =

1 1 a+ x
∫ a2 − x2 dx 2a log a − x + c
3. =

1 x x
4. ∫ dx =sin−1   + c =− cos−1   + c
2
a −x 2 a
  a

1 x
5. ∫ dx sinh−1   +
= = c log  x + x2 + a2  + c
2
x +a 2 a
   

1 x
6. ∫ dx cosh−1   +
= c log  x + x2 − a2  + c
=
2
x −a2  a   

x 2 a2 x
7. ∫ a2 − x2 dx
= a − x2 + sin−1 + c
2 2 a

2 2 xx 2 2 aa2 2
8. ∫∫ xx2++aa2dx=
dx
= xx2++aa2++ log
nnxx++ xx2 2++aa2 2 ++cc
22 22

2 2 xx 2 2 a2a2 2 2
9. ∫ ∫ x x2− −a adx
2=
dx
=
22
x x2− −a a2− − log
22
n nx x+ + x x2− −a a2+ +c c
 Ma t he m a t i cs | 2 2. 27

1 1 x
10. ∫ = dx sec−1 + c (Valid for x > a > 0)
2
x x −a2 a a

eax eax   b  
ax
(asinbx − bcosbx) + c = sin bx − tan−1    + c
11. ∫ e sinbx=
dx
a2 + b2
2
a +b 
2  a  

ax eax eax  b
12. ∫ e cosbx=dx
2
a +b 2
(acosbx + bsinbx) + c =
2
cos bx − tan−1  + c
2 a
a +b 

Solved Examples

JEE Main/Boards ∫
dx
 n ( sec θ + tan θ )
x2 + a2
= ∫ sec θ dθ = log
x + sinx
Example 1: Evaluate : ∫ 1 + cos xdx
 x2 + a2 x 
 n
= log + 
Sol: Here by using the formula  a a
 
x x x
=sinx 2sin cos and
= 1 + cos x 2cos2    x2 + 
2 2 2 11 2 2 2 2 a2a2 x x 
x2 +
=∴I I  x xx x+
∴= + nn 
a a + +log + + + + cc
we can solve the given problem. 
22   aa a a 
     
x + sinx x + 2sinx/ 2cosx/ 2
∫ 1 + cos xdx = ∫ dx
1 − sinx
2cos2 x / 2 −1
Example 3: Evaluate : ∫ tan 1 + sinx
dx
x 2 x
= ∫ 2 sec x / 2 + tan dx = x tanx / 2 + c
2 Sol: Here first write cos ( ( π / 2) − x ) at the place of sin x
x
2sin2
then by using the formula 1 − cos x =
Example 2: Evaluate : ∫ x2 + a2 dx 2
x
2cos2
And 1 + cos x = we can solve it.
Sol: By applying integration by parts and taking 2

x2 + a2 as the first function we can solve the given 1 − sinx 1 − cos ( ( π / 2) − x )

I = ∫ tan−1 dx = ∫ tan−1 dx
problem. 1 + sinx 1 + cos ( ( π / 2) − x )

x2 + a2 dx = 2sin2 ( ( π / 4) − (x / 2) )
∫ = ∫ tan
−1
dx
2cos2 ( ( π / 4) − (x / 2) )
(x2 + a2 ) − a2 x2
= x2 + a2 x − ∫ dx x2 + a2 x − ∫ dx
−1 π x π x π x2
x2 + a2 x2 + a2 = ∫ tan tan  4 − 2  dx = ∫ 4 2 
 −  dx = x − +C
4 4
dx
x x2 + a2 + a2 ∫
= x + a2
2
Example 4: Evaluate : ∫ log(2 + x2 )dx
2
Put x = atan θ Sol: Here integrating by parts by taking log(2 + x2 ) as
the first function we can solve the given problem.