MANI

CALANDSTATEUNI
VERSI
TYOFAPPLI
EDSCI
ENCES
FACULTYOFENGI
NEERI
NG,
APPLI
EDSCI
ENCESANDTECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT:COMPUTERSCI
ENCEANDI
NFORMATI
ONSYSTEMS
NAME:MUTUNGWAZIWI
LLARD
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MODULENAME:PRI
NCI
PLESOFBUSI
NESSMANAGEMENT
Theev
olut
ionofmanagementt
heor
iesr
epr
esent
sacompl
exi
nter
playofhi
stor
ical
,
soci
al,
andeconomi
cfact
orst
hathav
eshapedt
hewayor
gani
zat
ionsar
est
ruct
uredand
oper
ated.Thi
sessayai
mst
opr
ovi
deacompr
ehensi
veov
erv
iewoft
hesi
gni
fi
cant
managementt
heor
iest
hathav
eemer
gedov
ert
ime,
highl
i
ght
ingt
hei
rfoundat
ional
pr
inci
ples,
keycont
ri
but
ors,
andt
hei
mpl
i
cat
ionst
heyhav
ehadoncont
empor
ary
managementpr
act
ices.Bysy
nthesi
zi
ngv
ari
oust
heor
eti
cal
per
spect
ives,
thi
s
di
scussi
onwi
l
lel
uci
dat
ethenuanceddev
elopmentofmanagementt
houghtandi
ts
r
elev
ancei
ntoday
’sdy
nami
cor
gani
zat
ional
landscape.Under
standi
ngt
heset
heor
ies
notonl
ypr
ovi
desi
nsi
ghti
ntot
hepastbutal
soequi
pscur
rentandf
utur
emanager
swi
th
t
heknowl
edget
onav
igat
ethecompl
exi
ti
esofmoder
nor
gani
zat
ions.

1.TheCl
assi
cal
ManagementTheor
ies

Thecl
assi
cal
managementt
heor
ies,
whi
chemer
geddur
ingt
hel
ate19t
handear
ly20t
h
cent
uri
es,
lai
dthegr
oundwor
kformoder
nmanagementpr
act
ices.Theset
heor
ies
pr
imar
il
yfocusedonef
fi
ciency
,pr
oduct
ivi
ty,
andt
heopt
imi
zat
ionofor
gani
zat
ional
st
ruct
ures.Thet
womostpr
omi
nentbr
anchesofcl
assi
cal
managementt
heor
yar
e
sci
ent
if
icmanagementandadmi
nist
rat
ivemanagement
.Thesef
oundat
ional
theor
ies
sett
hest
agef
orsubsequentdev
elopment
sinmanagementt
hought
,emphasi
zi
ngt
he
i
mpor
tanceofsy
stemat
icappr
oachest
oor
gani
zat
ional
chal
l
enges.

1.
1Sci
ent
if
icManagement

Sci
ent
if
icmanagement
,pi
oneer
edbyFr
eder
ickWi
nsl
owTay
lor
,emphasi
zedt
he
appl
i
cat
ionofsci
ent
if
icpr
inci
plest
oimpr
ovel
aborpr
oduct
ivi
ty.Tay
lor
'ssemi
nal
wor
k,
"
ThePr
inci
plesofSci
ent
if
icManagement
,"publ
i
shedi
n1911,
int
roducedconcept
ssuch
ast
imest
udi
es,
standar
dizat
ionofwor
kpr
ocesses,
andt
hedi
vi
sionofl
abor
.By
anal
yzi
ngt
asksanddet
ermi
ningt
hemostef
fi
cientmet
hods,
Tay
lorai
medt
oenhance
wor
kerout
putwhi
l
emi
nimi
zi
ngwast
e.Thi
sappr
oachnotonl
yrev
olut
ioni
zed
manuf
act
uri
ngpr
act
icesbutal
sol
aidt
hef
oundat
ionf
orper
for
mancemeasur
ement
andmanagementi
nvar
ioussect
ors.Tay
lor
'si
nfl
uenceext
endedbey
ondmanuf
act
uri
ng;
hi
spr
inci
pleswer
eadopt
edi
nser
vicei
ndust
ri
es,
heal
thcar
e,andev
eneducat
ion,
demonst
rat
ingt
hev
ersat
il
it
yandappl
i
cabi
l
ityofsci
ent
if
icmanagementacr
ossdi
ver
se
f
iel
ds.

