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13 views22 pages

Lecture 02

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Uploaded by

ABDUL QADIR g
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME)

Mechanical Vibrations ME-421

Dr. Mian Ashfaq Ali


Spring Elements

A linear spring is a type of mechanical link with


negligible mass and damping
The spring force is proportional to the amount of
deformation
F = kx
The work done in deforming a spring is stored as strain
or potential energy in the spring
U = ½ kx2
Above equation shows a linear relationship, is it?
Spring Elements (cont’d.)

Actual spring are nonlinear, beyond some point

Now, what to do?


approximate non-linear behavior to a linear one; Linearization.
Spring Elements (cont’d.)

Linearization process

F + F = F ( x * + x )
using taylor series and ignoring higher order term s
dF
F + F = F ( x*) + ( x )
dx x*

 F = k x
Spring Elements (cont’d.)

Elastic elements like beams also behave like spring

Appendix B from Book


Deflection for different beams
Spring Elements (Example

Elastic elements like beams also behave like spring

1. Calculate Spring Stiffness K when a mass 10 kg cause 2 cm


extension in the spring
2. Calculate Tortional Spring Stiffness Kt when a mass 10 kg cause
15 degrees of deflection in the cantilever beam (length 1 m).
Spring Elements: Combination of Springs

Spring in Parallel
Spring Elements: Combination of Springs (cont’d.)

Spring in Series
Spring Elements: Example Problems

The figure shows the suspension system of a freight truck with a


parallel-spring arrangement. Find the equivalent spring constant of the
suspension if each of the three helical springs is made of steel with a
shear modulus G = 80 x 109N/m2 and has five effective turns, mean coil
diameter D = 20 cm, and wire d = 2 cm
Find the equivalent spring stiffness for given system

10
Spring Elements:

11
Spring Elements: Example Problems

Find the equivalent spring constant of the system


shown in the figure. Assume that k1, k2, k3 and
k4are torsional and k5, k6 are linear spring
constant.
Study Example 1.5
Mass or Inertia Elements
Assumed to be a rigid body
Gain or lose kinetic energy whenever the velocity
changes
The work done on the mass is stored for in the form of
mass’s kinetic energy
Mass or Inertia Elements: Combination of masses

14
Mass or Inertia Elements: Combination of masses
Translational Masses Connected by a Rigid Bar

Considerin g x eq = x1
l2 l
then  x 2 = x1 , x3 = 3 x1
l1 l1

Equating the KE of the three-mass system to that of the equivalent mass


system
Mass or Inertia Elements: Combination of masses

Translational Masses and Rotational Masses Coupled


Together: Equivalent translational mass

x eq = x  = x / R
2
1 1 2 1 1 1 x
T = m x + J o
2
meq x 2 = m x 2 + J o 2
2 2 2 2 2 R
1 Jo
T = meq x eq meq = m + 2
2

2 R
Mass Elements: Example Problems

A cam-follower mechanism is used to convert the rotary motion of a


shaft into the oscillating or reciprocating motion valve. The follower
system consist of a pushrod of mass mp, a rocker arm of mass mr, and
mass moment of inertia Jr, a valve of mass mv, and a valve spring of
negligible mass. Find the equivalent mass of this cam – follower
system by assuming the location as
Point A
Point C
Mass Elements: Example Problems (cont’d)

2. In the figure find the equivalent mass of the rocker arm


assembly with respect to the x coordinate
Damping Elements

The mechanism by which the vibrational energy is


gradually converted into heat or sound
A damper is assume to have neither mass nor elasticity,
and exist only if there is relative velocity between the
two ends of the damper
Damping Elements: Types
Viscous Damping
Resistance offered by the fluid to the moving body that causes
the energy to be dissipated
Factors affecting damping;
Size
Shape
Viscosity
Frequency
Velocity
The damping force is proportional to the velocity of the
vibrating body
Typical example;
Fluid film between sliding surfaces
Fluid around a piston in a cylinder
Fluid flow through an orifice
Fluid film around a journal in a bearing
Damping Elements: Types
Coulomb / Dry Friction Damping
Constant in magnitude but opposite in direction of motion to the
vibrating body
Caused by friction between rubbing surfaces (Dry/Insufficient
Lubrication
Material or Solid or Hysteretic Damping
Energy is dissipated by the material when deform. This is due to friction
between the internal planes, which slip or slide
Damping Elements: Construction

Newton’s Law of Viscous Flow

Velocity Gradient

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