BOYS’ HIGHSCHOOL AND COLLEGE

PRAYAGRAJ

ASSIGNMENT (ROBOTICS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE)

CLASS X

1. Discuss the benefits and limitations of using autonomous warehouse robots.

Ans.Benefits of Using Autonomous Warehouse Robots

1. Increased Efficiency: Robots can work continuously without breaks, leading to faster order
fulfillment and reducing downtime.
2. Improved Accuracy: Automation reduces human error, ensuring more precise inventory
handling and order picking.
3. Cost Savings: While the initial investment is high, long-term savings come from reduced
labor costs and fewer mistakes.
4. Enhanced Safety: Autonomous robots can take on dangerous tasks, reducing the risk of
injury for human workers.
5. Scalability: Robots can easily adapt to changing warehouse needs, scaling operations up or
down based on demand.

Limitations:-

1. High Initial Investment: The cost of purchasing, installing, and maintaining robots is a significant
upfront expense.

2. Limited Flexibility: Robots may struggle with handling non-standard items or adapting to
unexpected changes in the environment.

3. Technical Failures: Malfunctions or software glitches can disrupt operations and require
specialized technicians for repairs.

4. Job Displacement: The introduction of robots may reduce the need for human labor, leading to
job losses in certain roles.

5. Complex Integration: Implementing robotic systems requires careful integration with existing
infrastructure, which can be time-consuming and costly

2. Define autonomous Drone.

Ans. An autonomous drone is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) capable of
performing tasks without human intervention. It uses sensors, GPS, artificial
intelligence, and onboard software to navigate, avoid obstacles, and complete
 missions such as surveillance, deliveries, or inspections, all while operating
independently.
3. Differentiate between Robots and Cobots.

Ans. Robots

1. Fully Autonomous: Operate without human interaction.

2. Isolated Work: Typically work in designated areas away from humans.
3. High Speed: Perform tasks rapidly and repetitively.
4. Complex Programming: Often require specialized coding and setup.

Cobots

1. Human Collaboration: Designed to work alongside humans safely.

2. Shared Workspace: Operate in the same space as human workers.
3. Moderate Speed: Work at a pace that complements human workers.
4. Simple Programming: Easier to program and adjust, often using intuitive interfaces.

4. Define a machine. Give few characteristics of a machines.

Ans.A machine is a tool or device that uses energy to perform a specific task, typically
involving mechanical, electrical, or computational processes.

Characteristics of Machines:

1. Energy Conversion: Machines convert energy into work.

2. Automation: Some machines can operate with little to no human input.
3. Efficiency: Designed to perform tasks faster and more precisely than humans.
4. Durability: Built to withstand repeated use over time.

5. Define Gear and also explain its types.

Ans.A gear is a rotating machine part with cut teeth or cogs that mesh with another gear to
transmit torque and alter speed or direction in mechanical systems.

Types of Gears:

1. Spur Gear: Straight teeth, parallel to the axis of rotation, used for simple, high-speed
applications.
2. Helical Gear: Angled teeth, quieter and smoother operation, handles higher loads.
 3. Bevel Gear: Conical shape, transfers motion between intersecting shafts.
4. Worm Gear: Screw-like gear, used for large gear reductions and torque transmission.
5. Rack and Pinion: Converts rotational motion into linear motion, often used in steering
systems.

6. Describe Gear efficiency.

Ans.Gear efficiency refers to the percentage of input power that is successfully transmitted
through a gear system without being lost to friction, heat, or other forces. High-efficiency
gears, like spur gears, can achieve 95-98% efficiency, while more complex systems, like worm
gears, typically have lower efficiency due to greater frictional losses, often around 50-90%.

7. Explain emerging sensor technologies and their potential applications in robotics.

Ans. Emerging sensor technologies, such as LiDAR, 3D vision sensors, ultrasonic sensors,
and bio-inspired sensors, enhance robotic perception and decision-making.

 LiDAR: Provides precise mapping for navigation and obstacle detection in autonomous
vehicles and drones.
 3D Vision: Enables depth perception for object recognition and manipulation in industrial
robots.
 Ultrasonic Sensors: Useful for proximity sensing in automation and medical robotics.
 Bio-inspired Sensors: Mimic biological systems for tactile sensing in prosthetics and human-
robot interaction.

8. Explain difference between supervised and unsupervised learning.

Ans.Supervised Learning

 Definition: A type of machine learning where models are trained on labeled data, meaning
the input data is paired with the correct output.
 Goal: To predict outcomes for new, unseen data based on learned patterns.
 Examples: Classification and regression tasks, such as spam detection or house price
prediction.

Unsupervised Learning

 Definition: A machine learning approach where models are trained on unlabeled data,
without explicit instructions on what to predict.
 Goal: To identify patterns or groupings in the data, such as clustering or association.
 Examples: Customer segmentation and anomaly detection.

