The Web and the

Internet
Chapter 2
CONTENTS

Chapter 2
• Introduction to the Internet
• Services Offered Through the Internet
• Evolution of the World Wide Web
• Ethical Issues – A Glimpse of Privacy
Conundrum
Chapter 2
Part 1: Introduction to the Internet
THE WEB + INTERNET
Introduction to the Internet

The Internet, sometimes called simply

"the Net," is a worldwide system of computer
networks -- a network of networks in which
users at any one computer can, if they have
permission, get information from any other
computer (and sometimes talk directly to users
at other computers).

Its basically an interconnection servers and

computers connected from smaller networks
(e.g. WANs, LANs, PANs, MANs, etc.)
THE WEB + INTERNET
Introduction to the Internet
THE WEB + INTERNET
Introduction to the Internet

• 1965 – Lawrence Roberts and Thomas Merril

were able to communicate with one another using
computers connected via a low-speed dial-up
telephone line from Massachusetts to California.
• It was considered to be the first WAN and laying
the groundwork for the Internet
THE WEB + INTERNET
Introduction to the Internet

• 1969 – ARPAnet, the first version of the Internet

was created and used to link computers at UCLA
and Stanford University.
• 1974 – Robert Kahn and Vinto Cerf publish “A
Protocol for Packet Network Communication. The
word “Internet” was first used. (TCP/IP)
THE WEB + INTERNET
Introduction to the Internet

• 1986 – NSFNET is founded, creating the backbone

providing the investment needed to create the
Internet as we know it today.
• 1989 – The first commercial ISP, the world
launches.
THE WEB + INTERNET
Introduction to the Internet

• 1989 – Tim Barners-Lee invents the world wide

web, which opens the door for the Internet to go
mainstream.
• 1993 – The first web browser was available to the
public – Mosaic.
THE WEB + INTERNET
Introduction to the Internet
THE WEB + INTERNET
Introduction to the Internet

• 1994 – Netscape Navigator is released in stores.

• 2000 – Some 300M people around the world are
officially online.
• 2004 – Facebook launches and the Web 2.0
begins to grow rapidly.
THE WEB + INTERNET
Introduction to the Internet

• 2007 – The iPhone is released, giving rise to the

mobile revolution.
• 2010 – 1.966B people are online worldwide.
• 2022 – 5B people are online.
THE WEB + INTERNET
Introduction to the Internet
Chapter 2
Part 2: Services Offered Through the Internet
THE WEB + INTERNET
Services Offered through the Net

• Communication Services • Automatic Network Address

• Information Retrieval Services Configuration
• File Transfer • Network Management Services
• Time Services
• World Wide Web Services
• Usenet
• Web Services • News Group
• Directory Services • Ecommerce
THE WEB + INTERNET
Services Offered through the Net

Communication Services – to exchange data/information among

individuals or organizations, we need communication services.
• IRC
User(Internet
NetworkRelay (USENET):
Chat):It Subscribers
hosts newsgroups
can communicate
and
in real-time
message boards
by connecting
on certainnumerous
topics, andcomputers
it is mostly
in run
public
by
spaces called channels.
volunteers.
• Telnet:
VoIP (Voice
It’s used
overtoInternet
connect to
Protocol):
a remote Itcomputer
stands for
that’s
which
describes how
connected to the
to make
internet.
and receive phone calls over the
• Video
internet.
Conferencing: Video conferencing systems allow
• two
List or
Server
more people
(LISTSERV):
who areDelivers
generally
a group
in different
of email
locations
recipients’
to connect content-specific
live and visually.emails.
• E-Mail: Used to send electronic mail via the internet. It is a
paperless method for sending text, images, documents,
THE WEB + INTERNET
Services Offered through the Net
THE WEB + INTERNET
Services Offered through the Net

Information Retrieval Services – It is the procedure for gaining access

to information/data stored on the Internet. A print or computer-based
information retrieval system searches for and locates data in a file,
database, or other collection of data.

• www.geeksforgeeks.org: Free tutorials, millions of

articles, live, online, and classroom courses, frequent coding
competitions, industry expert webinars, internships, and job
possibilities are all available.
• www.crayola.com: It includes advice for students, parents,
and educators on how to be more creative
THE WEB + INTERNET
Services Offered through the Net

File Transfer: The exchange of data files across computer systems is

referred to as file transfer. Using the network or internet connection to
transfer or shift a file from one computer to another is known as file
transfer.
• Gopher: A file retrieval application based on hierarchical,
distributed menus that is simple to use.
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol): To share, transfer, or send a
file or logical data item across several users and/or
machines, both locally and remotely.
• Archie: A file and directory information retrieval system
that may be linked to FTP
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Services Offered through the Net
THE WEB + INTERNET
Services Offered through the Net

Web services: Web services are software that uses defined messaging
protocols and are made accessible for usage by a client or other web-
based programs through an application service provider’s web server.

