Republic of the Philippines

CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

Impig, Sipocot, Camarines Sur 4408
Website: www.cbsua.edu.ph
Email Address: [email protected]
Trunkline: (054) 881-6681

Course: BSED Mathematics Year and Section: 2A

Grading Period: Assessment 1 Semester: 2nd
Schedule: 3:00 – 6:00 pm (TW) Date:
Subject: Calculus 1 with Analytic Geometry (Math 109) Time Covered: 1 Hour

SUBJECT MATTER

I. Lesson Title: Limits of a Function

II. Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:
1. illustrate the limit of a function using a table values and the graph of the
function;
2. solved limits of functions using numerical, graphical methods;
3. show appreciation on alternative methods of finding the limit of the
function.

III. Instructional Materials: White Board, Marker, Khan Academy Videos

IV. Learning Process

A. PREPARATION
 Prayer
 Greetings
 Checking of attendance
B. ACTIVITY
Direction: Answer the following questions. Write your answer in one
whole sheet yellow paper. Show your complete solution.

Consider the following function:

�3 − �2
� � =
�−1
1. What is the (implied) domain of f ?
2. As you should have seen in (1), f(x) is undefined when x = 1. So, it is
nonsense to ask what is f(1), right?
3. Now take a look at this table. It shows the values of f(x) when the
values for x are very close to 1 using calculator, complete the table.
x f(x) X f(x)
1.5 2.25 0.5
1.1 1.21 0.9
1.01 1.0201 0.99
1.001 1.002001 0.999
1.0001 1.00020001 0.9999
1.00001 1.0000200001 0.99999
 Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
Impig, Sipocot, Camarines Sur 4408
Website: www.cbsua.edu.ph
Email Address: [email protected]
Trunkline: (054) 881-6681

4. Noticed anything? Does it seem that the function values get closer
and closer to a certain value as the values for the independent
variable get closer and closer to 1?
C. ANALYSIS
The teacher will ask the students if they know what limits means in
everyday life.
D. ABSTRACTION
 Video lesson
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1L5Er6xCHBHJ0sMxwPL
Uy6kLAopM901Pw?usp=drive_link

Now, let us take a look at the graph of the function given in the above activity. Note
first that the rule describing the function can be further simplified, using algebra.
�3 −�2 �2 (�−1)
� � = �−1
= �−1
= �2

This simplification is valid on the domain of f, i.e., only when x≠1. So graph of f is just
the parabola � = �2 , excluding the point whose abscissa is 1.

� = �2

- •
I I I I I I I I
1

Figure 1.
So, f is undefined at 1, which graphically translates to its graph having a hole at the
point where the abscissa should have been 1. Now, does this make us throw away
the analysis of the function when x = 1? Does it really make no sense anymore?
While we cannot talk anymore about (1), since no point on the graph corresponds to
this supposed value, we can still talk about what happens to f(x) when x comes
closer and closer to 1. We reiterate that in the absence of the value of f(x) when x is
actually at 1, it might still be useful to talk about the values of f(x) when x is close to 1.

E.APPLICATION
 Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
Impig, Sipocot, Camarines Sur 4408
Website: www.cbsua.edu.ph
Email Address: [email protected]
Trunkline: (054) 881-6681

�+3
1. lim 2− 1−�
�→2

x -3 -3.01 -3.001 -2.999 -2.99 -2.9

f(x)

2. lim (3� + 1)
�→2

x 1.500 1.890 1.999 2.009 2.050 2.160 2.300

f(x)

1
3. lim
�→0 1−����

x -0.1 -0.01 -0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1

f(x)

B. Use graphical approach to sketch the graph and evaluate (use graphing
paper).
�2 −8�+16
1. lim �−4
�→4

2. lim (�4 − 5�2 + 4� + 2)

�→−1

3. lim1 �3 − 2�2 + 3� + 4)
�→
2

�2−1
4. lim
�→−1 �+1

Prepared by:

KEA MAE B. SAN PABLO

Student Researcher
 Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
Impig, Sipocot, Camarines Sur 4408
Website: www.cbsua.edu.ph
Email Address: [email protected]
Trunkline: (054) 881-6681

Course: BSED Mathematics Year and Section: 2A

Grading Period: Assessment 1 Semester: 2nd
Schedule: 3:00 – 6:00 pm (TW) Date:
Subject: Calculus 1 with Analytic Geometry (Math 109) Time Covered: 3 hours

SUBJECT MATTER

I. Lesson Title: Limits of Algebraic Functions

II. Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:
1. discuss the limit theorems and;
2. Understand and combine the properties of limits to simplify and evaluate limit
equations.
3. apply the limit laws in evaluating finite limits of algebraic functions (polynomial,
rational, and radical) as the independent variable approaches a number;

III. Instructional Materials: White Board, Marker, Khan Academy Videos

IV. Learning Process

A. PREPARATION
 Prayer
 Greetings
 Checking of attendance
B. ACTIVITY
Direction: Answer the following questions. Write your answer in one
whole sheet yellow paper. Show your complete solution.

Consider the following function f and g:

� � = 2� � � = �2 + 1

�
1. Give the equations defining � + �, � − �, ��, ��� �
.
2. The following table contains the values of the above four functions
numbers close to 1. Using a calculator, complete the table.

