HUMAN BEHAVIOR &

CRISIS MANAGEMENT
Prepared by: ALMIRA C. ANGKAL, MSCJ (CAR)
TOP 4, October 2016
Cum laude
Human Behavior

-anything an individual does that

involves self-initiated action and/or
reaction to a given stimulus.
- the sum total of man's reaction
to his environment or the way
human beings act.
 These are three (3) significant
contributors of this study, namely:
Sigmund Freud, the Father of
Psychoanalysis, Francis Galton and his
heredity and human behavior model
study as well as Charles Darwin
guided by his Evolution Theory.
 According to Freud, human
beings are just mechanical creatures
whom he views as prisoners of
primitive instincts and powers,
which he can barely control. Further
stating that man’s purpose is to
control these instincts and powers.
ATTITUDE
- these are learned predisposition
of respond in a favorable or
unfavorable manner to particular
person or object. Tendencies to
respond to people, event, or
situations either positively or
negatively.
Behavior Genetics
- a field of research in psychology that aims
to determine heritability and to determine how
much of the behavior is accounted by genetic
factors.
Behavioral genetics began in England with
Sir Francis Galton and his study of the
inheritance of genius families. He revealed that
genius “runs in families” and concluded that it is
to a significant degree a heritable behavioral
NORMAL BEHAVIOR
This refers to a lack of significant
deviation from the average. Another
possible definition is that "a normal" is
someone who conforms to the
predominant behavior in a society.
Social norms – rules that a group
uses for appropriate and inappropriate
values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors.
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Literally means "away from
the normal". It implies deviation
from some clearly defined norm.
In the case of physical illness, the
norm is the structural and
functional integrity of the body
Abnormal behavior according to
deviation from social norms:
A behavior that deprives from the
accepted norms of society is
considered abnormal. However, it is
primarily dependent on the existing
norm of such society.
Behavior as maladaptive:
Maladaptive behavior is the effect of a
well-being of the individual and or the social
group. That some kind of deviant behavior
interferes with the welfare of the individual
such as a man who fears crowd can’t ride a
bus.
This means that a person cannot adopt
himself with the situation where in it is
beneficial to him.
Abnormal behavior due to
personal distress:
This is abnormally in terms of the
individual subjective feelings of
distress rather than the individual
behavior. This includes mental illness,
feeling of miserably, depression, and
loss of appetite or interest, suffering
from insomnia and numerous aches
and pains.
Abnormality in its legal point: It
declares that a person is insane
largely on the basis of his inability
to judge between right and wrong
or to exert control over his
behavior (Bartol, 1995).
EMOTION
Emotion
- a condition of psychological
arousal an expression or display of
distinctive somatic and autonomic
responses.
This emphasis implies that
emotional states can be defined
by particular constellations of
bodily responses.
Emotion is a feeling that is private
and subjective - humans can
report an extraordinary assortment of
states, which they can feel or
experience. Some reports are
accompanied by obvious signs of
enjoyment or distress, but often
these reports have no overt
 ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOR
Intellectual Aspect – this aspect of behavior
pertains to our way of thinking, reasoning,
solving, problem, processing info and coping
with the environment.
Emotional Aspect – this pertains to our
feelings, moods, temper, and strong
motivational force.
Social Aspect – this pertains to how we
interact or relate with other people
Moral Aspect – this refers to our conscience
and concept on what is good or bad.
Psychosexual Aspect - this pertains to our
being a man or a woman and the expression
of love
Political Aspect – this pertains to our
ideology towards society/government
Value/Attitude – this pertains to our interest
towards something, our likes and dislikes
 DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR
The answer to these questions requires
the study and understanding of the
influences of HEREDITY and ENVIRONMENT.
As cited by Tuason:
Heredity (Biological Factors) - This
refers to the genetic influences, those that
are explained by heredity, the
characteristics of a person acquired from
birth transferred from one generation to
 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (SOCIO-
CULTURAL INFLUENCES)
 Family Background – it is a basic
consideration because it is in the family
whereby an individual first experiences how to
relate and interact with another. The family is
said to be the cradle of personality
development as a result of either a close or
harmonious relationship or a pathogenic
family structure: the disturbed family, broken
family, separated or maladjusted relations.
Pathogenic Family Structure – those
families associated with high frequency of
problems such as:
 The inadequate family – characterized by
the inability to cope with the ordinary
problems of family living. It lacks the
resources, physical or psychological, for
meeting the demands of family satisfaction.
The anti-social family – those that espouses
unacceptable values as a result of the
influence of parents to their children.
The discordant/disturbed family
– characterized by nonsatisfaction of
one or both parent from the relationship
that may express feeling of frustration.
This is usually due to value differences as
common sources of conflict and
dissatisfaction.
The disrupted family – characterized by
incompleteness whether as a result of
death, divorce, separation or some other
Childhood Trauma
the experiences, which affect the
feeling of security of a child undergoing
developmental processes. The development
processes are being blocked sometimes by
parental deprivation as a consequence of
parents or lack of adequate maturing at
home because of parental rejection,
overprotection, restrictiveness, over
permissiveness, and faulty discipline.
 OTHER DETERMINANTS