World Wide Web: The internet is a vast network of interconnected

computers. Using this network, you can connect to the world wide web
(abbreviated as ‘www’ or ‘web’) is a collection of web pages. The web
browser lets you access the web via the internet.
THE WEB + INTERNET
Services Offered through the Net

Directory Services: A directory service is a set of software that keeps

track of information about your company, customers, or both. Network
resource names are mapped to network addresses by directory
services.
• DNS (Domain Number System): This server provides
DNS. The mappings of computer hostnames and other types
of domain names to IP addresses are stored on a DNS
server.
• LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol): It is a
set of open protocols that are used for obtaining network
access to stored data centrally. It is a cross-platform
authentication protocol for directory services and also
THE WEB + INTERNET
Services Offered through the Net

Automatic Network Address Configuration: Automatic Network Addressing

assigns a unique IP address to every system in a network. A DHCP Server is a
network server that is used to assign IP addresses, gateways, and other
network information to client devices. It uses Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol as a common protocol to reply to broadcast inquiries from clients.
THE WEB + INTERNET
Services Offered through the Net

Network Management Services: Network management services are

another essential internet service that is beneficial to network
administrators. Network management services aid in the prevention,
analysis, diagnosis, and resolution of connection problems.
• ping: The ping command is a Command Prompt command
that is used to see if a source can communicate with a
specific destination & get all the possible paths between
them.
• traceroute: To find the path between two connections, use
the traceroute command.
THE WEB + INTERNET
Services Offered through the Net

Time Services: Using facilities included in the operating system, you

may set your computer clock via the Internet.
• Network Time Protocol (NTP): It is a widely used internet
time service that allows you to accurately synchronize and
adjust your computer clock.
• The Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP): It is a time-
keeping protocol that is used to synchronize network
hardware. When a full implementation of NTP is not
required, then this simplified form of NTP is typically
utilized.
THE WEB + INTERNET
Services Offered through the Net

Usenet: The ‘User’s Network’ is also known as Usenet. It is a network of

online discussion groups. It’s one of the first networks where users may
upload files to news servers and others can view them.
News Group: It is a lively Online Discussion Forum that is easily
accessible via Usenet. Each newsgroup contains conversations on a
certain topic, as indicated by the newsgroup name.
E-commerce: Electronic commerce, also known as e-commerce or e-
Commerce, is a business concept that allows businesses and individuals
to buy and sell goods through the internet. Example: Amazon, Flipkart,
etc. websites/apps.
Chapter 2
Part 3: Evolution of the World Wide Web
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Evolution of the WWW

Web 1.0 – The “read-only Web”. Used to describe the earliest form of
the Internet which lacks forms, visuals, controls, and interactivity.

Characteristics:
• It’s made up of static pages connected to a system via hyperlinks
• It has HTML 3.2 elements like frames and tables
• HTML forms get sent through e-mail
• The content comes from the server's filesystem, not a relational database
management system
• It features GIF buttons and graphics
THE WEB + INTERNET
Evolution of the WWW

Web 2.0 – is where many people creating even more content for a
growing audience, compared to Web 1.0 which is focused on reading.
It focuses on participating and contributing (“Participative Social Web”)
It was all about users’ experience (UX).
Characteristics:
• It offers free information sorting, allowing users to retrieve and classify data
collectively
• It contains dynamic content that responds to the user’s input
• It employs Developed Application Programming Interfaces (API)
• It’s used by society at large and not limited to specific communities.
THE WEB + INTERNET
Evolution of the WWW

Web 3.0 (Web3) – is built on a foundation consisting of the core ideas of

decentralization, openness, and more excellent user utility.
“Read, write, execute Web”

This Web interaction and utilization stage moves users away from
centralized platforms like Facebook, Google, or Twitter and towards
decentralized, nearly anonymous platforms.