9. Differentiate between learning and Artificial Intelligence.

Ans. Learning
  Definition: The process by which an individual or system acquires knowledge or skills
through experience, practice, or instruction.
 Focus: Involves adapting behaviors or improving performance based on feedback or new
information.
 Examples: A child learning to ride a bike or a machine learning model improving accuracy
over time.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

 Definition: A branch of computer science focused on creating systems that can perform tasks
typically requiring human intelligence.
 Focus: Involves simulating human cognitive functions, such as reasoning, problem-solving,
and understanding natural language.
 Examples: Chatbots, image recognition systems, and autonomous vehicles.

10. What is Cyber-crime? Explain it.

Ans. Cyber-crime refers to illegal activities conducted through computers or the internet. It
includes a wide range of offenses, such as hacking, identity theft, online fraud, and the
distribution of malware. Cyber-crime can target individuals, organizations, or governments,
leading to financial losses, data breaches, and compromised privacy. As technology evolves,
so do the methods and impacts of cyber-crime, making it a significant global concern.
11. Give the advantages and disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence.

Ans. Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

1. Efficiency: AI can process and analyze data faster than humans, increasing productivity.
2. Accuracy: Reduces human error in tasks such as calculations and data analysis.
3. 24/7 Availability: AI systems can operate continuously without fatigue.
4. Automation: Frees humans from repetitive tasks, allowing focus on more complex work.
5. Personalization: Enhances user experiences through tailored recommendations and services.

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

1. Job Displacement: Automation may lead to unemployment in certain sectors.

2. High Costs: Initial development and implementation can be expensive.
3. Lack of Creativity: AI lacks human intuition and emotional intelligence in decision-making.
4. Data Privacy Risks: AI systems can raise concerns over data security and privacy.
5. Bias: AI can perpetuate existing biases present in training data, leading to unfair outcomes.

12. What are Underwater Robots? Give some applications of Underwater Robots.

Ans. Underwater robots, or remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and autonomous underwater
vehicles (AUVs), are robotic systems designed for underwater exploration and tasks. They
are equipped with cameras, sensors, and tools to operate in challenging marine environments.
Applications of Underwater Robots

1. Marine Research: Collecting data on oceanography, marine biology, and ecosystem

monitoring.
2. Inspection and Maintenance: Examining underwater infrastructure like pipelines, oil rigs,
and ship hulls.
3. Search and Recovery: Locating and retrieving objects from the ocean floor, including wrecks
and lost equipment.
4. Environmental Monitoring: Assessing water quality and monitoring pollution levels.
5. Archaeology: Exploring submerged archaeological sites and artifacts.

13. Explain limitations of Human Intelligence.

Ans.Limitations of Human Intelligence

1. Cognitive Biases: Humans are prone to biases that can affect decision-making and problem-
solving.
2. Memory Constraints: The ability to retain and recall information is limited, leading to
forgetfulness and inaccuracies.
3. Emotional Influence: Emotions can cloud judgment and hinder rational thinking.
4. Subjectivity: Human perspectives can vary greatly, impacting consistency and objectivity in
assessments.
5. Fatigue: Mental fatigue can reduce concentration, performance, and overall cognitive
function over time.

14. What are NARs. Illustrate with 2 examples.

Ans. NARs, or Neuro-Architecture Representations, combine neural networks with robotic

architecture to enhance learning and adaptability.

Examples:

1.Autonomous Delivery Robot: Uses a NAR to navigate through varying environments,

adapting its route based on obstacles and real-time conditions.

2. Robotic Arm in Assembly: Employs a NAR to learn optimal gripping techniques and
movement patterns for assembling different parts efficiently.

15. Explain Reinforcement learning. Key components of RL with examples.

Ans. Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to
make decisions by interacting with an environment. The agent performs actions, observes
the outcomes, and receives rewards or penalties based on its actions, with the goal of
maximizing cumulative rewards over time.
Key Components of RL:Agent:
 The learner or decision-maker (e.g., a robot or a software program).Example: In a self-
driving car, the car's control system is the agent.
Environment: The external system that the agent interacts with.Example: For a self-driving
car, the road, traffic, and pedestrians form the environment.

16. Explain Human Vs machine decision making (Subjective Vs Objective)? Describe

differences.

Ans.Human Decision Making (Subjective):

Influenced by Emotions: Humans often make decisions based on feelings, intuition,

and emotions.

Experience-Based: Decisions are shaped by personal experiences, biases, and

cultural background.

Flexible & Adaptive: Can adjust based on new information, even if it contradicts
prior rules.

Imprecise: Outcomes can be inconsistent due to varying moods or interpretations.

Context-Driven: Considers moral, ethical, or social norms.

Example: A manager may hire a candidate because they “feel” the person is a good
fit, even if not the most qualified.