Needs and Drives – “Need”,

according to a drive reduction theory, is
a biological requirement for well-being of
the individual. This need creates “drives”
– a psychological state of arousal that
prompts someone to take action
(Bernstein, et al, 1991).
 Psychological Needs
-are influenced primarily by the kind of society
in which the individual is raised. “Psychological
motives are those related to the individual
happiness and well-being”, but not for the
survival, unlike the biological motives that
focuses on basic needs – the primary motives.
 Motivation - Motivation on the other hand refers
to the influences that govern the initiation,
direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior
(Bernstein, et al, 1991).
 TYPES OF MOTIVATION

Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation
Abraham Maslow has suggested that
human needs form a hierarchy from the
most basic biological requirements to the
needs for self-actualization – the highest of
all needs. The pyramidal presentation shows
that from the bottom to the top of the
hierarchy, the levels of needs or motive
according to Maslow, are:
Biological or Physiological Needs –
these motives include the need for food,
Safety Needs – these pertains to the
motives of being cared for and being
secured such as in income and place to live.
Love/Belongingness – Belongingness is
integration into various kinds of social
groups or social organizations. Love needs
means need for affection.
Cognitive Needs – our motivation for
learning and exploration
Esteem Needs – our motivation for an honest,
fundamental respect for a person as a useful
and honorable human being.
Aesthetic Needs - our motivation for beauty
and order
Self-actualization – pertains to human total
satisfaction, when people are motivated not
so much by unmet needs, as by the desire to
become all they are capable of (self-
realization).
Cognitive Processing – it refers to an
adaptation of the evidence- based used by
clinicians to help clients explore recovery
from posttraumatic.
Memory – the process of storing and
retrieving information in the brain. The
process is focal to learning and thinking.
The following are the four (4) types of
remembering that are ordinarily distinguished
by psychologist:
Recollection – involves the reconstruction of
events or facts on the basis of fractional cues,
which serve as reminders.
Recall – the active and unaided detection of
something from the past.
Recognition – the ability to properly
identify previously encountered stimuli
as familiar.
Relearning – may demonstrate evidence
of the effects of memory; material that
is familiar is often easier to learn a
second time than it would be it were
unfamiliar.
 LEVEL OF AWARENESS
The conscious level – It consists of
whatever sensations and experiences you are
aware of at a given time.
The preconscious level – this domain is
sometimes called “available memory” than
encompasses all experiences that are not
conscious at the moment but can which
easily be retrieved into awareness either
The unconscious level – it is the
deepest and major stratum of the
human mind. It is the storehouse for
primitive instinctual drives plus
emotion and memories that are so
threatening to the conscious mind that
they have been repressed.
HOW PEOPLE
INTERACT
 The Id, Ego, and the Superego the
theory propagated by Sigmund Freud
which basically make up man’s
constitution including man’s conscience
making him distinct from the rest of the
animal kingdom.
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Personality Disorders - The disorders of
character, the person is characterized as a
“problematic” without psychoses. This
disorder is characterized disrupted personal
relationship, dependent or passive aggressive
behavior.
Paranoid Personality Disorder - It is
characterized by suspicious, rigidity, envy,
hypersensitivity, excessive self-importance,
argumentativeness and tendency to blame
others of one’s own mistakes.
Schizoid Personality Disorder - This is
characterized by the inability to form social
relationship and lack of interest in doing so.
The person seem to express their feelings,
they lack social skills. They are the so-called
“loners”.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder - It is
characterized by reclusiveness, over
sensitivity, avoidance of communication and
superstitious thinking is common
Histrionic Personality Disorder
It is characterized by immaturity,
excitability, emotional instability and self-
dramatization.
Manifestation:
 They strive to be the center of attention.
 They act overly flirtatious or dress in ways that
draw attention.
 They may also talk in dramatic or theatrical
style and display exaggerate emotional
Narcissistic Personality Disorder - It is
characterized by an exaggerated
sense of self-importance and pre-
occupation with receiving attention.
The person usually expects and
demands special treatment from others
and disregarding the rights and feeling
of others.
Manifestations:

They are a grandiose sense of self-

importance.
They seek excessive admiration from
others and fantasize about unlimited
success or power.
They believe they are special, unique, or
superior to others. However, they often
have very fragile self-esteem.
Borderline Personality Disorder - It is
characterized by instability reflected in
drastic mood shifts and behavior
problems.
The person usually displays intense
anger outburst with little provocation and
he is impulsive, unpredictable, and
periodically unstable.
Manifestations:

They have intense emotional

instability, particularly in relationship
with other.
They make frantic efforts to avoid
real or imagined abandonment by
others.
They may experience minor problems
as major crises.
They express their anger, frustration
and dismay through suicidal
gestures, self-manipulation, and
other self-destructive acts.
They tend to have an unstable self-
image or sense of self.
Avoidant Personality Disorder - It is
characterized by hypersensitivity to
rejection and apprehensive alertness
to any sign of social derogation.
Person is reluctant to enter into social
interaction.
Manifestations:

They posses intense, anxious

shyness.
They are reluctant to interact with
others unless they feel certain of
being liked.
They fear being criticized and
rejected.

