ICS Part I Computer Science Unit 04

Unit 04
Data And Analysis

EXERCISE
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
MCQ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Answer A C B B B C A A D D

Short Questions
Q1. List out the parameters and statistics from given statements.

a) Average length of height of a giraffe.

b) Average weight of watermelon
c) There are 430 doctors in a hospital.
d) Average age of students of 6th class in a school is 12 years.

Parameters
Parameters refers to the entire population.

a) Average length of height of a giraffe

b) Average weight of watermelon
c) There are 430 doctors in a hospital
d) Average age of students of 6th class in a school is 12 years.

All these statements refer to the entire population therefore, they are all parameters.

Q2. If you want to make a report regarding the products exported from Pakistan in
last five years, how libraries can help you to collect data? Write steps.

Using Libraries for Data Collection

• Use online libraries to access specialized trade databases like Trade Map for export
data.
• Use library catalogs to find books, reports, or research papers on Pakistan’s export
history over the last five years.
• Seek help from librarians to locate specific trade-related sources and historical data
archives.

Q3. Make a pie chart of vegetable prices in the market. Consider five to ten vegetables.

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VEGETABLE PRICES
Onions
23%
Carrot
37%

Potatoes
8%

Tomattoes
10%

Cauliflower
22%

Q4. Enlist steps to represent monthly temperatures of a Pakistani city in 2023 from
January till December using a line graph.

Steps:
• Get monthly temperatures of a Pakistani city in 2023 from Jan to Dec.
• Write this Python code to create a line graph.

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x=np.array([“Jan”, “Feb”, “Mar”, “Apr”, “May”, “Jun”, “Aug”, “Sep”,

“Oct”, “Nov”, “Dec”])

y=np.array([15,19,22,25,28,33,36,27,24,21,17,10])

plt.plot(x,y,’o-b’,label=’Temperatures’)

plt.xlabel(“Month”)

plt.ylabel(“Temperature”)

plt.legend()

plt.show()

• Save the file as “temp.py”

• Run the program. The line chart will appear.

Long Questions
Q1. Sketch primary data collection methods in the context of disease outbreak like
seasonal flu.

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Primary Data Collection Methods For Seasonal Flu

The primary data collection methods in the context of disease outbreak like seasonal flue
are the following.

1. Surveys and Questionnaires

The surveys can be distributed to individuals in affected areas to collect data about flu
symptoms, vaccination history and healthcare utilization.

2. Interviews
The interviews can be conducted with patients and health workers to understand flu
symptoms, timeline and contact with others.

3. Observations
The observation method is used to monitor and record real time data. You can observe and
document the number of patients come in clinics with flu symptoms.

4. Medical Record Review

This method is used to analyze patient records for trends and patterns about the flu. The
hospital record can be reviewed to identify the number of flu cases, severity and outcomes.

5. Field Reports
Field reports can be collected from public health workers about the spread of flu,
vaccination rates and community response.

6. Focus Groups
The qualitative data can be collected from a group of individuals. Focus groups can be held
with community members to discuss their concerns and experiences with the flu.

Q2. Argue about the use of statistical modeling techniques. Highlight all techniques
discussed in this unit.

Statistical Modeling Techniques

Statistical modeling techniques are used for gathering data. There are two categories of
statistical modeling methods in data analysis.

• Supervised learning
• Unsupervised learning

1. Supervised Learning
In supervised learning model, the algorithm uses a labeled dataset for learning. The answer
key is used by the algorithm to determine the accuracy of data.

Supervised learning techniques in statistical modeling include regression model and

classification model.

Regression Model
If the result, label or outcome of a model is continuous value then it is called regression.
The most common regression model is linear model. A linear regression model is a
mathematical equation that allows us to predict a response for a given predictor value.
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Classification Model
If the result, label or outcome of a model is a discrete value then it will be called
classification. For example, if we predict that a certain employee will get raise in salary or
not then it is classification.

2. Unsupervised Learning
In unsupervised learning model, the algorithm is given unlabeled data and attempts to
extract features and determine patterns independently. There are two methods of
unsupervised learning.

• Clustering algorithm
• Association rules

Clustering
Clustering means group of data items with maximum similarities. For example, to reduce
churn rate of customer, a telecom company analyzes the usage of customers and divide
them into three clusters:

• Customers with long call duration.

• Customers with heavy internet usage.
• Customers with short calls and average Internet usage.