Machine Decision Making (Objective):

Data-Driven: Machines make decisions purely based on data, algorithms, and

predefined rules.

Consistent & Repeatable: Given the same inputs, a machine will always produce the
same output.

No Emotions: Machines lack subjective influences like emotions or personal

experiences.

Scalable: Can analyze large datasets and make complex decisions quickly.

Limited Flexibility: Can’t adapt without being reprogrammed or retrained based on

new data.

Example: A machine learning algorithm might choose the best candidate based
solely on qualification metrics, ignoring subjective factors
 17. Explain Deterministic Vs Probabilistic system.

Ans. Deterministic System:

Predictable: The outcome is fully determined by the initial conditions and rules, with no
randomness.

Same Input, Same Output: Given the same input, it always produces the same result.

Example: A calculator performing a mathematical operation.

Probabilistic System:

Uncertain: The outcome involves randomness, and results may vary even with the same
initial conditions.

Same Input, Different Output: It generates a range of possible outcomes, each with a
certain probability.

Example: Weather forecasting, where predictions are based on probabilities.

18. What is Intelligence? Explain its importance and types.

Ans. Intelligence is the ability to learn, understand, adapt, and apply knowledge to solve problems,
make decisions, and interact effectively with the environment. It encompasses cognitive functions
like reasoning, memory, perception, and problem-solving.

Importance of Intelligence:
Problem-Solving: Enables individuals to solve complex problems efficiently.
Adaptability: Helps in adjusting to new environments or situations.
Learning: Facilitates acquiring new knowledge and applying it in different contexts.
Decision Making: Aids in evaluating options and choosing the best course of action.
Types of Intelligence:
Logical-Mathematical: Ability to analyze problems, perform mathematical operations (e.g., scientists,
engineers).
Linguistic: Skill in using language for expression and communication (e.g., writers, poets).
Spatial: Ability to visualize and manipulate objects in space (e.g., architects, artists).
Emotional: Understanding and managing emotions, both personal and in others (e.g., counselors,
leaders).
Musical: Sensitivity to sound, rhythm, and music (e.g., musicians, composers).
Bodily-Kinesthetic: Control of physical movement and coordination (e.g., athletes, dancers).
Interpersonal: Ability to understand and interact with others (e.g., teachers, therapists).
Intrapersonal: Understanding oneself and one's thoughts (e.g., philosophers, self-reflective
individuals).

19. How Human Drones are being used in India? Explain with examples.

Ans. Intelligence is the ability to learn, understand, adapt, and apply knowledge to solve problems,
make decisions, and interact effectively with the environment. It encompasses cognitive functions
like reasoning, memory, perception, and problem-solving.

Importance of Intelligence:

 Problem-Solving: Enables individuals to solve complex problems efficiently.

 Adaptability: Helps in adjusting to new environments or situations.
 Learning: Facilitates acquiring new knowledge and applying it in different contexts.
 Decision Making: Aids in evaluating options and choosing the best course of action.

20. Explain Gear ratio.

Ans. Gear ratio is the ratio of the number of teeth on two interacting gears or the ratio of
their rotational speeds. It determines how much one gear turns in relation to another and is
a key factor in mechanical systems for controlling speed and torque.

21. What is difference between Human Intelligence, Machine Intelligence, Artificial

Intelligence.
Ans.Human Intelligence:
Natural: The cognitive abilities of humans, including learning, reasoning, problem-solving,
and emotional understanding.
Adaptable: Can apply knowledge across different contexts, influenced by experience and
emotions.
Example: A person solving a puzzle using prior knowledge and intuition.
Machine Intelligence:
Data-Driven: The ability of machines or systems to perform tasks based on algorithms, often
without the need for human-like reasoning.
Rule-Based: Machines follow predefined rules or programming, without learning from
experience.
Example: A thermostat adjusting room temperature based on set values.
Artificial Intelligence (AI):
Learning-Based: A subset of machine intelligence where systems can learn, adapt, and
improve from data without explicit programming.
Simulates Human-Like Tasks: AI mimics human cognitive functions, like learning from
mistakes, understanding language, or recognizing images.
Example: AI-powered voice assistants like Siri or Alexa understanding and responding to
voice commands.

22. Differentiate between Machines and Robots.

Ans.Machines:
Definition: Devices that perform specific tasks using mechanical power, often requiring
human control or input.
Purpose: Typically designed to perform repetitive or specialized functions efficiently.
Automation: May or may not be automated.
Example: A washing machine cleans clothes when manually operated.

Robots:
Definition: Autonomous or semi-autonomous systems capable of sensing, processing
information, and performing tasks, often with little or no human intervention.
Purpose: Designed to mimic human actions or perform complex, multi-step tasks in dynamic
environments.
Automation: Usually programmable and can operate independently.
Example: An industrial robot arm assembling cars on a production line.