Strength of Materials

E-mail: [email protected]
 Axial Load
Statically indeterminate

E-mail: [email protected]
Principle of superposition
(I) (II)
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= +
𝑃 2𝑃 𝑃 2𝑃
𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎

𝑁 3𝑃
2𝑃 𝑁 𝑁 2𝑃
𝑃

3𝑃𝑎 + 2𝑃2𝑎
𝛿𝐶/𝐴 =
𝐴𝐸
7𝑃𝑎 (I) 𝑃𝑎 (II) 6𝑎𝑃
𝛿𝐶/𝐴 =
𝐴𝐸
= 𝛿𝐶/𝐴 =
𝐴𝐸
+ 𝛿𝐶/𝐴 =
𝐴𝐸
Statically indeterminate problem Example Draw N

𝑃
𝑁 2𝑃/3 𝑋𝐶 = −
3
⇑
−𝑃/3 (I) 𝑃𝑎 (II) 3𝑎𝑋𝐶
𝛿𝐶/𝐴 = + 𝛿𝐶/𝐴 =
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
𝛿𝐶/𝐴 = 0
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐴 (I) 𝐵 𝐶 𝐴 (II) 𝐵 𝐶
= +
𝑃 𝑋𝐶 𝑃 𝑋𝐶
𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎
⇕
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝑁 𝑁
𝑃 𝑋𝐶
𝑃
𝑎 2𝑎
Statically indeterminate problem
Example Draw N
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝛿𝐶/𝐴 = 0

⇕
𝑃 𝑃 𝑋𝐶
𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎

𝑁 2𝑃/3 𝑁𝐵𝐶 𝑋𝐶
𝑁𝐵𝐶 = 𝑋𝐶
−𝑃/3
𝑁𝐴𝐵 𝑃 𝑋𝐶
𝑁𝐴𝐵 = 𝑃 + 𝑋𝐶
𝑁𝐴𝐵 𝑎 𝑁𝐵𝐶 2𝑎 (𝑃 + 𝑋𝐶 )𝑎 𝑋𝐶 2𝑎 𝑃
𝛿𝐶/𝐴 = + = + =0 𝑋𝐶 = −

⇑
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 3
Statically indeterminate problem Example Draw N

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝛿𝐶/𝐴 = 0
𝑃 𝑃

⇕
𝑋𝐶
𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎

𝑁𝐵𝐶 𝑋𝐶
𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑁
⇑

𝑁𝐵𝐶 = 𝑋𝐶
𝑃
𝑁𝐴𝐵 𝑋𝐶
𝑁𝐴𝐵 = 𝑃 + 𝑋𝐶
𝑁𝐴𝐵 𝑎 𝑁𝐵𝐶 2𝑎 (𝑃 + 𝑋𝐶 )𝑎 𝑋𝐶 2𝑎
𝛿𝐶/𝐴 = + = + =0 𝑋𝐶

⇑
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐸 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐸 𝐵𝐶
Statically indeterminate problem Example
The steel rod shown in Fig. has a diameter of 10 mm. It is fixed to the wall at A, and before
it is loaded, there is a gap of 0.2mm between the wall at B′ and the rod. Determine the
reactions on the rod if it is subjected to an axial force of P = 20 kN. Neglect the size of the
collar at C. Take Est = 200 GPa.
−𝐹𝐴 − 𝐹𝐵 + 20 103 = 0

𝛿𝐵/𝐴 = 0.0002 𝑚

𝑁𝐴𝐶 𝐿𝐴𝐶 𝑁𝐶𝐵 𝐿𝐶𝐵

𝛿𝐵/𝐴 = + = 0.0002
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
𝐹𝐴 𝐿𝐴𝐶 𝐹𝐵 𝐿𝐶𝐵
− = 0.0002
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
2 m2
𝐴 = 𝜋 0.005 𝐸 = 200 109 N/m2
𝑁𝐴𝐶 = 𝐹𝐴
𝐹𝐴 = 16 𝑘𝑁 𝐹𝐵 = 4 𝑘𝑁
𝑁𝐶𝐵 = −𝐹𝐵
If 𝐹𝐵 < 0? ? ?
Statically indeterminate problem Example
The aluminum post is reinforced with a brass core. If this assembly supports an axial
compressive load of P = 45 kN, applied to the rigid cap, determine the average normal stress in
the aluminum and the brass. Take Eal = 70 GPa and Ebr = 105 GPa.