1.
2Admi
nist
rat
iveManagement

I
ncont
rastt
oTay
lor
'sf
ocusoni
ndi
vi
dual
tasks,
Henr
iFay
ol'
sadmi
nist
rat
ive
managementt
heor
yconcent
rat
edont
heov
eral
lor
gani
zat
ionandi
tsmanagement
pr
ocesses.Fay
oli
dent
if
iedf
our
teenpr
inci
plesofmanagement
,incl
udi
nguni
tyof
command,
div
isi
onofwor
k,andscal
archai
n,whi
chpr
ovi
dedaf
ramewor
kforef
fect
ive
or
gani
zat
ional
gov
ernance.Hi
swor
kemphasi
zedt
hei
mpor
tanceofmanager
ial
f
unct
ionssuchaspl
anni
ng,
organi
zi
ng,
leadi
ng,
andcont
rol
l
ing,
ther
ebyest
abl
i
shi
nga
compr
ehensi
vev
iewofmanagementasadi
sti
nctdi
sci
pli
ne.Fay
ol'
spr
inci
pleshav
e
endur
edov
ert
ime,
inf
luenci
ngmoder
nmanagementpr
act
icesandser
vingasa
f
oundat
ionf
ormanagementeducat
ionandt
rai
ningpr
ogr
amswor
ldwi
de.

2.Behav
ior
alManagementTheor
ies

Ast
hel
i
mit
ati
onsofcl
assi
cal
managementt
heor
iesbecameappar
ent
,par
ti
cul
arl
yin
t
hei
rnegl
ectofhumanf
act
ors,
behav
ior
almanagementt
heor
iesemer
gedi
nthemi
d-
20t
hcent
ury
.Theset
heor
iesshi
ft
edt
hef
ocusf
rom r
igi
dst
ruct
uresandpr
ocessest
o
t
hedy
nami
csofhumanbehav
iorwi
thi
nor
gani
zat
ions.Recogni
zi
ngt
hatempl
oyeesar
e
notmer
elycogsi
namachi
ne,
theset
heor
iesemphasi
zedt
hei
mpor
tanceof
under
standi
ngt
hepsy
chol
ogi
cal
andsoci
alaspect
sofwor
k,l
eadi
ngt
omor
ehol
i
sti
c
managementpr
act
ices.
2.
1TheHawt
hor
neSt
udi
es

TheHawt
hor
neSt
udi
es,
conduct
edbyEl
tonMay
oandhi
scol
l
eaguesi
nthe1920sand
1930s,
mar
kedapi
vot
almomenti
ntheev
olut
ionofmanagementt
hought
.These
st
udi
esr
eveal
edt
hatsoci
alf
act
ors,
suchasgr
oupdy
nami
csandempl
oyeemor
ale,
si
gni
fi
cant
lyi
nfl
uencedpr
oduct
ivi
ty.Thef
indi
ngsunder
scor
edt
hei
mpor
tanceof
consi
der
ingempl
oyees'
psy
chol
ogi
cal
andsoci
alneeds,
leadi
ngt
othedev
elopmentof
t
hehumanr
elat
ionsmov
ement
,whi
chadv
ocat
edf
oramor
eempat
het
icand
par
ti
cipat
iveappr
oacht
omanagement
.Thei
mpl
i
cat
ionsoft
heHawt
hor
neSt
udi
es
ext
endedbey
ondt
hewor
kpl
ace,
inf
luenci
ngf
iel
dssuchassoci
ologyandpsy
chol
ogy
,
andhi
ghl
i
ght
ingt
hei
nter
connect
ednessofsoci
albehav
iorandor
gani
zat
ional
per
for
mance.

