Basic Math Review

Numbers
NATURAL NUMBERS
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, }

Important Properties
PROPERTIES OF ADDITION
Identity Property of Zero: a + 0 = a Inverse Property: a + 1-a2 = 0

WHOLE NUMBERS
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, }

Commutative Property: a + b = b + a

INTEGERS
{, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, } The Number Line

Associative Property: a + 1b + c2 = 1a + b2 + c

PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLICATION
Property of Zero: a # 0 = 0 Identity Property of One: a # 1 = a, when a Z 0. 1 Inverse Property: a # = 1, when a Z 0. a Commutative Property: a # b = b # a Associative Property: a # 1b # c2 = 1a # b2 # c

5 4 3 2 1 0 1
Negative integers

2 3

Positive integers

Zero

RATIONAL NUMBERS
All numbers that can be written in the form a>b, where a and b are integers and b Z 0.

PROPERTIES OF DIVISION
Property of Zero: Property of One: 0 = 0, when a Z 0. a

IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
Real numbers that cannot be written as the quotient of two integers but can be represented on the number line.

REAL NUMBERS
Include all numbers that can be represented on the number line, that is, all rational and irrational numbers.
Real Numbers Irrational Numbers 25VN 3, VN p, etc. 2, 2 _ Rational Numbers 23, 22.4, 21 4 , 0, 0.6, 1, etc. 5 Integers p 23, 22, 21, 0, 1, 2, 3, p Whole Numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, p Natural Numbers 1, 2, 3, p

a = 1, when a Z 0. a a Identity Property of One: = a#1 1

Absolute Value
The absolute value of a number is always 0. If a 7 0, a = a. If a 6 0, - a = a. For example, -5 = 5 and 5 = 5. In each case, the answer is positive.

PRIME NUMBERS
A prime number is a number greater than 1 that has only itself and 1 as factors. Some examples: 2, 3, and 7 are prime numbers.
ISBN-13: 978-0-321-39476-7 ISBN-10: 0-321-39476-3

9 0 0 0 0

COMPOSITE NUMBERS
A composite number is a number that is not prime. For example, 8 is a composite number since 8 = 2 # 2 # 2 = 23.

780321 394767

Key Words and Symbols

The following words and symbols are used for the operations listed. Addition Sum, total, increase, plus addend Subtraction Difference, decrease, minus minuend subtrahend = difference Multiplication Product, of, times a * b, a # b, 1a21b2, ab factor factor = product Division Quotient, per, divided by addend = sum

Integers

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MULTIPLYING AND DIVIDING WITH NEGATIVES

- a # b = - ab -a # - b = ab a -a = -b b a -a , b = b Some examples: -3 # 5 = - 15 1- 721 - 62 = 42 1 -242>1 - 82 = 3

18 or 36

36 2

18

a b

a>b

ba

Fractions
LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE
The LCM of a set of numbers is the smallest number that is a multiple of all the given numbers. For example, the LCM of 5 and 6 is 30, since 5 and 6 have no factors in common.

dividend

divisor = quotient

Order of Operations
1st: Parentheses Simplify any expressions inside parentheses. 2nd: Exponents Work out any exponents. 3rd: Multiplication and Division Solve all multiplication and division, working from left to right. 4th: Addition and Subtraction These are done last, from left to right. For example, 15 - 2 # 3 + 130 - 32 , 32 = 15 - 2 # 3 + 27 , 9 = 15 - 6 + 3 = 12.

GREATEST COMMON FACTOR

The GCF of a set of numbers is the largest number that can be evenly divided into each of the given numbers. For example, the GCF of 24 and 27 is 3, since both 24 and 27 are divisible by 3, but they are not both divisible by any numbers larger than 3.

FRACTIONS
Fractions are another way to express division. The top number of a fraction is called the numerator, and the bottom number is called the denominator.

ADDING AND SUBTRACTING FRACTIONS

Fractions must have the same denominator before they can be added or subtracted. a b a + b + = , with d Z 0. d d d

Integers
ADDING AND SUBTRACTING WITH NEGATIVES
- a - b = 1 -a2 + 1 - b2 -a + b = b - a a - 1 -b2 = a + b

Some examples: - 3 - 17 = 1 -32 + 1- 172 = - 20 -19 + 4 = 4 - 19 = - 15

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b a - b a = , with d Z 0. d d d If the fractions have different denominators, rewrite them as equivalent fractions with a common denominator. Then add or subtract the numerators, keeping the denominators the same. For example, 2 1 8 3 11 . + = + = 3 4 12 12 12
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Fractions

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Rates, Ratios, Proportions, and Percents

RATES AND RATIOS
A rate is a comparison of two quantities with different units. For example, a car that travels 110 miles in 2 hours is moving at a rate of 110 miles/2 hours or 55 mph. A ratio is a comparison of two quantities with the same units. For example, a class with 23 students has a studentteacher ratio of 23:1 or 23. 1

