EE05466unit1 6
EE05466unit1 6
Let Vp = e p + jf p
Ypq = Gpq - jB pq
n
Pp – jQp = (e p + jfp)* ∑ (G pq − jB pq )(e q + jf q )
q =1
n
= (e p - jfp) ∑ (G pq − jB pq )(e q + jf q )
q =1
n
Qp = ∑ [f p (e q G pq + f q B pq ) − e p (f q G pq − e q B pq )]
q =1
P = 1, 2…….n
Where ep and fp → Real and imaginary components of voltage at the pth node.
Gpq and B pq → are the nodal conductance and susceptance between the
pth and qth nodes.
2) Inequality constraints:
They are
a) Generator constraints
b) voltage constraints
c) Transformer tap settings
d) Transmission line constraints.
a) Generator constraints:
Cost curve:
The cost curve can be determined
experimentally. Figure (1,2) show the
fuel cost curve, the discontinuity occur
when the output has to be excited by Real
using additional boilers, steam cost
condensers, discontinuities also appear
if the cost represents the operation of an
entire power station, so that cost has
discontinuities on paralleling of PG(min) PG(max)
generates. Figure 1.2. Cost curve
Incremental fuel cost:
∆ input
Incremental fuel rate =
∆ output
i.e. It is a ratio equal to a small change in input to the corresponding
small change in output. The incremental quantities tend to zero,
incremental fuel rate tends to
d (input )
incremental fuel rate =
d (output )
dF
=
dP
Where F → is the fuel input in million Btu per hr
and P → is the power output in MW.
The units of incremental fuel rate are Million Btu per MWhr.
The slope of the fuel cost curve is incremental fuel cost.
dc i
is called the incremental fuel cost.
dp Gi
Where i stands → for the unit number.
Incremental fuel is expressed in
terms of Rs per MWhr, which is
obtained by multiplying the
incremental fuel rate by the fuel Increme
cost in Rs per Btu. ntal fuel
cost (IC)
If the cost of incremental fuel
curve is approximated as a
quadratic equations
1 2 Power output
C i= a i PGi + b 1P Gi + d i Rs/hour
2 Figure 1.3. Incremental fuel cost versus
power output
dci 1
= (IC)i = a i * 2PGi + b i + 0
dPGi 2
= a i P Gi + bI
Incremental production cost:
Incremental production cost consists of the incremental fuel cost plus the
incremental cost of labour, supplies, maintenance and water. It is difficult
to express exactly these costs as a function of output and also they form
generally a small fraction of the incremental cost of fuel, the incremental
cost of production will wither to be considered equal to the incremental
cost of fuel.
The incremental efficiency is defined as the reciprocal of incremental fuel
rate (or) incremental production cost and is given as incremental
output dP
efficiency = = .
input dF
1.3 Optimum generation allocation with line losses neglected (or)
Economic dispatch neglecting losses:
dFn
= F nn P n + f n …………..(1.3)
dPn
Where F nn = Slope of incremental production cost curve
F n = intercept of incremental production cost curve.
The simultaneous solution of equations (1.2), (1.2(a)) gives the economic
operating schedule. Equation (1.2(a)), called the coordination equations.
Therefore, any good technique for solving a set of linear equations can be
used but since the inequality constraints have also to be taken into
account. Computer solution for optimal loading of generators can be
obtained interatively as follows:
4) If not, make a second guess λ 11 and repeat the above step. Flow chart for
optimum generation allocation with line losses neglected are given below.
Start
Set n = 1
λ − Fn
Solve the equation Pn =
Fnn
Check yes
If Pn > Pn max. Set Pn = Pn max
No
Check yes
If Pn < Pn min Set Pn = Pn min.
No
Set n = n + 1
No Check if
All buses have
been accounted
If P < P main
Yes
Calculate ∆P = |(∑Pn – Pd)|
No
λ = λ + ∆λ is ∑Pn > Pd
yes
λ = λ - ∆λ
Figure (1.1) Flow chart for optimum generation allocation with line losses neglected.