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Introduction To Circuit Elements and Variables.

Electromotive force across a circuit is equal to the current flowing through the circuit multiplied by the total impedance of the circuit.

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nazmakobir123
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27 views

Introduction To Circuit Elements and Variables.

Electromotive force across a circuit is equal to the current flowing through the circuit multiplied by the total impedance of the circuit.

Uploaded by

nazmakobir123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lab Report - 01

Experiment Title: Introduction to Circuit Elements and Variables.

Submitted by:
Name: Sadia Kabir
ID: 2023-1-60-232
Course Title: Electrical Circuits
Course Code: CSE209
Section: 1
Group: 5

Submitted to:
Dr. Sarwar Jahan
Associate Professor
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Experiment Title: Introduction to Circuit Elements and Variables.

Objectives:
1. To get familiar with circuit variables (voltage and current) and circuit elements (voltage
source and resistance).
2. To learn how to measure DC voltage across a circuit element using a voltmeter.
3. To learn how to measure DC current through a circuit element using a ammeter.
4. To learn how to measure resistance of a resistor using a multimeter.
5. To verify Ohm’s Law.

Theory:
Electromotive force across a circuit is equal to the current flowing through the circuit multiplied
by the total impedance of the circuit.
Ohm's Law states that V = IR. Ohm’s Law tells us that the electrical current in a circuit can be
calculated by dividing the voltage by the resistance.
I = current(Amperes), V = Voltage(Voltage), R = resistance(Ohm).

Circuit Diagram:

+
R = 1000

E
DC
V V

I
DC A
Experimental Datasheet:
Observation Set Value of Measured Measured Measured
Number E (V) Value of V (V) Value of I (mA) Value of R
(KΩ)
1 5 4.8 4.8
2 6 5.9 5.9
3 7 6.8 6.9 0.99 KΩ
4 8 7.8 7.9
5 9 8.8 8.9
6 10 9.8 9.9

Answers of Post Lab Questions


1. Theoretically calculate the values of I, using measured values of V and R. Compare the
theoretical values with the measured values and comment on any discrepancy.
Solution:
Theoretically calculating the value of I using the measured value of V and R. For,
We know, I = V/R
E= 5V; I = 5.1/990= 5 mA
E= 6V; I = 6.1/990 = 6 mA
E= 7V; I = 7.2/990 = 7 mA
E= 8V; I = 8 / 990 = 8 mA
E= 9V; I = 9.1/990 = 9 mA
E= 10V; I = 10/990 = 10 mA
Comparison between theoretically calculated values and measured values:
Observation Theoretically Measured Value
Number Calculated of I (mA)
Value of I (mA)
1 5 4.8
2 6 5.9
3 7 6.9
4 8 7.9
5 9 8.9
6 10 9.9
This comparison shows that there are some discrepancies between theoretically calculated values
and measured values of I. The theoretical values and the measured values vary. And that’s
happened because of Instrument resolution or Zero offset or Instrument drift or Personal errors.

2. Theoretically calculate the values of R from the measured values of V and I using Ohm’s
law. Compare the calculated and measured R and comment on any discrepancy.
Solution:
We know, Ohm’s Law is,
𝑉
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 ⇒ 𝑅 =
𝐼
4.8
When V = 4.8V and I = 4.8mA, 𝑅 = 4.8 = 1KΩ
5.9
When V = 5.9V and I = 5.9mA, 𝑅 = 5.9 = 1KΩ
6.8
When V = 6.8V and I = 6.9mA, 𝑅 = 6.9 = 0.99KΩ
7.8
When V = 7.8V and I = 7.9mA, 𝑅 = 7.9 = 0.99KΩ
8.8
When V = 8.8V and I = 8.9mA, 𝑅 = 8.9 = 0.99KΩ
9.8
When V = 9.8V and I = 9.9mA, 𝑅 = 9.9 = 0.99KΩ

Comparison between theoretically calculated values and measured values:


Observation Theoretically Measured Value
Number Calculated of R (KΩ)
Value of R (KΩ)
1 1 KΩ
2 1 KΩ
3 0.99 KΩ 0.99 KΩ
4 0.99 KΩ
5 0.99 KΩ
6 0.99 KΩ
This comparison shows that there are some discrepancies between theoretically
calculated values and measured values of R. The theoretical values and the measured
values vary. It can happen for tolerance in components, measurement accuracy, and
calibration.
3. Compare the set value of E and the measured value of V and comment on any
discrepancy.
Solution:
Observation Set Value of Measured
Number E (V) Value of V (V)
1 5 4.8
2 6 5.9
3 7 6.8
4 8 7.8
5 9 8.8
6 10 9.8
This comparison shows that there are some discrepancies between set values of E values
and measured values of V. The theoretical values and the measured values vary. It can
happen for measurement accuracy, instrument calibration, and the stability of the voltage
supplied by the power source.

4. Plot V vs. (taking I as independent variable) and fit a straight-line passing through the
origin. From the plot determine the resistance of the supplied resistor using Ohm’s law.
Compare this value with the measured value and comment on any discrepancy.
Solution:

Measured Voltage (V) vs measured current (mA)


12
Measured Voltage (V)

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Measured Current (mA)

Plot: 1
Here, x1 = 4.8, y1 = 4.8
x2 =9.9, y2 = 9.8

𝑦2 −𝑦1
⸫ slope = = 0.98
𝑥2 −𝑥1

 Resistance = 0.98 kΩ

Thus, here the measured value (0.99 kΩ) and the theoretical value (0.98 kΩ) are not accurate.

5. Discuss how voltage or current is measured using a multi-range meter.


Solution:
First, a multimeter, also known as a multi-range meter, can measure current, with both digital
and analog versions being capable of this task.
To measure current with a multimeter, you need to break the circuit so that the current flows
through the meter.
For digital multimeters, set the main selector switch to the correct measurement type (current)
and choose an appropriate range. Ensure the selected range is higher than the expected reading
to avoid overloading the meter. However, a very high range might result in a less accurate
reading.
To get the best reading, adjust the range so that all leading digits are non-zero, ensuring the
most significant digits are displayed.
After taking the measurement, move the probes to the voltage measurement sockets and set
the range to the maximum voltage. This precaution helps protect the meter from damage if it
is accidentally connected without considering the range setting, especially if it was previously
set for current measurement and connected across a high voltage point.
Discussion:

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