1 4 Digital Systems Lecture 1 4
1 4 Digital Systems Lecture 1 4
Lecture 1
Introduction
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ANALOG VS DIGITAL
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Digital Systems
Digital vs. Analog Waveforms
+5 +5
1 0 1
V V
Time Time
–5 –5
Digital: Analog:
only assumes discrete values values vary over a broad range
continuously
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Digital Systems cntd..
• A digital signal is a signal that can only have discrete
values in time
– Most common are binary digital signals, where only
two values are allowed often designated as 0 and 1
• The opposite is analog signals that can take infinite values
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Digital Hardware Systems
Boolean Algebra and Logical Operators
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Variables & Functions
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Representations of Digital Design:
Switches
Normally Open
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A switch connects two points under control signal.
x = 0 x = 1
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Figure: A binary switch.
S
Battery Light
L=1 =>
x
Light is ON
S
Power
supply x Light
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Digital Electronics & Systems 19ECE204 /19CSE203
S S
Power
supply x1 x2 Light
x1
Power
supply S Light
x2
The symbol
. Is called
AND
operator
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Parallel Connection => logical OR operation
Symbol + is
called OR
operator
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Here three switches are controlling the light in more complex way.
Can you identify the relation?
X1
S
Power
supply S X3 Light
X2
X1
S
Power
supply S X3 Light
X2
• (A+B).(C+D)
• A.(B+C).D
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LECTURE 2
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• Till now we saw some positive action takes place when a
switch is closed, such as turning the light on.
• It is equally interesting and useful to consider the
possibility that a positive action takes place when a switch
is opened
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R
Power
supply x S Light
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Try implementation using switches
• ((A.B)+C).(D)
• (A+B)’
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Truth Tables
Useful aid for giving information for a logic function.
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Truth Table for 3 input variables
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x1
x2
x1
x1 ×x2 x1 × ×xn
x2 ×
x2
xn
x1
x2
x1
x1 + x2 x 1 + x2 + + xn
x2
xn
(b) OR gates
x x
x
1
x
2
f = ( x + x ) ×x
x 1 2 3
3
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Analysis vs Synthesis of Logic Networks
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Analysis example
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Timing Diagram: Functional Behavior
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Truth table with 4 input variables
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Boolean Algebra
• Boolean Algebra
– Axioms of Boolean Algebra
– Single Variable Theorem
– Two and Three variable Properties
– Complements and Duals
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Boolean Algebra
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
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Boolean Algebra: Single Variable Theorems
5a
5b
6a
6b
7a
7b
8a
8b
9
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Principle of Duality
• Given a logic expression, its dual is obtained by replacing
all + operators with · operators, and vice versa, and by
replacing all 0s with 1s, and vice versa.
• The dual of any true statement (axiom or theorem) in
Boolean algebra is also a true statement.
X+0=X
X·1=X
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LECTURE 3
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Boolean Algebra: Two & Three variable
Properties
10a
10b
11a
11b
(22)
12a
(23)
12b
13a
13b
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Boolean Algebra: Two & Three variable
Properties
14a
14b
17a
17b
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Boolean Algebra: DeMorgans Theorem
15a
15b
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16a
16b
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• Huntington’s basic postulates-5,8,10,12
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Proof of DeMorgan’s Theorem using
TruthTable
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Proof of DeMorgan’s Theorem using
TruthTable
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Other examples
2. Proof of 16a
X+X’Y = (X+X’)(X+Y) = 1· (X+Y) = X+Y
• Use 12b(distributive ) 8b 6a
3. Proof
XY+XY’ = X(Y + Y’) = X·1 = X
• Use 12a(distributive ) 8b 6a
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Further Examples
4. X· (X+Y)=X·X+X·Y= X+XY=X(1+Y)=X·1=X
• Use 12b(distributive) 7a 12a 5b
5. (X+Y) ·(X+Y’)=XX+XY’+XY+YY’=
X+XY’+XY+0=X(1+Y’+Y)=X·1=X
6. X(X’+Y) = XX’+XY = 0 + XY = XY
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Proof of Consensus Theorem
• Consensus Theorem gives us the relationship
XY + X’Z + YZ = XY + X’Z
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Consensus theorem Proof–POS form
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Examples
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Simplify
• Simplify F=X’YZ+X’YZ’+XZ
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Affect on implementation
• F = X’YZ + X’YZ’ + XZ
• Reduces to F = X’Y + XZ
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• Try
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• Solution:
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Complement of a function
• In real implementation sometimes the complement of a
function is needed.
– Have F=X’YZ’+X’Y’Z
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How Duals and Complement are related
• What is meant by the dual of a function?
– The dual of a function is obtained by interchanging OR
and AND operations and replacing 1s and 0s with 0s
and 1s.
• Shortcut to getting function complement
– Starting with the equation on the previous slide
– Generate the dual F=(X’+Y+Z’)(X’+Y’+Z)
– Complement each literal to get:
– F’=(X+Y’+Z)(X+Y+Z’)
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LECTURE 4
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Synthesis of simple circuits
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Synthesis using AND,OR, NOT Gates
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Sum of Products Canonical form
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Two Variable Minterms
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Simple problem of synthesis
• Assume that x1 and x2 represent the states of two switches,
either of which may produce a 0 or 1.
• The function of the circuit is to continuously monitor the
state of the switches and to produce an output logic value 1
whenever the switches (x1, x2) are in states(0, 0), (0, 1), or
(1, 1). If the state of the switches is (1, 0), the output
should be 0.
• We can express the required behavior using a truth table,
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Canonical SOP –implementation using Logic
Gates
4.Using 8b and 6a
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Three Variable Minterms
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• Consider three variable function and synthesize the circuit
for it.
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• Consider three variable function and synthesize the circuit
for it.
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• Consider three variable function and synthesize the circuit
for it.
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• Draw circuit diagram
• Reduce it and again draw the reduced circuit diagram.
• Compare the cost-A good indication of the cost of a logic
circuit is the total number of gates plus the total number of
inputs to all gates in the circuit.
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Cost:13(5 Gates & 8 inputs) vs
27 for canonical exp ckt realization
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Example
Another example:
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
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Product of Sum Canonical Form
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Maxterms
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Maxterms
• The principle of duality suggests that if it is possible to
synthesize a function f by considering the rows in the truth
table for which f = 1, then it should also be possible to
synthesize f by considering the rows for which f = 0.
• This alternative approach uses the complements of
minterms, which are called maxterms.
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• Consider three variable function and synthesize the circuit
for it using Maxterms
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• Consider three variable function and synthesize the circuit
for it using Maxterms
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Reduce it and draw circuit diagram
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Q1>Find the cost of Canonical SOP expression.
Q2>Reduce this expression and find cost again.
Q3>Write corresponding Maxterm list-canonical POS form
Q4>Reduce canonical POS expression and find the cost.
Q5>Compare Q2 and Q4 costs
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Find minimum cost SOP expression for this
function
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86
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Try this problem: Write Truth Table and draw
circuit diagram
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Truth Table and Circuit diagram
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Synthesis Example
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