Equivalent fractions are found by multiplying the numerator and denominator of the fraction by the same number. In the previous example, 1 2 2#4 8 1#3 3 and . = # = = # = 3 3 4 12 4 4 3 12

MULTIPLYING AND DIVIDING FRACTIONS

When multiplying and dividing fractions, a common denominator is not needed. To multiply, take the product of the numerators and the product of the denominators: a#c ac a#c = # = b d b d bd To divide fractions, invert the second fraction and then multiply the numerators and denominators: c a d ad a , = # = b d b c bc Some examples: 3#2 6 = 5 7 35 5 1 5 #2 10 5 , = = = 12 2 12 1 12 6

PROPORTIONS
A proportion is a statement in which two ratios or rates are equal. An example of a proportion is the following statement: 30 dollars is to 5 hours as 60 dollars is to 10 hours. This is written $60 $30 . = 5 hr 10 hr A typical proportion problem will have one unknown quantity, such as x miles 1 mile . = 20 min 60 min We can solve this equation by cross multiplying as shown: 20x = 60 # 1 x = 60 = 3. 20

REDUCING FRACTIONS
To reduce a fraction, divide both the numerator and denominator by common factors. In the last example, 10 , 2 5 10 = = . 12 12 , 2 6

So, it takes 60 minutes to walk 3 miles.

PERCENTS MIXED NUMBERS

A mixed number has two parts: a whole number part and a fractional part. An example of a mixed number is 5 3. This 8 really represents 3 5 + , 8 which can be written as 3 43 40 + = . 8 8 8 Similarly, an improper fraction can be written as a mixed number. For example, 20 can be written as 6 2, 3 3 since 20 divided by 3 equals 6 with a remainder of 2. A percent is the number of parts out of 100. To write a percent as a fraction, divide by 100 and drop the percent sign. For example, 57 . 57% = 100 To write a fraction as a percent, first check to see if the denominator is 100. If it is not, write the fraction as an equivalent fraction with 100 in the denominator. Then the numerator becomes the percent. For example, 80 4 = = 80%. 5 100 To find a percent of a quantity, multiply the percent by the quantity. For example, 30% of 5 is 30 # 150 3 5 = = . 100 100 2

Basic Math Review

Decimal Numbers
The numbers after the decimal point represent fractions with denominators that are powers of 10. The decimal point separates the whole number part from the fractional part.
9 For example, 0.9 represents 10.

Percents to Decimals and Decimals to Percents

To change a number from a percent to a decimal, divide by 100 and drop the percent sign: 58% = 58/100 = 0.58. To change a number from a decimal to a percent, multiply by 100 and add the percent sign: 0.73 = .73 * 100 = 73%.

Place Value Chart

hu billi nd o re ns ten d mi mi llion lli s hun milli ons dre ons ten d tho tho usa tho usan nds u d hu sand s s nd red ten s s on e ten s hu ths n tho dred ten usan ths hun thou dths dre san dt d mi housa ths llio n nth dths s

Simple Interest
Given the principal (amount of money to be borrowed or invested), interest rate, and length of time, the amount of interest can be found using the formula I = p#r#t where I = interest 1dollar amount2 p = principal r = percentage rate of interest t = time period.

93 276049 85 3 268 94
Whole numbers Decimals

ADDING AND SUBTRACTING DECIMAL NUMBERS

To add or subtract decimal numbers, line up the numbers so that the decimal points are aligned. Then add or subtract as usual, keeping the decimal point in the same place. For example, 23 - 0.37 = 23.00

0.37 22.63

MULTIPLYING AND DIVIDING DECIMAL NUMBERS

To multiply decimal numbers, multiply them as though they were whole numbers. The number of decimal places in the product is the sum of the number of decimal places in the factors. For example, 3.72 * 4.5 is

For example, find the amount of simple interest on a $3800 loan at an annual rate of 5.5% for 5 years: p = $3800 r = 5.5% = 0.055 t = 5 years I = 13800210.0552152 = 1045. The amount of interest is $1045.

2 decimal places 3.72 4.5 16.740 1 decimal place

Scientific Notation
Scientific notation is a convenient way to express very large or very small numbers. A number in this form is written as a * 10n, where 1 a 6 10 and n is an integer. For example, 3.62 * 105 and - 1.2 * 10-4 are expressed in scientific notation. To change a number from scientific notation to a number without exponents, look at the power of ten. If that number is positive, move the decimal point to the right. If it is negative, move the decimal point to the left. The number tells you how many places to move the decimal point. For example, 3.97 * 103 = 3970. To change a number to scientific notation, move the decimal point so it is to the right of the first nonzero digit. If the decimal point is moved n places to the left and this makes the number smaller, n is positive; otherwise, n is negative. If the decimal point is not moved, n is 0. For example, 0.0000216 = 2.16 * 10-5.
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3 decimal places
To divide decimal numbers, first make sure the divisor is a whole number. If it is not, move the decimal place to the right (multiply by 10, 100, and so on) to make it a whole number. Then move the decimal point the same number of places in the dividend. For example, 0.42 , 1.2 = 4.2 , 12 0.35 12 4.20 . The decimal point in the answer is placed directly above the new decimal point in the dividend.