2.
2Masl
ow'
sHi
erar
chyofNeeds

Abr
aham Masl
ow'
shi
erar
chyofneeds,
int
roducedi
n1943,
fur
thercont
ri
but
edt
othe
under
standi
ngofhumanmot
ivat
ioni
nthewor
kpl
ace.Masl
owposi
tedt
hati
ndi
vi
dual
s
ar
emot
ivat
edbyaser
iesofhi
erar
chi
cal
needs,
rangi
ngf
rom phy
siol
ogi
cal
r
equi
rement
stosel
f-
act
ual
i
zat
ion.Thi
stheor
yemphasi
zedt
henecessi
tyf
ormanager
s
t
orecogni
zeandaddr
essempl
oyees'
div
erseneedst
ofost
ermot
ivat
ionandenhance
or
gani
zat
ional
per
for
mance.Byunder
standi
ngt
hatempl
oyeesar
edr
ivenbyaspect
rum
ofneeds,
from basi
csur
viv
alt
oper
sonal
growt
h,manager
scancr
eat
eenv
ironment
s
t
hatpr
omot
eengagement
,sat
isf
act
ion,
andpr
oduct
ivi
ty.Masl
ow'
sfr
amewor
khasbeen
wi
del
yadopt
edi
nor
gani
zat
ional
dev
elopmentandhumanr
esour
cemanagement
,
i
nfl
uenci
ngpr
act
icessuchasempl
oyeeengagementi
nit
iat
ivesandper
for
mance
appr
aisal
syst
ems.
3.Quant
it
ati
veManagementTheor
ies

I
ntheaf
ter
mat
hofWor
ldWarI
I,
ther
iseofquant
it
ati
vemanagementt
heor
iesr
efl
ect
ed
t
hei
ncr
easi
ngcompl
exi
tyofor
gani
zat
ionsandt
heneedf
ordat
a-dr
ivendeci
sion-
maki
ng.Theset
heor
iesempl
oyedmat
hemat
ical
andst
ati
sti
cal
met
hodst
oanal
yze
or
gani
zat
ional
probl
emsandopt
imi
zeper
for
mance.Theemphasi
sonquant
it
ati
ve
anal
ysi
smar
kedasi
gni
fi
cantshi
fti
nmanagementpr
act
ices,
enabl
i
ngmanager
sto
makemor
einf
ormeddeci
sionsbasedonempi
ri
cal
dat
arat
hert
hani
ntui
ti
onal
one.

3.
1Oper
ati
onsResear
ch

Oper
ati
onsr
esear
chemer
gedasadi
sci
pli
net
hatappl
i
edmat
hemat
ical
model
i
ngand
anal
yti
cal
techni
quest
osol
vecompl
exor
gani
zat
ional
issues.Byut
il
izi
ngt
ool
ssuchas
l
i
nearpr
ogr
ammi
ng,
simul
ati
on,
andqueui
ngt
heor
y,manager
scoul
dmakei
nfor
med
deci
si
onsr
egar
dingr
esour
ceal
l
ocat
ion,
product
ionschedul
i
ng,
andi
nvent
ory
management
.Thi
squant
it
ati
veappr
oachf
aci
l
itat
edamor
esy
stemat
icunder
standi
ng
ofor
gani
zat
ional
dynami
csandcont
ri
but
edt
othedev
elopmentofsophi
sti
cat
ed
managementi
nfor
mat
ionsy
stems.Theappl
i
cat
ionofoper
ati
onsr
esear
chhasbeen
i
nst
rument
ali
nindust
ri
essuchasl
ogi
sti
cs,
manuf
act
uri
ng,
andheal
thcar
e,wher
e
ef
fi
ciencyandopt
imi
zat
ionar
ecr
it
ical
tosuccess.