Now the company provides attractive packages to all these kinds of users to retain them.

Association
Association means how likely is to do second action if first action is done. For example, in
a supermarket:

• Customer 1 buys bread, milk, tea and tissues.

• Customer 2 buys bread, milk, coffee and eggs.

Now if customer 3 buys bread, then there are more chances that he will also buy milk. There
is an association between milk and bread.

K-means Clustering
This algorithm combines a specified number of data points into specific groupings based
on similarities.

Q3. Compare linear regression and classification. Emphasize on their respective roles
in statistical modeling.

Linear Regression Model

The most common regression model is linear model. A linear regression model is a
mathematical equation that allows us to predict a response for a given predictor value.

The variable which is used for prediction is called independent variable (x) and the variable
to be predicted based on the value of variable x is called dependent variable (y).

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In simple linear regression the equation of the line is y=mx+b where m is the slope and b
is intercept.

Intercept is the point where the graph line meets the y-axis. It is also called y-intercept.

Slope is calculated by the term rise/run where rise is the distance from x-axis to y-intercept
and run is the distance between y-axis and y-intercept.

Classification Model
If the result, label or outcome of a model is a discrete value then it will be called
classification. For example, if we predict that a certain employee will get increase in salary
or not then it is classification. But if we make a prediction that how much salary increase
an employee will get based on some statistical data then it is called regression model.

Q5. Defend either of supervised learning and unsupervised learning. Give reasons for
your preference to the other.

Supervise Learning vs Unsupervised Learning

I prefer supervised learning over unsupervised learning because it’s more straightforward
and accurate for many tasks. Here’s why:

Better Predictions
Supervised learning uses labeled data, meaning the model knows the correct answers
during training. This makes it much better at making accurate predictions.

Clear Goals
In supervised learning, the goal is simple: predict the right answer. Since we know what the
outcome should be, it’s easier to measure how well the model is performing. Unsupervised
learning doesn’t have clear goals, so it’s harder to evaluate its success.

Easy to Understand
Supervised learning models are often easier to interpret, especially simpler ones like
decision trees. This makes it easier for people to trust and understand the decisions, which
is important in fields like healthcare or finance.

Real-World Use
Many practical applications, like customer churn prediction, product recommendations, or
image classification, are best handled by supervised learning because it provides more
reliable and usable results.

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Why I Prefer Supervised Over Unsupervised Learning?

While unsupervised learning is useful for exploring patterns and finding clusters in data,
it’s harder to interpret and act on its results. Supervised learning is more direct, producing
clear, accurate predictions that are easier to use in real-world situations.

Q6. Write a Python code to generate a dataset with variables where y=x2+2x. Fit
scatter plot and box plot on this data.

Scatter Plot For y=x2+2x

1. import numpy as np
2. import matplotlib as plt
3. x=np.linspace(-15, 30, 50)
4. y=(x*x)+(2*x)
5. plt.figure(figsize=(10,6))
6. plt.scatter(x, y, color=’red’, label= ‘y=x^2+2x’)
7. plt.title(‘Scatter Plot’)
8. plt.xlabel(‘x’)
9. plt.ylabel(‘y’)
10. plt.grid(True)
11. plt.legend()
12. plt.show()

Box Plot For y=x2+2x

1. import numpy as np
2. import matplotlib as plt
3. x=np.linspace(-15, 30, 100)
4. y=(x*x)+(2*x)
5. plt.figure(figsize=(10,6))
6. plt.boxplot(y)
7. plt.title(‘Box Plot’)
8. plt.xlabel(‘y’)
9. plt.show()

Q7. Relate some real-world examples (other than Airbnb, Facebook and YouTube)
where data science was used to improve marketing strategies and enhance the
business.

Real-World Examples of Data Science

Here are some examples of companies using data science to improve their marketing
strategies and enhance the business.

1. Netflix
It recommends shows and movies based on what people like to watch, keeping users
engaged and helping them find new content.

2. Amazon
It suggests products based on shopping habits, which boosts sales. About 35% of their sales
come from these recommendations.

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3. Spotify
It creates personalized music playlists by analyzing listening habits, making users stay on
the app longer.

4. Coca-Cola
It uses customer data to predict what people want and sends them personalized offers,
improving engagement.

5. Zara
Tracks fashion trends in real time and adjusts its clothing lines and marketing to match
what customers are currently into, keeping sales high.

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