Dependent Personality Disorder - It is
characterized by extreme dependence on
other people – there is acute discomfort and
even panic to be alone. The person lacks
confidence and feels helpless.
Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder - It
is characterized by being hostile expressed
in indirect and non-violent ways. They are so
called “stubborn”.
 Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder - It is
characterized by excessive concern with rules,
order, and efficiency that everyone does things
their way and an ability to express warm
feeling. The person is over conscientious,
serious, and with difficulty in doing things for
relaxation.
 Anti-social Personality Disorder - It is
characterized by continuing violation of the
rights of others through aggressive, antisocial
behavior without remorse or loyalty to anyone.
 Two Basic Types of Behavior
 Inherited (Inborn) behavior – refers to any
behavioral reactions or reflexes exhibited by
people because of their inherited capabilities
or the process of natural selection.
 Learned (Operant) behavior – involves
knowing or adaptation that enhances human
beings’ ability to cope with changes in the
environment in ways which improve the
chances of survival. Learned behavior may be
acquired through environment or training.
THEORITICAL APPROACHES ABOUT THE
FACTORS THAT CAUSE, MAINTAIN,
ALTER BEHAVIOR, AND MENTAL
PROCESS
 PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH-
is based on the belief that childhood
experiences greatly influence the development
of late personality traits and psychological
problems. It also stresses the influence of
unconscious fears, desires and motivations on
thoughts and behavior
 HUMANISTIC APPROACH-
emphasizes that each individual has greatly
freedom in directing his/ her future, a large
capacity for personal growth, a considerable
amount of intrinsic worth and enormous
BEHAVIORAL APPROACH-
studies how organism learn new
behavior or modify existing ones, depending
on whether events in their environment
reward or punish these behavior.
COGNITIVE APPROACH-
examines how we process, store, and
use information, and how this information
influences what we attend to, perceive,
learn, remember and feel.
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH- focuses on
how genes, hormones and nervous
system interact with the environment
to influence learning, personality,
memory, motivation at coping
techniques
NEUROLOGICAL APPROACH
-There is an abnormality in the
structures of the human brain that
affect the behavior of a person.
- it emphasizes how human
actions in relation to events that take
place inside the body, especially the
brain and nervous system.
 CAUSES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
 Sensation – is the feeling or impression
created by a given stimulus or cause that leads
to a particular reaction or behavior.
Human Senses:
a. Visual – sight
b. Olfactory – smell d. Cutaneous – touch
c. Auditory – hearing e. Gustatory -
taste
Perception
refers to the person’s knowledge of a
given stimulus which largely help to
determine the actual behavioral
response in a given situation
Awareness
refers to the psychological activity based
on interpretation of past experiences with a
given stimulus or object.
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF HUMAN
BEHAVIOR

 Habitual – refers to motorized

behavior usually manifested in
language and emotion.
 Instinctive – are generally unlearned
and simply comes out of man’s
instinct which can be seen among
instinct-instinct survival behaviors.
 Symbolic – are behaviors that are
usually carried out by means of unsaid
words and shown through symbols or
body signs.
 Complex – are those behaviors that
combine two or more of the classified
ones
 Personality Traits that Affect
Human Behavior

 Extroversion – characterized by
interests directed toward the external
environment of people and things rather
than toward inner experiences and
oneself.
-frequently seek stimulation,
excitement and thrills
Introversion – characterized by direction
of interest toward oneself and one’s inner
world of experiences. Introverts, in
contrast, tend to be more reserved, less
outgoing, and less sociable.
Ambiversion – is a balance of extrovert
and introvert characteristics. An ambivert
is normally comfortable with groups and
enjoys social interaction, but also relishes
time alone and away from the crowd.
 Lewis Goldberg’s Trait Theory

Goldberg proposed a five-dimension

personality model with a nickname “Big
Five” or “Five Factor Theory”
Extraversion – this dimension contrast
such traits as sociable, outgoing, talkative,
assertive, persuasive, decisive, and active
with more introverted traits such as
withdrawn, quiet, passive, retiring and
reserved.
Neuroticism – this is prone to emotional
instability. They tend to experience
negative emotions and to be moody,
irritable, nervous and prone to worry.
Conscientiousness – this factor
differentiates individuals who are
dependable, organized, reliable
responsible, thorough, hard-working, and
preserving from those undependable,
disorganized, impulsive, unreliable,
irresponsible, careless, negligent and lazy.
Agreeableness – this factor is composed of
collective of traits that range from
compassion to antagonism towards
others. A person high on agreeableness
would be a pleasant person, good-
natured, warm, sympathetic, and
cooperative.
Openness to experience – this factor
contrasts individual who are
imaginative, curious, broad-minded,
and cultured with those who are
concrete-minded, practical, and
whose interests are narrow.
CONFLICT (as cited by Eduardo &
Panganoron, 2015)
- a stressful condition that occurs when
person must choose between incompatible
or contradictory alternatives
- a negative emotional state caused by
inability to choose between two or more
incompatible choices
APPROACH – refers to things that WE
WANT