3.
2ManagementSci
ence

Managementsci
ence,
closel
yrel
atedt
ooper
ati
onsr
esear
ch,
fur
theradv
ancedt
he
appl
i
cat
ionofquant
it
ati
vemet
hodsi
nmanagement
.Thi
sdi
sci
pli
neemphasi
zedt
heuse
ofmat
hemat
ical
model
sandsi
mul
ati
onst
oanal
yzebusi
nesspr
obl
emsanddev
elop
opt
imal
sol
uti
ons.Byi
ntegr
ati
ngquant
it
ati
veanal
ysi
swi
thmanager
ial
deci
sion-
maki
ng,
managementsci
encepr
ovi
dedar
obustf
ramewor
kforaddr
essi
ngt
hecompl
exi
ti
esof
moder
nor
gani
zat
ions.Ther
iseofbi
gdat
aandanal
yti
cshasf
urt
herpr
opel
l
edt
he
r
elev
anceofmanagementsci
ence,
asor
gani
zat
ionsi
ncr
easi
ngl
yrel
yondat
a-dr
iven
i
nsi
ght
stoi
nfor
m st
rat
egi
cdeci
sionsandenhanceoper
ati
onal
eff
ici
ency
.

4.Cont
empor
aryManagementTheor
ies

Thel
ate20t
hcent
uryandear
ly21stcent
urywi
tnessedt
heemer
genceofcont
empor
ary
managementt
heor
iest
hatr
efl
ectt
heev
olv
ingnat
ureofor
gani
zat
ionsi
nagl
obal
i
zed
andt
echnol
ogi
cal
l
yadv
ancedwor
ld.Theset
heor
iesencompassadi
ver
ser
angeof
per
spect
ives,
incl
udi
ngsy
stemst
heor
y,cont
ingencyt
heor
y,andt
ransf
ormat
ional
l
eader
shi
p.Eachoft
hesecont
empor
aryt
heor
iesaddr
essest
hecompl
exi
ti
esofmoder
n
or
gani
zat
ional
li
fe,
emphasi
zi
ngadapt
abi
l
ity
,col
l
abor
ati
on,
andi
nnov
ati
on.

4.
1Sy
stemsTheor
y

Sy
stemst
heor
yposi
tst
hator
gani
zat
ionsar
ecompl
exsy
stemscomposedof
i
nter
rel
atedcomponent
sthati
nter
actwi
thoneanot
herandt
hei
rext
ernal
env
ironment
.
Thi
sper
spect
iveemphasi
zest
hei
mpor
tanceofunder
standi
ngt
hehol
i
sti
cnat
ureof
or
gani
zat
ionsandt
hedy
nami
crel
ati
onshi
psbet
weenv
ari
oussubsy
stems.Byadopt
ing
asy
stemsappr
oach,
manager
scanbet
tercompr
ehendt
hecompl
exi
ti
esof
or
gani
zat
ional
behav
iorandmakei
nfor
meddeci
si
onst
hatconsi
dert
hebr
oadercont
ext
i
nwhi
cht
hei
ror
gani
zat
ionsoper
ate.Sy
stemst
heor
yencour
agesacol
l
abor
ati
ve
mi
ndset
,fost
eri
ngcr
oss-
funct
ional
teamwor
kandcommuni
cat
ion,
whi
char
eessent
ial
i
ntoday
’si
nter
connect
edbusi
nessl
andscape.
4.
2Cont
ingencyTheor
y