Web 3.0 → “Semantic Web” – Tim Barners-Lee. (AI and ML)

THE WEB + INTERNET
Evolution of the WWW

Characteristics:
• It's a semantic web, where the web technology evolves into a tool that lets
users create, share, and connect content via search and analysis. It is based on
comprehension of words instead of numbers and keywords.
• It incorporates Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. If these concepts
are combined with Natural Language Processing (NLP), the result is a
computer that uses Web 3.0 to become smarter and more responsive to user
needs.
• It presents the connectivity of multiple devices and applications through the
Internet of Things (IoT). Semantic metadata makes this process possible,
allowing all available information to be effectively leveraged.
THE WEB + INTERNET
Evolution of the WWW

Characteristics:
• It offers users the freedom to interact publicly or privately without having an
intermediary expose them to risks, therefore offering people “trustless” data.
• It uses 3-D graphics. In fact, we already see this in computer games, virtual
tours, and e-commerce.
• It facilitates participation without needing authorization from a governing
body. It’s permissionless.

Uses:
• Metaverses • Privacy and digital infrastructure
• Blockchain games (NFTs) • Decentralized finance
• Decentralized autonomous organizations
THE WEB + INTERNET
Evolution of the WWW
THE WEB + INTERNET
Evolution of the WWW
Web 2.0
Web 3.0
• • Intelligent,
Improved user interaction over Web 1.0
web-based
• functionalities
Web applicationsand
introduced
applications
Web 1.0
• • Decentralized
Functions such asprocesses
online documents,
• No user-to-server communication
• Avideo streaming,
fusion of Web etc.
technology and
• Static websites
• Knowledge
Everything moves online; information and
Representation
• Content browsing only
apps are stored on servers
• Hyper-linking and bookmarking pages • Behavioral advertising and
• engagement
Interactive advertising and pay-per-click
• Read-only Web
• • Edge
Cloudcomputing
computing operations
• • Live
Centralized
videosdata
• • The
ReadInternet
and WriteofWeb
Things (IoT)
• Semantic searches
• Read, Write, and Control Web
Chapter 2
Part 4: Ethical Issues – A Glimpse of Privacy
THE WEB + INTERNET
Ethical Issues: A Glimpse of Privacy
THE WEB + INTERNET
Ethical Issues: A Glimpse of Privacy

Privacy, according to Merriam-Webster, is “freedom from

unauthorized intrusion.”

When it comes to browsing the Internet, who is authorized to

collect and use your data? What are they authorized to do with
it?
THE WEB + INTERNET
Ethical Issues: A Glimpse of Privacy

What information may or may not be private?

Location. Most websites collect your IP address (a general

location marker set by your internet service provider)
whenever you visit. Some services take things a step further by
using your device’s location services to pinpoint your exact
location, or even keeping track of your background location at
all times via your mobile device.
THE WEB + INTERNET
Ethical Issues: A Glimpse of Privacy

What information may or may not be private?

Browsing History. Whether through your browser itself or a

network of third-party cookies, it’s possible for some services
to know about almost every site you visit.

Search history. Search engines and other search-enabled

services, including maps, media streaming services, and
shopping sites, often keep track of everything you’ve searched.
THE WEB + INTERNET
Ethical Issues: A Glimpse of Privacy

What information may or may not be private?

Purchase History. Shopping sites can use third-party cookies to share

information about your purchases or what you’ve put in your cart with
others, or they can hang onto the information for their own use.

Audio. Devices equipped with microphones, including smartphones,

have the capability to record and transcribe your audio. This can lead to
the fear that your voice-activated assistant (or other apps) might be
listening in on your private conversations.
THE WEB + INTERNET
Ethical Issues: A Glimpse of Privacy

Data Privacy vs Data Security

Data privacy centers around
voluntary sharing of information.
Keeping data private means Data security is about protecting
keeping it isolated within the your sensitive information from
person-service relationship, and not illegitimate access. (Think: hackers.)
having it be used in ways that are
surprising.
THE WEB + INTERNET
Ethical Issues: A Glimpse of Privacy

Data Privacy Risks

• Lack of transparency: If you don’t know exactly how your personal data is being
used, stored, or shared, it’s impossible to determine whether your data is being
kept private.
• Impenetrable privacy policies: Most websites have a privacy policy hidden
somewhere at the very bottom of some of their pages. Most of these policies
are so dense and full of jargon that nobody has the time to read them. This
might lead to you agreeing to policies that actually violate your privacy.
• Ad-supported business models: The majority of free services on the internet are
ads-supported. This creates an inherent conflict of interest between user privacy
and monetization, since users’ data is extremely valuable to advertisers.
THE WEB + INTERNET
Ethical Issues: A Glimpse of Privacy

Data Security Risks

• Using an Internet connection that isn’t secure. (Snoopers can
eavesdrop on your Internet connections!)
• Visiting a website with an insecure URL
• Falling prey to a phishing scam.
• Data breaches to services with which you have shared personal
information
• Reusing passwords
THE WEB + INTERNET
Ethical Issues: A Glimpse of Privacy