AVOIDANCE – refers to things that WE

DO NOT WANT
THREE BASIC FORMS OF CONFLICT

1.Approach-Avoidance Conflict - occurs when

an individual moves closer to a seemingly
desirable object, only to have the potentially
negative consequences of contacting that object
push back against the closing behavior.
2.Approach-Approach Conflict - This is a conflict
resulting from the necessity of choosing between
two desirable alternatives. There are usually two
desirable things wanted, but only one option can
be chosen.
3. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict -
This form of conflict involves two
undesirable or unattractive alternatives
where a person has to decide of
choosing one of the undesirable things.
4. Multiple Approach-Avoidance
Conflict
- a situation in which a choice
must be made between two or more
alternatives each has both positive
and negative features. It is the most
difficult to resolve because the
features of each portion are often
difficult to compare.
STRESS
- refers to the consequences of the
failure of an organism to respond
appropriately to emotional or physical
threats, whether actual or imagined
- results when an event strains or
exceeds an individual’s ability to cope
STRESSOR
- anything that produces stress
- even positive things can cause stress
FRUSTRATION
- refers to the situation which blocks the
individual’s motivated behavior
- a negative emotional state that occurs
when one is prevented from reaching a
goal
FRUSTRATION TOLERANCE
It is the ability to withstand
frustration without developing
inadequate modes of response such as
being emotionally depressed or irritated,
becoming neurotic, or becoming
aggressive.
Use of DEFENSE MECHANISM
- is an unconscious psychological
process that serves as safety valve that
provides relief from emotional conflict
and anxiety
- refers to individual’s way of reacting
to frustration
- can be positive or negative
 Broad Reactions to Frustration
Fight – is manifested by fighting the
problem in a constructive and direct way
by means of breaking down the obstacles
preventing the person reaching his goals.
Flight – it can be manifested by sulking,
retreating, becoming indifferent and giving
up.
COPING MECHANISM
It is defined as the way people react to
frustration. People differ in the way they
react to frustration. This could be
attributed to individual differences and
the way people prepared in the
developmental task they faced during the
early stages of their life.
Substitution – most of the time are
resulted to in handling frustration when
an original plan intended to solve the
problem did not produce the intended
result, thus the most practical way to
face the problem, is to look for most
possible or alternative means.
 Withdrawal Reactions – Forms of
Physical Flight