Cont
ingencyt
heor
y,dev
elopedbyschol
arssuchasPaul
Lawr
enceandJayLor
sch,
asser
tst
hatt
her
eisnoone-
size-
fi
ts-
all
appr
oacht
omanagement
.Inst
ead,
eff
ect
ive
managementpr
act
icesdependont
hespeci
fi
ccont
extandci
rcumst
ancesofan
or
gani
zat
ion.Thi
stheor
yemphasi
zest
heneedf
ormanager
stoadaptt
hei
rst
rat
egi
es
andpr
act
icest
oal
i
gnwi
tht
heuni
quechal
l
engesandoppor
tuni
ti
espr
esent
edbyt
hei
r
or
gani
zat
ional
env
ironment
.Consequent
ly,
cont
ingencyt
heor
yhassi
gni
fi
cant
i
mpl
i
cat
ionsf
orst
rat
egi
cpl
anni
nganddeci
sion-
maki
ngi
ncont
empor
aryor
gani
zat
ions.
Byr
ecogni
zi
ngt
hev
ari
abi
l
ityofor
gani
zat
ional
cont
ext
s,manager
scant
ail
ort
hei
r
appr
oachest
oenhanceef
fect
ivenessandr
esponsi
venesst
ochange.

4.
3Tr
ansf
ormat
ional
Leader
shi
p

Tr
ansf
ormat
ional
leader
shi
ptheor
y,popul
ari
zedbyschol
arssuchasJamesMacGr
egor
Bur
nsandBer
nar
dBass,
focusesont
her
oleofl
eader
sini
nspi
ri
ngandmot
ivat
ing
empl
oyeest
oachi
eveex
cept
ional
per
for
mance.Thi
sappr
oachemphasi
zest
he
i
mpor
tanceofv
isi
on,
char
isma,
andemot
ional
int
ell
i
gencei
nleader
shi
p,hi
ghl
i
ght
ingt
he
capaci
tyofl
eader
stof
ost
eraposi
ti
veor
gani
zat
ional
cul
tur
eanddr
ivechange.
Tr
ansf
ormat
ional
leader
shi
phasgai
nedpr
omi
nencei
ntoday
'sor
gani
zat
ions,
par
ti
cul
arl
yint
hecont
extofr
api
dtechnol
ogi
cal
adv
ancement
sandshi
ft
ingwor
kfor
ce
dy
nami
cs.Leader
swhoembodyt
ransf
ormat
ional
qual
i
tiesar
ebet
terequi
ppedt
o
nav
igat
echal
l
engesandi
nspi
rei
nnov
ati
on,
maki
ngt
hem i
nval
uabl
easset
sin
cont
empor
aryor
gani
zat
ions.

5.TheRol
eofTechnol
ogyi
nManagementEv
olut
ion

Ther
api
dadv
ancementoft
echnol
ogyhaspr
ofoundl
yinf
luencedt
heev
olut
ionof
managementt
heor
iesandpr
act
ices.Thei
ntegr
ati
onofi
nfor
mat
iont
echnol
ogyi
nto
or
gani
zat
ional
processeshast
ransf
ormedt
hewaymanager
soper
ate,
communi
cat
e,
andmakedeci
si
ons.Ast
echnol
ogycont
inuest
oev
olv
e,sot
oomustmanagement
pr
act
ices,
requi
ri
ngacont
inuousr
eassessmentofexi
sti
ngt
heor
iesandt
he
dev
elopmentofnewf
ramewor
kst
oaddr
essemer
gingchal
l
enges.

5.
1Di
git
alTr
ansf
ormat
ion

Di
git
alt
ransf
ormat
ionr
efer
stot
hei
ntegr
ati
onofdi
git
alt
echnol
ogi
esi
ntoal
laspect
sof
anor
gani
zat
ion,
fundament
all
yal
ter
inghowi
toper
atesanddel
i
ver
sval
uet
ocust
omer
s.
Thi
sphenomenonhasnecessi
tat
edar
eev
aluat
ionoft
radi
ti
onal
managementt
heor
ies,
asor
gani
zat
ionsmustadaptt
othedemandsofadi
git
aleconomy
.Manager
sar
enow
r
equi
redt
oembr
aceagi
l
emet
hodol
ogi
es,
dat
aanal
yti
cs,
andi
nnov
ati
vet
hinki
ngt
o
nav
igat
ethecompl
exi
ti
esofat
echnol
ogy
-dr
ivenl
andscape.Theshi
ftt
owar
dsdi
git
al
t
ransf
ormat
ionhasal
sol
edt
otheemer
genceofnewr
olesandski
l
lset
swi
thi
n
or
gani
zat
ions,
emphasi
zi
ngt
heneedf
orcont
inuousl
ear
ningandadapt
abi
l
ityamong
empl
oyees.