Ways to Increase Your Data Security

• Multi-Factor Authentication. Also known as two-factor authentication, multi-

factor authentication is a feature used by many services that requires you to
provide at least two forms of identification.
• Data Breach Notifications. In the United States, legislation requires businesses
to notify users in the event of a security breach involving personal data.
• Password Managers. Password managers provide an easy way to keep track of
all of your passwords, and can even suggest unique, secure passwords for every
website you visit.
THE WEB + INTERNET
Ethical Issues: A Glimpse of Privacy

4 Common Data Privacy Issues and Solutions

Problem: Advertisers track your movement across the Internet.

Solution: Block third-party cookies.

• Use anti-tracking browser extensions

• Use a browser that automatically blocks third-party cookies
• Change ad settings
THE WEB + INTERNET
Ethical Issues: A Glimpse of Privacy

4 Common Data Privacy Issues and Solutions

Problem: Your search history is not private.

Solution: Switch to a private search engine.

The built-in GPS is one of the most useful features of smartphones. But
it also enables advertisers to follow your precise movements at all
times. To prevent this data from being used in ways that you aren’t
comfortable with, periodically check which apps are accessing your
background location.
THE WEB + INTERNET
Ethical Issues: A Glimpse of Privacy
4 Common Data Privacy Issues and Solutions

Problem: Websites store your information for indefinite amount of time.

Solution: Delete stored information.

Google allows you to delete information under the categories “Web & App Activity,”
“YouTube History,” or “Location History,” all of which are under the Data &
personalization section of your Google account.

You can delete off-Facebook history (data other apps and websites have shared with
Facebook) here, but the only way to remove all the information you’ve shared on
Facebook is to permanently delete your account.
Chapter 2
Side Topic: What are Cookies?
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Ethical Issues: A Glimpse of Privacy

“Coooookkiiiieeeeezzzzzz” – Cookie Monster

A cookie is a small amount of data stored on your computer, tablet, or

phone, created by and read by website servers.

“Cookies were developed during a time when most web usage was
anonymous. They became a way for websites to know about you.”
Sridhar Ramaswamy, cofounder of Neeva
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Ethical Issues: A Glimpse of Privacy

There are two main categories of cookies: first-party cookies and third-
party cookies. Cookies are always associated with a particular domain
(the name of a website). First-party cookies match the domain name of
the website you’re currently browsing, while third party cookies are
attached to a different domain name.

Third-party cookies have many different uses, but the most notorious are
cross-site tracking cookies. Tracking cookies stitch together users’ activity
across different websites, recording user browsing history, usually to
serve targeted advertisements.
THE WEB + INTERNET
Ethical Issues: A Glimpse of Privacy

How do cookies work?

When you visit a website for the first time, it leaves a small text file known as a cookie
on your device. This file can contain personal data such as:

• A user identification code,

• Customized preferences,
• A record of which web pages you’ve visited on that domain.
The next time you visit that website, it recognizes the cookie on your web browser.
This allows the site to “remember” who you are and any preferences you selected on
your last visit without storing this information on its own servers.
THE WEB + INTERNET
Ethical Issues: A Glimpse of Privacy

How are cookies used?

• Session management: Everything a web server needs to remember in

the course of a single browsing session, such as your login and
authentication information, and the contents of your shopping cart.
• Personalization: The tailoring of your experience while navigating a
website, such as user preferences and settings.
• Tracking: Recording and analyzing user behavior. This is usually done
to either improve your experience on the site or for advertising,
including targeting and retargeting.
THE WEB + INTERNET
Ethical Issues: A Glimpse of Privacy

How long do cookies last?

Session cookies automatically disappear at the end of a browsing session, as soon as

you exit your web browser. For example: The items in your online shopping cart may
disappear after you exit the browser window.

Persistent cookies remain on your device until they hit a predetermined expiration
date, set by the website that placed the cookies. For example: A site that requires
login credentials remembers your username, even after you exit the browser. The
length of expiration varies, and can be anywhere from a few seconds to years.
THE WEB + INTERNET
Ethical Issues: A Glimpse of Privacy

How long do cookies last?

Zombie cookies store a backup of themselves in a location other than where cookies
are normally stored. When you delete cookies, zombie cookies will make a new
version of themselves, making them incredibly hard to delete. These are typically used
for targeted advertising: In 2016, Verizon settled with the Federal Communications
Commission regarding its use of zombie cookies for this purpose.