Equilibrium
↑Σ=0 ⇒ −45 + 𝐹𝑎𝑙 + 𝐹𝑏𝑟 = 0
𝐹𝑎𝑙
Compatibility 𝛿𝑎𝑙 = 𝛿𝑏𝑟 𝐹𝑎𝑙 = 30 𝑘𝑁 ⇒ 𝜎𝑎𝑙 = = 5.09 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑎𝑙
𝐹𝑎𝑙 𝐿 𝐹𝑏𝑟 𝐿 𝐹𝑏𝑟
= ⇒ 𝐹𝑎𝑙 = 2𝐹𝑏𝑟 𝐹𝑏𝑟 = 15 𝑘𝑁 ⇒ 𝜎𝑏𝑟 = = 7.64 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑏𝑟 𝐸𝑏𝑟 𝐴𝑏𝑟
Statically indeterminate problem
Example Find the normal forces in bars (1), (2). Beam ABCD is rigid.
Take EA = const, bar length = a.

𝑎 2𝑎 𝑁1 𝑁2
(1) (2) 𝑎 2𝑎
A B D A B D 𝑋𝐷

𝛿1 𝛿2
𝑃 𝑃 𝑌𝐷

↻ Σ𝐷 = 3𝑎𝑁1 + 2𝑎𝑁2 − 𝑃 3𝑎 = 0
9𝑃 6𝑃
3 𝑁1 𝑎 3 𝑁2 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑁1 = , 𝑁2 =
𝛿1 = 𝛿2 → = 13 13
2 𝐴𝐸 2 𝐴𝐸
Statically indeterminate problem
Example Find the normal forces in bars (1), (2). Beam ABD is rigid. Take
EA = const., bar length = a.

𝑎 2𝑎 𝑁1
(1) 𝑎 2𝑎
A D 𝑋𝐷
B
𝛿1 𝛿2
𝑃 𝑃 𝑌𝐷
(2) 𝑁2
↻ Σ𝐷 = 3𝑎𝑁1 − 2𝑎𝑁2 − 𝑃 3𝑎 = 0
9𝑃 6𝑃
3 𝑁1 𝑎 3 𝑁2 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑁1 = , 𝑁2 = −
𝛿1 = − 𝛿2 → =− 13 13
2 𝐴𝐸 2 𝐴𝐸
Statically indeterminate problem
Example Find the normal forces in bars (1), (2), and (3). Beam ABCD is
rigid. Take EA = const., bar length = a.

a a a 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑁3
(1) (2) (3) a a a
A B C D A B C D 𝑋𝐷

