EEE-3217 - L5 - Basics of Sampling - I
EEE-3217 - L5 - Basics of Sampling - I
ts = Sampling interval
Sampling Frequency , fs=1/ts 3
DISCRETE TIME SAMPLING OF ANALOG SIGNALS
NYQUIST'S CRITERIA
A signal with a bandwidth fa must be sampled at a rate fs > 2fa or
information about the signal will be lost
Aliasing occurs whenever fs < 2fa
The concept of aliasing is widely used in communications
applications such as direct IF-to-digital conversion
Simply stated, the Nyquist Criteria requires that the sampling frequency
be at least twice the signal bandwidth, or information about the signal will
be lost. If the sampling frequency is less than twice the analog signal
bandwidth, a phenomena known as aliasing will occur.
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Example of aliasing: Frequency of the analog signal : 90 Hz , Sampling Frequency: 100 Hz
Frequency
Let of the aliased signal : 10 Hz (180 degree phase shift)
Exmple
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Discussions:
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NYQUIST BANDWIDTH
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When the continuous signal's frequency is above the Nyquist rate (fs/2),
aliasing changes the frequency into something that can be represented in
the sampled data.
As shown by the zigzagging line in Fig. 3-4 (next slide), every continuous
frequency above the Nyquist rate has a corresponding digital frequency
between zero and one-half the sampling rate. If there happens to be a
sinusoid already at this lower frequency, the aliased signal will add to it,
resulting in a loss of information.
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Aliasing can also change the phase. Only two phase shifts are possible:
0 degree (no phase shift) and 180 degree (inversion). The zero phase
shift occurs for analog frequencies of 0 to 0.5, 1.0 to 1.5, 2.0 to 2.5,
etc. An inverted phase occurs for analog frequencies of 0.5 to 1.0, 1.5
to 2.0, 2.5 to 3.0, and so on.
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Baseband Antialiasing Filters
Baseband sampling implies that the signal to be sampled lies in the
first Nyquist zone. It is important to note that with no input filtering at
the input of the ideal sampler, any frequency component (either signal
or noise) that falls outside the Nyquist bandwidth in any Nyquist zone
will be aliased back into the first Nyquist zone. For this reason, an
antialiasing filter is used in almost all sampling ADC applications to
remove these unwanted signals.
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Pulse train p(t)
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1 1 1
𝑋𝑠 𝑓 = … + 𝑋 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑠 + 𝑋 𝑓 + 𝑋 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑠 + ⋯ .
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≥ 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥
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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
The analog filter used to convert the zeroth-order hold signal, (c), into the
reconstructed signal, (f) , shown on next slide.
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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
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