� �(�) �(�) (� + �)(�) (� − �)(�) (��)(�) �

�
(x)

1.5 3 3.25 6.25 -0.25 9.95 0.92308

1.1 2.2 2.21 4.41
1.01 2.02 2.0201 4.0401
1.001 2.002 2.002001 4.004001
1.0001 2.0002 2.0002001 4.00040001
 Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
Impig, Sipocot, Camarines Sur 4408
Website: www.cbsua.edu.ph
Email Address: [email protected]
Trunkline: (054) 881-6681

3.It seems that � � ��� �(�) both approaches 1. Now, note that it also seems that
� + � � approaches 4, which is 2 + 2; that is, lim � + � � = 4 = 2 + 2 =
�→1
lim � � + lim �(�)
�→1 �→1
C. ANALYSIS
The teacher will ask the students if they know what properties of limits means
in everyday life.

D.ABSTRACTION
 Video lesson
 https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1K2EZFW0RRSMJQOe44
pewrp2yWtWcbReb?usp=drive_link
 https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1JsBjKNjCj7wHWILaH8jxB
ospxe_RdZFM?usp=drive_link
 https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1K2EZFW0RRSMJQOe44
pewrp2yWtWcbReb?usp=drive_link
 https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1K9DDvNkZCcGml1S7Mh
khf9sEi2ym55Lp
From the above activity, you should have seen that to evaluate the limit of a
function obtained as the result of an operation applied on two functions, it seems that
we simply evaluate the limits of the individual functions first and then apply the
operation on the resulting limits. The rules adhering to this idea are what we
collectively call the limit laws, as stated in the following theorem.

Theorem. Limit Laws

Suppose, lim � � = � ��� lim � � = �. �ℎ��
�→� �→�

1. lim � + � � = � + �;
�→�

2. lim � − � � = � − �;
�→�

3. lim �� � = ��;
�→�

� �
4. lim � = , if, in addition, � ≠ 0.
�→� � �

Example 1: In the activity, since lim � � = lim � � = 2, we then have

�→1 �→1
1. lim � + � � = 2 + 2 = 4
�→�

2. lim � − � � = 2 − 2 = 0
�→�

3. lim �� � = 2 2 = 4
�→�
 Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
Impig, Sipocot, Camarines Sur 4408
Website: www.cbsua.edu.ph
Email Address: [email protected]
Trunkline: (054) 881-6681

� 2
4. lim � = =1
�→� � 2
Theorem. Limits of a constant and identity Functions
Let c be any constant. Then, for any � � ℝ :
1. lim � = �
�→�
2. lim � = �
�→�

Theorem. Limit of a constant Multiple of a Function

Let c be any constant. iflim � � = L, then lim �� � = ��
�→� �→�

lim �� � = c lim � �
�→� �→�

Theorem. Limit of a positive Integral Power of a function

Let n be any positive integer and � � ℝ. If lim � � = L, thenlim [�(�)]� =��.
�→� �→�
lim �� = ��
�→�

Theorem. Limit of a composite Function

Let f and g be functions such that lim � � = L and lim � � = M. Then, lim � ∘
�→� �→� �→�
� � =�
That is, lim � � � = lim �(�)
�→� �→�

Example: Evaluate lim (5�(�2 − 1)2 − 10)

�→2

Solution: We apply the limit laws for the difference and products of functions and the
results on the limits of constant multiples of functions, power functions, and
compositions of functions.

lim (5�(�2 − 1)2 − 10) = 5 lim � . lim (�2 − 1)2 − lim 10

�→2 �→2 �→2 �→2
=5(2)( lim �2 − lim 1)2 − 10
�→2 �→2
= 10(22 - 1)2 − 10
= 80

Theorem. Limit of a Polynomial Function

Let � ∈ ℝ, �� � � �� � ���������� ��������, �ℎ�� lim � � = � � .
�→�
Example: lim (�2 − 2� + 5)
�→−2
Solution: The limit in this case is the same as the function value
lim (�2 − 2� + 5) = (−2)2 − 2 −2 + 5 = 13
�→−2
Theorem. Limit of a Rational Function
 Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
Impig, Sipocot, Camarines Sur 4408
Website: www.cbsua.edu.ph
Email Address: [email protected]
Trunkline: (054) 881-6681

If R(x) is a rational function and �� ��� �, �ℎ�� lim � � = �(�)

�→�
�2 −2�+5
Example: Evaluate lim 6�−1
�→−2
Solution:Since the denominator is non zero when x = -2, the limit is again just the
function value
�2 −2�+5 (−2)2 −2 −2 +5 13
lim = = −13 = -1
�→−2 6�−1 6 −2 −1
Theorem. Limit of a Root of a Function
Let
lim � � = �. ��� ���ℎ��� �� ���� ��� � > 0 �� � �� ��� ��� � �� ��� ���� ������, �ℎ��
�ℕ. �� �→�
� �
lim �(�) = �
�→�
Example: Evaluate lim �2 − 2� + 5
�→−2
2
Solution: Since ( − 2) − 2 −2 + 5 = 13 > 0, �� ℎ���

lim �2 − 2� + 5 = lim (�2 − 2� + 5 = 13

�→−2 �→−2

E. APPLICATION
Evaluate the following Limits

1. lim (5�4 - 3�3 + 7x + 2)5 =

�→0

2. lim (�� − 2�2 − 9 )

�→3
�2 +4�−3
3. lim
�→−1 �−2

�2 −�−2
4. lim
�→−1 �+1
2�−�2
5. lim
�→2 �2 −4

Prepared by:

KEA MAE B. SAN PABLO

Student Researcher