𝛿1 𝛿2 𝛿3
𝑃 𝑃 𝑌𝐷

↻ Σ𝐷 = 3𝑎𝑁1 + 2𝑎𝑁2 + 𝑎𝑁3 − 𝑃 3𝑎 = 0

⇒ 𝑁1 , 𝑁2 , 𝑁3
1 1 𝑁3 𝑎 1 𝑁2 𝑎 1 𝑁1 𝑎
𝛿3 = 𝛿2 = 𝛿1 → = =
2 3 𝐴𝐸 2 𝐴𝐸 3 𝐴𝐸
Statically indeterminate problem Example
E
Find the normal forces. ABCD is rigid.
1
𝐿1 = 𝐶𝐸 = 𝑎 13
E 2𝑎 2 C
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = = F
AE 𝐿1 13 C2 ∆𝐶
q 2
2a 2A,E
C1
A B C D 
𝐶1 𝐶2 = 𝛿𝐶/𝐸 = 𝑁1 𝐿1 / 𝐴𝐸
∆𝐶 ∆𝐷
a 2a 2a ∆𝐶 = 𝛿𝐶/𝐸 /𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑁1 𝐿1 / 𝐴𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝑁1 𝑁2
4𝑞𝑎 ∆𝐷 = 𝛿𝐷/𝐹 = 𝑁2 𝐿2 / 2𝐴𝐸
XA A  5∆𝐶
∆𝐷 = → 𝑁2 = 65𝑁1 /6
B C D 3
YA
a 2a 2a 𝑁1 ≈ 0.215𝑞𝑎
3𝑁1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 5𝑁2 = 12𝑞𝑎 𝑁2 ≈ 2.328𝑞𝑎
𝑋𝐴 − 𝑁1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 0
𝑌𝐴 + 𝑁1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑁2 = 4𝑞𝑎
Statically indeterminate problem 𝑋1
𝑃 s
𝑃 𝑁𝑖1 s 0
1 𝛿11
𝑁𝑖0 s ∆𝑋𝑆1
2 ∆𝑃𝑆 𝑋1 1 𝑋1
4 1
3 𝑆
∆ =0= ∆𝑋𝑆1 + 𝑆
∆𝑃,𝑋 ∆𝑋𝑆1 = 𝑋1 𝐿4
1 𝐸𝐴 4
𝑆 𝑆 𝑆 𝑆 0
𝑃 ∆𝑃,𝑋1
= ∆𝑃 + ∆𝑋 1
= ∆𝑃 + 𝛿11 𝑋1
3 2
𝑆
3
𝑁𝑖0 𝑁𝑖1 0
𝑁𝑖1
s ∆𝑃 = ෍ 𝐿𝑖 𝛿11 =෍ 𝐿𝑖
𝑖=1 𝐸𝐴 𝑖 𝑖=1 𝐸𝐴 𝑖
𝑃
𝑋1 ∆𝑃𝑆
𝑆
∆𝑃,𝑋 ∆𝑆 = 0= ∆𝑃𝑆 + 𝛿11 𝑋1 ⇒ 𝑋1 = −
1 𝛿11
𝑠 3 2
𝑁𝑖1 1
𝑋1 = 𝑁4 𝛿11 = ෍ 𝐿𝑖 + 𝐿4
𝑁𝑖 𝑋1 𝑖=1 𝐸𝐴 𝑖 𝐸𝐴 4
𝑠 ∆𝑋𝑆1
∆𝑆 = 0 𝑠 𝑁 = 𝑓𝑖 0, 𝑃
𝑁𝑖 = 𝑓𝑖 𝑋1 , 𝑃 ⇒ ቊ 𝑖0
𝑁𝑖1 = 𝑓𝑖 1,0
Statically indeterminate problem Example
Find the normal forces. ABCD is rigid. 12𝑞𝑎 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
→ 𝑁20 = , 𝑁21 = −
5 5
E 𝐿1 = 𝐶𝐸 = 𝑎 13 2
1 F 𝑁21 𝐿2 𝐿1 𝑎
AE 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 2𝑎/𝐿1 𝛿11 = + ≈ 3.716
q 2 𝐴𝐸 2 𝐴𝐸 1 𝐴𝐸
2a 2A,E
𝑁20 𝑁21 𝐿2 𝑞𝑎2
A B C D ∆𝑝 = = −0.799
𝐴𝐸 2 𝐴𝐸
∆𝑝
a 2a 2a 𝑋1 = − ≈ 0.215𝑞𝑎
𝛿11
𝑁1 = 𝑋1 𝑁2
4𝑞𝑎
XA A  𝑁1 ≈ 0.215𝑞𝑎

YA B C D 𝑁2 ≈ 2.328𝑞𝑎
a 2a 2a
𝛿11 𝑋1 + ∆𝑝 = 0
3𝑋1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 12𝑞𝑎
𝑁2 = − +
5 5
Statically indeterminate problem Example
Beam AC is rigid. Find the normal stress developed in each bar.
+ The compatible equation
d2=2cm 8kN 450 d3=3cm 11 X 1 +  p = 0
a EA N2 8kN N3
450
450 A B C A B C
a d1=2cm d4=3cm
X1=N1 N4
3a a + The normal force functions
+ The normal stresses + The normal forces Using the equilibrium equations, we will find the
4
N i21 1 4.012a 2
1 =
N1
= −0.222kN / cm 2 11 =  Li + L1 = normal forces are the functions of X1
i = 2 ( EA )i ( EA)1 E
A1
4 2 4 4 2 4
4
N N 2.7935a 2 N2 = + X 1  N 20 = ; N 21 =
N
 2 = 2 = 0.305kN / cm 2  p =  i 0 i1 Li = 3 3 3 3
A2 i = 2 ( EA )i E
N p N 3 = 4 2 + X 1  N 30 = 4 2; N 31 = 1
 3 = 3 = 0.702kN / cm 2  N1 = X 1 = − = −0.696kN
A3 11
8 2 4 8 2 4
N  N 2 = 0.957kN ; N 3 = 4.961kN ; N4 = − + X 1  N 40 = − ; N 41 =
 4 = 4 = −0.665kN / cm 2 3 3 3 3
A4 N 4 = −4.699kN