5.
2Remot
eWor
kandVi
rt
ual
Teams

Ther
iseofr
emot
ewor
kandv
irt
ual
teams,
accel
erat
edbyt
heCOVI
D-19pandemi
c,has
f
urt
herr
eshapedmanagementpr
act
ices.Manager
smustnowdev
elopst
rat
egi
est
o
f
ost
ercol
l
abor
ati
on,
communi
cat
ion,
andengagementamonggeogr
aphi
cal
l
ydi
sper
sed
t
eams.Thi
sshi
fthaspr
ompt
edar
eev
aluat
ionofl
eader
shi
pst
yles,
emphasi
zi
ngt
he
i
mpor
tanceoft
rust
,aut
onomy
,andr
esul
ts-
ori
ent
edper
for
mancei
nmanagi
ngr
emot
e
empl
oyees.Thechal
l
engesofr
emot
ewor
khav
eal
sohi
ghl
i
ght
edt
hesi
gni
fi
canceof
t
echnol
ogyi
nfaci
l
itat
ingef
fect
ivecommuni
cat
ionandcol
l
abor
ati
on,
under
scor
ingt
he
needf
ormanager
stol
ever
agedi
git
alt
ool
stomai
ntai
nteam cohesi
onandpr
oduct
ivi
ty.
6.Concl
usi
on

I
nsummar
y,t
heev
olut
ionofmanagementt
heor
iesr
efl
ect
sar
icht
apest
ryofhi
stor
ical
dev
elopment
s,t
heor
eti
cal
adv
ancement
s,andpr
act
ical
appl
i
cat
ions.Fr
om t
hecl
assi
cal
managementt
heor
iest
hatemphasi
zedef
fi
ciencyandpr
oduct
ivi
tyt
othecont
empor
ary
appr
oachest
hatpr
ior
it
izehumanbehav
iorandt
echnol
ogi
cal
int
egr
ati
on,
eachphaseof
managementt
houghthascont
ri
but
edt
oadeeperunder
standi
ngofor
gani
zat
ional
dy
nami
cs.Asor
gani
zat
ionscont
inuet
onav
igat
eani
ncr
easi
ngl
ycompl
exand
i
nter
connect
edwor
ld,
theongoi
ngev
olut
ionofmanagementt
heor
ieswi
l
lremai
n
essent
ial
inshapi
ngef
fect
ivepr
act
icesandst
rat
egi
es.Thei
mpl
i
cat
ionsoft
hese
t
heor
iesext
endbey
ondacademi
cdi
scour
se,
inf
luenci
ngt
hewayor
gani
zat
ionsoper
ate
andt
hri
vei
nar
api
dlychangi
ngenv
ironment
.Consequent
ly,
thest
udyofmanagement
t
heor
iesnotonl
yenr
ichesourunder
standi
ngofor
gani
zat
ional
behav
iorbutal
soequi
ps
cur
rentandf
utur
emanager
swi
tht
het
ool
snecessar
ytol
eadef
fect
ivel
yinanev
er-
ev
olv
ingl
andscape.Byembr
aci
ngt
hel
essonsl
ear
nedf
rom pastt
heor
iesandadapt
ing
t
onewchal
l
enges,
manager
scanf
ost
err
esi
l
ientor
gani
zat
ionscapabl
eoft
hri
vi
ngi
nthe
f
aceofuncer
tai
nty
.