 Fantasy – resorts to day dream as a

temporary escape from the frustration of
reality.
Nomadism – on the move – a migrant,
traveler or journey man who transfers
from place to place.
Depression – a reaction which excludes
from conscious awareness undesirable
thought, feeling or memory causing pain.
Extreme feeling of low morale, sadness,
loneliness, self-pity, despair, rejection,
boredom and pessimism; a person is
said to be depressed if these feelings
become pervasive and can already
affect all aspects of a person’s life
 Reaction Formation – a withdrawal reaction
which prohibits from conscious awareness
especially unacceptable desires of impulses (the
thought of it is guilt provoking) may develop
conscious attitude or overt behavior that
contradict his original.
Development of a trait or traits which are the
opposite of tendencies that we do not want to
recognize. The person is motivated to act in a
certain way, but behaves in the opposite way.
Consequently, he is able to keep his urges and
impulses under control.
Aggressive Reaction:
Displacement – the process of directing anger
to someone or some thing other than he is
angry at. A strong emotion, such as anger, is
displaced onto another person or object as the
recipient of said emotion (anger), rather than
being focused on the person or object which
originally was the cause of said emotion.
Free- floating Anger – a chronic reaction
pattern of resentment. Regards even
neutral situation as having hostile
implication. The temper may have come
from parents and may be expressed
practically to everyone. Severe and
prolonged may cause blind rage and go
berserk , may kill whoever is near.
Suicide – a person who is unable to
express anger openly and turns to himself
Scapegoating – an aggressive
reaction where one tries to blame or
hold responsible others to hide and
conceal and explain his failures.
Compromise Reaction:
 Isolation – a concession where a person to avoid
conflict seals off attitudes in the mental
compartment allowing it to function in isolation
from conflicting ones.
 Sublimation – a conciliation undertaken by seeking
a new goal that is socially acceptable. the process
by which instinctual drives which consciously
unacceptable are diverted into personally and
socially accepted channels. It is a positive and
constructive mechanism for defending against own
unacceptable impulses and needs.
 Acting-Out – This means literally acting
out the desires that are forbidden by
the Super ego and yet desired by the
Id.
A person who is acting out desires
may do it in spite of his/her conscience
or may it with relatively little thought.
Aim Inhibition
- In aim inhibition, we lower our
sights, reducing our goals to
something that we believe is actually
more possible or realistic.
Compartmentalization
- It is a “divide and conquer”
process for SEPARATING thoughts that
will conflict with one another. This may
happen when there are different beliefs
or even when there are conflicting
values.
Compensation – the desire of the individual
to counterbalance inferiority to that of
something he can succeed. The
psychological defense mechanism through
which people attempt to overcome the
anxiety associated with feelings of
inferiority and inadequacy in one is of
personality or body image, by
concentrating on another area where they
Substitution – a compromise reaction
where on directs or shifts behavior to
something unacceptable by a society.
Through this defense mechanism, the
individual seeks to overcome feelings of
frustration and anxiety by achieving
alternate goals and gratifications.
FREUD’S DEFENSE
MECHANISM
Repression – unacceptable or unpleasant
impulses are pushed back into the
unconscious. The unconscious process
whereby unacceptable urges or painful
traumatic experiences are completely
prevented from entering consciousness.
Regression – people behave as if they were at
an earlier stage of development. Person
reverts to a pattern of feeling, thinking or
behavior which was appropriate to an earlier
stage of development.
 Displacement – the expression of an unwanted
feeling or thought is redirected from more
threatening powerful person to a weaker one.
 Rationalization – people provide self- justifying
explanations in place of the actual but
threatening reason for their behavior. The
defense mechanism that enables individuals to
justify their behavior to themselves and others
by making excuses or formulating fictitious,
socially approved arguments to convince
themselves and others that their behavior is
logical and acceptable
Denial – people refuse to accept or
acknowledge an anxiety- producing
piece of information. When a person
uses this, he refuses to recognize and
deal with reality because of strong
inner needs.
PROJECTION - manifest feelings and
ideas which are unacceptable to the ego
or the superego and are projected onto
others so that they seem to have these
feelings or ideas, which free the individual
from the guilt and anxiety associated with
them. People attribute unwanted impulses
and feelings to someone
Sublimation – people divert unwanted
impulses into socially approved
thoughts, feelings or behaviors.
Reaction Formation – unconscious
impulses are expressed as their
opposite in consciousness.
 Another significant theory of
personality is derived from behaviorism
which places primary emphasis on
learning. One of the proponent of this
school of thought is Burrhus Frederic
Skinner. He sees human behavior as
determined largely by its consequences. If
rewarded, behavior recurs; if punished, it
is less likely to happen again.
NEUROSIS
NEUROSIS
- a condition where a person compromises
with reality by developing imaginary
ailments, phobia, obsession or
compulsion
- a mild form of mental disorder that can
be treated
COMMON FORMS OF NEUROSIS:

a) ANXIETY manifested through apprehension,

tension, and uneasiness from anticipation of
danger the source of which is largely
unknown or unrecognized
b) OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER –
people who suffer from this have unwanted,
intrusive and repetitive thoughts or
behaviors.
C) PHOBIA
- an intense, unrealistic fear
- an irrational fear which is fixed, intense,
uncontrollable, and most of the time has
no reasonable foundation
 TYPES OF PHOBIAS
Acrophobia - high places
 Agoraphobia - open spaces and market places
Malgophobia - pain
 Astraphobia - storms, thunder, and lightning
 Gynophobia – fear of dogs
 Claustrophobia - closed places
 Hematophobia - blood
 Mysophobia - contamination or germs
Monophobia - being alone
 Nyctophobia - darkness
 Ochlophobia - crowds
 Hydrophobia - water
 Pathophobia - disease
 Pyrophobia - fire
 Syphilophobia - syphilis
 Zoophobia - animals or some particular animals
PSYCHOSIS
PSYCHOSIS
- a mental condition where the person may
withdraw from the real world into the world
of fantasy and make-believe, where a
person’s hidden or unexpressed desires
can be fulfilled
- a severe form of mental disorder
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF
PSYCHOSIS :
Involution Reaction – it demonstrates
severe depression during the involution
period without previous history of
psychosis.
Affective Reaction – there is a presence
of inappropriately exaggerated mood and
marked change in activity level with
associated thought disorder.
Manic- Depressive Reaction – It shows
cyclical disturbances involving various
combination of or alternation between
excitement and delusional optimism on
the one hand and immobilizing, delusional
depression on the other.
Schizophrenic Reaction – This is a
bizarre behavior; disturbances of
thought and realty testing; emotional
withdrawal; and varying levels of
psychotic thinking and behavior.
HALLUCINATION
- false perception; visual, auditory
DELUSIONS
- false beliefs; delusions of grandeur,
delusions of reference; delusions of
persecution; delusion of infidelity.
 Dissociative Disorder – A disorder in
which, under stress, one loses the integration of
consciousness, identity, and memories of
important personal events.
These include four recognized varieties:
 Psychogenic Amnesia
 Psychogenic Fugue
 Multiple Personality Disorder

HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE
CYCLE
 The Human Sexual Response Cycle
is a four-stage model of physiological
responses during sexual stimulation.
Excitement Phase (Arousal/ Initial
Excitement Phase) – it occurs as the result
of any erotic physical or mental
stimulation, such as kissing, petting, or
viewing erotic images, that leads to sexual
arousal.
Plateau Phase
it is the period excitement prior to
orgasm. Further increases in circulation and
heart rate occur both sexes, sexual
pleasure increases with increased
stimulation, and muscle tension. This is
the peak of sexual excitement.
Orgasmic Phase
It is the conclusion of the plateau
phase of the sexual response cycle, and is
experienced by both males and females.
Resolution Phase
It occurs after orgasm and allows the
muscles to relax, blood pressure to drop
and the body to slow down from its excited
 SEXUAL DEVIANCY

- a sexual act that seeks

gratification by means other than
what is acceptable as normal
- also called sexual abberation,
sexual disorder, paraphilia
ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS -
Psychoactive substance-use disorders such as
alcoholism affects millions of people. Addiction
and psychological dependence on these
substances create disastrous personal and
social problems (Bernstein, 1991).
SEXUAL DYSFUCNTIONAL PATTERNS-
Sexual deviations to the impairment to either
the desire for sexual gratification or in the
ability to achieve it (Coleman, 1980).
 Those Affecting Males
 Erectile Insufficiency (Impotency) – it is a
sexual disorder characterized by the inability
to achieve or maintain erection for successful
intercourse.
 Pre-mature Ejaculation – it is the
unsatisfactory brief period of sexual
stimulation that results to the failure of the
female partner to achieve satisfaction.
 Retarded Ejaculation – it is the inability to
ejaculate during intercourse – resulting to
worry between partners.
 Those Affecting Women
 Arousal Insufficiency (Frigidity)
– a sexual disorder characterized by partial
or complete failure to attain the lubrication
or swelling response of sexual excitement
by the female partner.
Orgasmic Dysfunction – a sexual
disorder characterized by the difficulty in
achieving orgasm
 Vaginismus – the involuntary spasm of
the muscles at the entrance to the
vagina that prevent penetration of the
male sex organ.
 Dyspareunia – it is called painful
coitus/painful sexual acts in women
 TYPES OF SEXUAL DEVIANCY