Scientific Notation

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Measurements
U.S. Measurement Units in. = inch ft = foot min = minute sec = second gal = gallon yd = yard pt = pint Metric Units mm = millimeter cm = centimeter km = kilometer m = meter mL = milliliter cL = centiliter L = liter kL = kiloliter mg = milligram cg = centigram g = gram kg = kilogram oz = ounce c = cup mi = mile hr = hour lb = pound qt = quart T = ton

MULTIPLYING AND DIVIDING IN SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

To multiply or divide numbers in scientific notation, we can change the order and grouping, so that we multiply or divide first the decimal parts and then the powers of 10. For example, 13.7 * 10-32 # 12.5 * 1082 = 13.7 * 2.52 # 110-3 * 1082 = 9.25 * 105.

Statistics
There are several ways to study a list of data. Mean, or average, is the sum of all the data values divided by the number of values. Median is the number that separates the list of data into two equal parts. To find the median, list the data in order from smallest to largest. If the number of data is odd, the median is the middle number. If the number of data is even, the median is the average of the two middle numbers. Mode is the number in the list that occurs the most frequently. There can be more than one mode. For example, consider the following list of test scores: {87, 56, 69, 87, 93, 82} To find the mean, first add: 87 + 56 + 69 + 87 + 93 + 82 = 474. Then divide by 6: 474 = 79. 6 The mean score is 79. To find the median, first list the data in order: 56, 69, 82, 87, 87, 93. Since there is an even number of data, we take the average of 82 and 87: 169 82 + 87 = = 84.5. 2 2 The median score is 84.5. The mode is 87, since this number appears twice and each of the other numbers appears only once. U.S.

U.S. AND METRIC CONVERSIONS

12 in. = 1 ft 1760 yd = 1 mi 2 c = 1 pt 4 qt = 1 gal 2000 lb = 1 T Metric 1000 mm = 1 m 1000 m = 1 km 1000 mL = 1 L 1000 mg = 1 g 0.001 m = 1 mm 0.001 g = 1 mg 0.001 L = 1 mL 100 cm = 1 m 100 cL = 1 L 100 cg = 1 g 1000 g = 1 kg 0.01 m = 1 cm 0.01 g = 1 cg 0.01 L = 1 cL 3 ft = 1 yd 5280 ft = 1 mi 1 c = 8 oz 2 pt = 1 qt 16 oz = 1 lb

Distance Formula
Given the rate at which you are traveling and the length of time you will be traveling, the distance can be found by using the formula d = r#t where d = distance r = rate t = time

Geometry
The perimeter of a geometric figure is the distance around it or the sum of the lengths of its sides. The perimeter of a rectangle is 2 times the length plus 2 times the width:
L W

Geometry

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PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
In any right triangle, if a and b are the lengths of the legs and c is the length of the hypotenuse, then a2 + b2 = c2.

c b

P = 2L + 2W The perimeter of a square is 4 times the length of a side:

s s

CIRCLES
Area: A = p # r2 Circumference: C = p # d = 2 # p # r where d is the diameter, r is the radius, or half the diameter, and p is approximately 3.14 or 22. 7

P = 4s
Area is always expressed in square units, since it is twodimensional. The formula for area of a rectangle is A = L # W. The formula for area of a square is A = s # s or A = s2. The area of a triangle is one-half the product of the height and base:

d r

A circle has an angle of 360 degrees. A straight line has an angle of 180 degrees.

Algebraic Terms
b

A =

1 # b h 2

The sum of all three angles in any triangle always equals 180 degrees.
x y

x + y + z = 180 A right triangle is a triangle with a 90 (right) angle. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is the side opposite the right angle.

hypotenuse 90
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Variable: A variable is a letter that represents a number because the number is unknown or because it can change. For example, the number of days until your vacation changes every day, so it could be represented by a variable, x. Constant: A constant is a term that does not change. For example, the number of days in the week, 7, does not change, so it is a constant. Expression: An algebraic expression consists of constants, variables, numerals and at least one operation. For example, x + 7 is an expression. Equation: An equation is basically a mathematical sentence indicating that two expressions are equal. For example, x + 7 = 18 is an equation. Solution: A number that makes an equation true is a solution to that equation. For example, in using the above equation, x + 7 = 18, we know that the statement is true if x = 11.