Experiment No.

6
Aim: - Identify one cation and one anion in the given unknown salt.
Apparatus required: - Test tube ,Beaker, Funnel ,Filter paper etc.
Preliminary test of cation :-

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 Salt heated with conc. Smell of 0 group present
NaOH ammonia NH4 + suspected
Confirmatory test of cation :
S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt + conc. NaOH + White dense NH4+ Confirm
Warm fumes around
HCl dipped
rod
2 Salt + conc. NaOH + Brown NH4+ Confirm
Nesselar reagent + solution
Warm

NH4+ + NaOH + Warm → NH3 + H2O + Na+

NH3 + HCl  NH4Cl
White Fumes.
NH3 + K2[HgI4] → H2N.HgO.HgI + KI + H2O
Nesselar reagent Brown ppt
Iodide of millon’s base.

Preliminary test of anoin :-

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No gas evolved CO32-,S2-,SO32- , NO2-
absent
2 Salt +Conc. H2SO4 Colourless pungent Cl- Suspected
gas gives white
dense fumes with
ammonia solution
Confirmatory(wet) test of anion :
S.N Experiment Observation Inference
o.
1 Salt + Dil. HNO3 + AgNO3 solution White ppt soluble Cl-
 in ammonia Confirm
solution
2 Salt +dil.H2SO4. Boil off any gas evolved and add Potassium Cl-
little more of dil. H2SO4 and then potassium permanganate is Confirm
permanganate dropwise. decolourised with
the evolution of
chlorine.
3 Chromyl chloride test : Cl-
 Salt + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. H2SO4 + warm→ Red vapours Confirm
evolved
Yellow solution

Silver nitrate test:

aq.Cl- + aq.AgNO3→ AgCl↓ + aq NO3-
White ppt
AgCl + 2NH3 → aq. [Ag(NH3)2]Cl

KMnO4+4H2SO4+5KCl→ MnSO4+5/2Cl2+3K2SO4+4H2O
Chromyl chloride test :
Cl-(s) + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2CrO2Cl2(g) + H2O
Red vapours
Result: The given unknown salt contains Cl as anion and NH4+ as cation.
-
 Experiment No. 7
Aim: - Identify one cation and one anion in the given unknown salt.
Apparatus required: - Test tube ,Beaker, Funnel ,Filter paper etc.
Preliminary test of cation :-

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 Salt heated with conc. Smell of 0 group present
NaOH ammonia NH4 + suspected
Confirmatory test of cation :
S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt + conc. NaOH + White dense NH4+ Confirm
Warm fumes around
HCl dipped
rod
2 Salt + conc. NaOH + Brown NH4+ Confirm
Nesselar reagent + solution
Warm

NH4+ + NaOH + Warm → NH3 + H2O + Na+

NH3 + HCl--------- NH4Cl
White Fumes.
NH3 + K2[HgI4] → H2N.HgO.HgI + KI + H2O
Nesselar reagent Brown ppt
Iodide of millon’s base.

Preliminary test of anion :-

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 Salt + Dil. H2SO4 A colourless, CO32- suspected
odourless gas is
evolved with brisk
effervescence, which
turns lime water
milky.
 Test for Acid radicals ( dilute acid group; CO32-, S2-, SO32-, NO2-)

Experiemnt Observation Inference

Salt + dil. H2SO4 brisk effervescene carbonate present

Confirmation Carbonate
1.Pass the gas in the it turns milky confirmed
lime water milkyness disappears
2. On passing excess of
CO2

Reaction Involved
CaCO3 + H2SO4  CaSO4 + H2O + CO2
Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3 + H2O ;
Lime water milky solution.
CaCO3+ H2O + CO2  Ca(HCO3)2
Milkyness disappears

Result: The given unknown salt contains CO3-2 as anion and NH4+ as cation.
 Experiment No.8
Aim: - Identify one cation and one anion in the given unknown salt.
Apparatus required: - Test tube ,Beaker, Funnel ,Filter paper etc.
Preliminary test of cation :-

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 Salt heated with conc. No evolution 0 group absent
NaOH of gas
Confirmatory test of cation :
S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt + Dil. HCl White PPT I group present (Pb2+
may be present)
2 Aqueous salt + aq.KI Yellow ppt Pb2+ Confirm
3 Aqueous salt + aq. Yellow ppt Pb2+ Confirm
K2CrO4

aq. Pb2+ + 2 HCl → PbCl2 + 2H+

white ppt
aq. Pb + aq.KI → PbI2 + 2K+
2+

Yellow
2+
aq. Pb + aq. K2CrO4 → PbCrO4 + 2K+
Yellow

Preliminary test of anoin :-

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt + Dil. H2SO4 No gas evolved CO32-,S2-,SO32- , NO2-
absent
2 Salt +Conc. H2SO4 Colourless pungent Cl- Suspected
gas gives white
dense fumes with
ammonia solution
Confirmatory(wet) test of anion :
S.N Experiment Observation Inference
o.
1 Salt + Dil. HNO3 + AgNO3 solution White ppt soluble Cl-
in ammonia Confirm
solution
2 Salt +dil.H2SO4. Boil off any gas evolved and add Potassium Cl-
little more of dil. H2SO4 and then potassium permanganate is Confirm
permanganate dropwise. decolourised with
the evolution of
chlorine.
3 Chromyl chloride test : Cl-
 Salt + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. H2SO4 + warm→ Red vapours Confirm
evolved
Yellow solution

Silver nitrate test:

aq.Cl- + aq.AgNO3→ AgCl↓ + aq NO3-
White ppt
AgCl + 2NH3 → aq. [Ag(NH3)2]Cl

KMnO4+4H2SO4+5KCl→ MnSO4+5/2Cl2+3K2SO4+4H2O
Chromyl chloride test :
Cl-(s) + K2Cr2O7 + Conc. H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2CrO2Cl2(g) + H2O
Red vapours
Result: The given unknown salt contains Cl as anion and Pb2+ as cation.
-
 Experiment No.9
Aim: - Identify one cation and one anion in the given unknown salt.
Apparatus required: - Test tube ,Beaker, Funnel ,Filter paper etc.
Preliminary test of cation :-

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 Salt heated with conc. No evolution 0 group absent
NaOH of gas
Confirmatory test of cation :
S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt + Dil. HCl White PPT I group present (Pb2+
may be present)
2 Aqueous salt + aq.KI Yellow ppt Pb2+ Confirm
3 Aqueous salt + aq. Yellow ppt Pb2+ Confirm
K2CrO4

aq. Pb2+ + 2 HCl → PbCl2 + 2H+

white ppt
aq. Pb + aq.KI → PbI2 + 2K+
2+

Yellow
2+
aq. Pb + aq. K2CrO4 → PbCrO4 + 2K+
Yellow

Preliminary test of anoin :-

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt + Dil. H2SO4 + warm No gas evolved CO32-,S2-,SO32-absent
2 Salt +Conc. H2SO4 Colourless vapours vinegar smell CH3 COO- Suspected
Confirmatory(wet) test of anion :
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt + Oxalic acid (solid) prepare a paste Vinegar like smell CH3 COO- Confirm
with water ,rub the paste and smell
2 Water extract + Neutral FeCl3 solution Blood red colour CH3 COO- Confirm

3CH3 COO- + Neutral FeCl3 → (CH3COO)3Fe + 3Cl-

 Blood Red
Result: The given unknown salt contains CH3 COO- as anion and Pb2+ as cation.