Transvestitism
- obtaining sexual gratification by
wearing the clothes of the opposite sex.
Voyeurism
- obtaining sexual pleasure by watching
the members of the opposite sex
undressing or engaging in sexual activities.
Exhibitionism - obtaining pleasure by
exposing one’s genitals to others.
Fetishism - obtaining sexual gratification
primarily and exclusively from specific
objects.
 Sadism – by inflicting pain to others
Masochism – by inflicting pain upon
themselves.
 Sodomy – sexual act through the anus of
another human being.
Triolism – a form of sexual perversion in
which three (3) persons are participating in
sexual act.
Pluralism – a group participates in sexual
orgies (sexual festival).
 Pedophilia – obtaining pleasure from sexual
contact with children.
 Incest – sexual relations between persons
related by blood.
 Bestiality – sexual intercourse with a living
animal.
 Necrophilia – desire to engage in sexual
intercourse with a dead body.
Sexual Behaviors leading to Sex Crimes
AS TO SEXUAL URGE
Satyriasis – an excessive (sexual urge)
desire of men to have sexual intercourse
Nymphomania – a strong sexual feeling of
women with an excessive sexual urge.
 AS MODE OF SEXUAL EXPRESSION
1. Oralism – it is the use of mouth or the
tongue as a way of sexual satisfaction.
1.1. Fellatio – male sex organ to the mouth of
the women coupled with the act of sucking
that initiates orgasm.
1.2 Cunnilingus – sexual gratification is
attained by licking the external female
genitalia.
1.3 Anilism (anillingus) – licking the anus of
2. Sado-Masochism (Algolagnia) –
pain/cruelty for sexual gratification.
 AS TO THE PART OF THE BODY
Sodomy – is a sexual act through the
anus of the sexual partner.
Uranism – sexual gratification is attained
through fingering, holding the breast of
licking parts of the body.
Frottage – the act of rubbing the sex
organ against body parts of another
person.
Partailism – it refers to the sexual
libido on any part of the body of a
sexual partner.
OTHER SEXUAL ABNORMALITIES
 Exhibitionism – it is called “indecent
exposure”, intentional exposure of genitals to
members of the opposite sex under
inappropriate conditions.
 Coprolalia – the use of obscene language to
achieve sexual satisfaction
 Don Juanism – the act of seducing women
as a career without permanency of sexual
partner or companion.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
Crisis
This refers to unstable and dangerous
social condition characterized by an
impending abrupt change involving
economic, military, political, police, societal
or personal affairs that is approaching
emergency level event.
EMERGENCY
- it is a sudden condition or state
of affairs calling for immediate action.
 EMERGENCY, CRISIS & DISASTER
 If the situation is still controlled and the
response given is for the purpose of
containing the situation from getting out of
control, then it is just an EMERGENCY.
 If the situation is already beyond normal
control what is happening is already a CRISIS.
 If the effects of the crisis can no longer be
controlled even by its author, it is now a
DISASTER.
Crisis Management
It refers to the action undertaken to
unify and coordinate resources and efforts
to effectively and efficiently quell a given
criminal/life threatening situation.
Also defined as the expert handling of
emergency or crisis to reduce or eliminate
danger or damage
PHASES OF CRISIS
MANAGEMENT
 The Proactive Phase. This phase is
designed to predict or prevent the
probability of occurrence the same time
prepare to handle them when they occur
 The Reactive Phase. The objectives in this
stage are: to ensure a high probability of
success in neutralizing the perpetrator(s);
to minimize, or cushion the adverse effects of
the crisis incident; and, to ensure a smooth
and speedy rehabilitation or return to
THE FOUR (4) P’S CRISIS
MANAGEMENT MODEL
 Prediction - This stage involves foretelling of the
likelihood of crises occurring or manmade through
the continuous assessment of the all possible
threats and threats groups, as well as the analysis
of developing or reported events and incidents.
 Prevention - When most man-made
crises/emergencies, this stage involves the
institution of passive and active security measures,
as well as the remedy or solution of destabilizing
factors and/insecurity flaws leading to such
crises/emergencies.
 Preparation
Preparation for crises/emergencies entails
planning, organization, training and stockpiling of
equipment's and supplies needed for such
crises/emergencies.
Simulated drills at unspecified days and
times test the effectiveness of preparations, bring
out flaws and weaknesses, and
corrections/remedies effected to heighten levels
of readiness of systems, procedures, organization,
equipment and logistics to better cope with actual
Performance
- which is the actual execution or
implementation of any of contingency plan
when a crisis situation occurs despite the
pro-active measures.
 TYPES OF CRISIS
Natural crisis – is typically natural
disasters considered as acts of God,
such as environmental phenomena as
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
tornadoes and hurricanes, floods,
landslides, tsunamis, storms, and
droughts that threaten life, property,
and the environment itself.
Man-Made Crisis
-civil disturbance, revolt,
revolution, border incident, war,
kidnapping, hijacking, hostage-
taking, terrorists activities, attacks on
government facilities, etc.
 INDIVIDUAL CRISIS – It refers to the
feeling that arises when a person faces
unpleasant situation such as frustrations
and conflicts. This includes:
1. Physical Crisis – those that are related to
health problems or bodily
sickness/sufferings.
2. Economics Crisis – the deprivation of the
basic necessities of life like food and
material things
3. Emotional Crisis – when an individual is
affected by negative feelings like emotional
disturbances, fear, etc.
4. Social Crisis – the experiencing lack of
interest, confidence and social skills to relate
meaningful, harmonious relationship with
others.
5. Moral Crisis – the person has an irrational
or distorted concepts of what is right or wrong,
lack of moral values and integrity of the
6. Psychosexual Crisis – failure of the
person to assume ones sex role and
identity as a man or woman. The person
has an inappropriate sex objective,
inadequate and distorted expression of
affection.
 OBJECTIVES OF CRISIS
MANAGEMENT
 Resolve without further incident.
 Safety of all participants.
 Apprehension of all perpetrators.
 Accomplishment of the task within the
framework of current community standard.
Hostage Situation/Incident
It is any incident in which people are being
held by another person or persons against
their will, usually by force or coercion, and
demands are being made by the hostage
taker.
Hostage - Is a person held as a security for
the fulfillment of certain terms.
Negotiate - It means to arrange or settle
by conferring or discussing.
PRIORITIES IN HOSTAGE SITUATION
Preservation of live
Apprehend hostage taker
* To successfully negotiate; there must be
need to live on the part of the hostage
taker and a threat of force by the
authorities.
CATEGORIES OF HOSTAGE-TAKER
 PERSONS IN CRISIS
- people who take hostages during a period
of prolonged frustration, despair and
problems.
PSYCHOTICS
- mentally-ill people who take hostage
during a period of psychiatric disturbance
 COMMON CRIMINALS
- people who take hostages for personal
reason.
 PRISONER
- people who take hostage because of
dissatisfaction and discontent regarding their
living condition in prison.
 POLITICAL TERRORIST
- people who take hostages because of
political and ideological beliefs.
HANDLING OF SPECIFIC
HOSTAGE SITUATION
1. PROFESSIONAL CRIMINAL
- easiest to handle
- rational thinker
- after assessing the situation and weighing
the odds, usually come to terms with the
police.
PROPER HANDLING: show force but
refrain from unnecessary violence or
useless killing.
2. PSYCHOTIC INDIVIDUAL
- present different and somewhat complex
problems
- irrational
PROPER HANDLING: the hostage taker
may feel a degree of pleasure if he finds
himself important, being the center of
attraction
Negotiable
- food, cigarettes, drinks, alcohol,
transportation, media coverage, freedom
 Non-Negotiable
- weapons, ammunitions, drugs, release of
prisoners, exchange of hostages
TERRORIST
- more difficult to handle
- when caught, they rationalize by claiming
to be revolutionaries a situation they
resolve to die for a cause.
PROPER HANDLING: their causes may
deteriorate in the passage of time.
- if they kill one of the hostages, the
negotiators then must set to save the
remaining hostages.
 BROAD CATEGORIES OF THREAT
GROUP

Political Terrorists - These are

ideologically-inspired individuals or
groups. They want prestige and
power for a collective goal or higher
cause.
Criminals - These are people who
commit terrorists acts for personal
either than ideological gain
 Mentally-Deranged Individuals - These
people commit terrorists acts during a period
of psychiatric disturbance. This type maybe
the most difficult terrorists to deal with. Many
of them are impulsive and unpredictable.
 Religious Extremists- Mainly belonging to
Southern Religious Fundamentalists orient of
other faiths, they are apt to execute hostages
belonging to other religious groups.
 CLASSIFICATION OF TERRORIST

 National Terrorist – those who operates and

aspires political power primarily in a single
nation.
 Transnational Terrorist – who operates across
national borders
 International Terrorists – a terrorist who is
controlled by, and whose actions represents
the interest of a sovereign state.
STAGES OF A HOSTAGE
SITUATION
 Alarm Stage
This stage is the most traumatic and
dangerous. In the alarm stage, the emotion of the
hostage taker is exceedingly in its highest peak, his
rationalization and proper thinking is low, He may
be extremely aggressive in his reaction to any
perceived threat.
 Crisis Stage
In this stage, when negotiation attempts are
being initiated by the crisis negotiator. Outrageous
demands and unpredictable emotion is marked or
Accommodation Stage - This is
distinguished by boredom, and with
moments of terror. Though is considered
as the longest yet is the most tranquil.
Resolution Stage - This is the stage
when the hostage taker is being stressed
out or fatigued of the situation.
RULES AND PROCEDURES
ON NEGOTIATIONS
Stabilize and contain the situation
Select the right time to make contact with
the hostage-taker
Take time when negotiating, allow
hostage-taker to speak
Don’t offer the hostage-taker anything.
What he will ask for will be part of the
negotiation
Avoid directing frequent attention to the
victim when talking to the hostage-taker
Do not call them hostages. Be as honest
as possible; avoid tricks; be sincere
Never dismiss any request from the
hostage-taker as trivial or unimportant
Never say “No”, soften the demands
 Never set a deadline; try not to accept a
deadline
 Do not make alternate suggestion not
agreed upon in the negotiation
 Do not introduce outsiders (non-law enforcement
officers) into the negotiation process, unless
their presence is extremely necessary in the
solution of the crisis; provide that they shall be
properly advised on the do’s and don’ts of
hostage negotiation
 Do not allow any exchange of hostage, unless
extremely necessary; in particular, do not
exchange a negotiator for a hostage
 Avoid negotiating face-to-face if possible
Law enforcement officers without
proper training shall not be allowed
to participate in hostage
negotiations; and
Never introduce ranks/possessions.
IMMEDIATE ACTIONS OF THE NEGOTIATOR
UPON ARRIVAL AT THE SCENE OF INCIDENT

1. Containment
-controlling situation and area by people
involved.
2. Establish Contact
- communicate with the leader
3. Time Lengthening
-give more time to the police to organize
and coordinate plan of action.
Cardinal rule in negotiation

“commander should not negotiate, negotiator

should not command.”
Reasons :
1. hostage-taker will have sense of importance;
2. may make impossible demands, knowing that he
is dealing with commander;
3. conflict with being a negotiator and commander
at the same time and will have no more fall back;
 Stockholm
Syndrome

-It is the development of unique

relations between the hostages and the
hostage taker.
-a strong attachment of the hostage
victim to the hostage takers after a long
period of captivity, by which they become
sympathizer of the hostage takers.
Procedures to be followed in a Hostage
Situation (Rule 26, PNPPOP)

a. A Crisis Management Task Group shall be

activated immediately.
b. Incident scene shall be secured and isolated.
c. Unauthorized persons shall not be allowed entry
and exit to the incident scene.
d. Witnesses’ names, addresses, and other
information shall be recorded. Witnesses shall be
directed to a safe location.
Ground Commander
There shall be only one Ground
Commander in the area. Until such time that
he officially designates a spokesperson, he
may issue appropriate press statements and
continue to perform the role of the
spokesperson.
Negotiator
Negotiator shall be designated by
the Ground Commander. No one shall be
allowed to talk to the hostage-taker
without clearance from the negotiator or
Ground Commander.
ASSAULT TEAM
An assault team shall be alerted
for deployment in case the negotiation
fails. Members of the assault team shall
wear authorized and easily recognizable
uniform during the conduct of the
operation.
Copycat crime
A crime inspired by another crime that
has been publicized in the news media or
fictionally or artistically represented in
which the offender incorporates aspects of
the original offense.
THE END