1

1. Are the following statement True or False?

1. In rotational motion, the object rotates about an axis.
2. The direction of angular velocity is usually specified by the left-hand rule.
3. The centrifugal force is not a real force.
4. Banking of road is raising the inner edge of the curved road higher than the outer
edge.
5. When whirling a body attracted to a string, the tension force behaves as a centrifugal
force.
6. The study of the flow of liquid is called hydrostatic.
7. Gases are non-compressible.
8. The larger the area of the pipe, the faster is the speed.
9. The SI unit of viscosity is pascal (Pa).
10. The sun is one of the most powerful renewable energy.
11. Non-renewable energy resource is a finite resource.
12. Adhesion refers to forces between molecules of the different substance.
13. Renewable energy resource is the energy generated by using wind, solar, hydro, tides.
14. Heat conduction represents a form of energy transfer.
15. Heat is transferred from the body of higher to the lower temperature.
16. Earth’s atmosphere and clouds absorb or scatter as much as 45 % of the incoming
sunlight.
17. Heat is transmitted from the sun to the earth by conduction.
18. Convection occurs only in a liquid or a gas, never in a solid.
19. The total emissive power of a black is 𝜀.
20. The blackbody is not only a perfect absorber but also a best emitter of radiation.
21. An echo is repetition of sound due to the vibration of sound.
22. The decibel (dB) is the unit used for measuring sound intensity.
23. The output laser beam is narrow, the emission is coherent and the light is
monochromatic.
24. Regardless of how the image is recorded, all cameras form images in the same way.
25. Optical microscope use photons or light energy.
1. True 6. False 11. True 16. False 21. False
2. False 7. False 12. True 17. False 22. True
3. True 8. False 13. True 18. True 23. True
4. False 9. False 14. True 19. False 24. True
5. False 10. True 15. True 20. True 25. True
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2. Fill in the blank. (15 marks)

1. A ------------ body is a body that does not deform or change shape.
2. In a circular motion, the object just moves in ---------.
3. In uniform circular motion, the centripetal force and centripetal acceleration are -------
----- direction.
4. In horizontal circular motion, ------------ force is tension.
5. If the _______ force is not sufficient, such as under wet and slippery conditions, the car will
skid out of the circular path.
6. Centrifugal force in a circular motion is not a ________ force.
7. The unit of tangential acceleration is --------.
8. The acceleration which is directed toward the centre is called --------- acceleration.
9. The angle that the inclined track makes with horizontal is called ---------.
10. Removing the excess of water by spin drying clothes in a washing machine is with the
help of ------------ force.
11. The viscosity of liquids _______ rapidly with an increase in temperature.
12. _______ and adhesion are two types of intermolecular forces.
13. In ideal laminar fluid flow, --------- is zero.
14. Cohesion and adhesion are two types of --------- forces.
15. Strom is a ------------ flow.
16. Capillarity does not occur for ------------ liquids.
17. Energy is the _______ necessary for life.
18. Individual solar cells can be combined to form modules commonly known as _______.
19. The source of power in a hydroelectric plant is the motion of _______.
20. Heat, light and ------------ are the most common forms of energy.
21. Heat engine is a system that converts heat to --------- energy.
22. --------- is the main constituent of the fossil fuels.
23. The source of power in a hydroelectric plant is the motion of ------------.
24. Modern wind turbine designs have significantly reduced the --------- from turbines.
25. Thermal equilibrium occurs when the system are at the same _______.
26. A black object is a good absorber and a good radiator whose --------- is close to one.
(𝑇 )2 −𝑇1 )
27. The ratio is called ------------.
𝑙
28. When the volume of a thermodynamic system is ------------, no work is done by the
system.
29. The speed of sound is _______ in solids than liquids and gases.
 3

30. --------- is the special ability of emitting sounds and interpreting the echo.
31. A camera is an _______ instrument that records an image of an object.
32. The _______ is very similar to a camera in many aspects.
33. Doppler effect is observed not only in sound but also in ------------.
34. Normally the greater the ---------, the greater the loudness of the sound is.
35. For humans with normal hearing, the upper limit is about ------------ Hz.
36. In a camera, the diaphragm is placed behind ------------.
37. Luminous flux (luminous power)∅ is measured in ------------.
38. The ------------ adjusts the size of the pupil in the eye.

1. rigid 14. intermolecular 27. temperature gradient

2. a circle 15. turbulent 28. constant
3. the same 16. non-wetting 29. higher
4. centripetal 17. basic 30. Echolocation
5. frictional 18. solar panels 31. optical
6. real 19. water 32. human eye
7. m s-2 20. electricity 33. electromagnetic radiation
8. centripetal 21. mechanical 34. intensity
9. angle of banking 22. Carbon 35. 20 000
10. centrifugal 23. water 36. the convex lens
11. decreases 24. noise 37. lumen (lm)
12. Cohesion 25. temperature 38. iris
13. viscosity 26. Emissivity
 4

3. Choose the correct answer from the following.

1. -------------- is the present in both uniform and nonuniform circular motion.
A. Resultant acceleration
B. Tangential acceleration
C. Centripetal acceleration
2. Motion of the blades of a fan is an example of ________.
A. uniform circular motion B. nonuniform circular motion C. rotational motion
3. Every particle on the rigid body has the same ---------.
A. angular speed B. linear speed C. tangential speed
4. When a car turns in a circular path or a curve, a(an) --------- force exists between the
road and the car tires.
A. frictional force B. tension force C. attractive force
5. When a bob is swinging in the vertical circle, the point on the circular part of the
tension in the rope which is the greatest is ---------.
A. at the lowest point B. at the highest point C. at the centre
6. The unit of angular velocity is -------------.
A. meter per second B. radian per second C. radian per second squared
7. When the aeroplane tilts, forces acting on it are ------------ and weight.
A. lifting force B. normal force C. attracting force
8. The direction of resultant acceleration 𝑎⃗ is ------------.
𝑎𝑇 𝑎𝑇 𝑎𝑐
A. tan ∅ = B. tan 𝜃 = C. tan ∅ =
𝑎𝑐 𝑎𝑐 𝑎𝑇

9. In horizontal circular motion, tension is ________ along the string.

A. upward B. downward C. inward
10. When a bob is swinging in the vertical circle, the point on the circular part of the
tension in the rope which is the greatest is _______.
A. at the lowest point B. at the highest point C. at the centre
11. One of the centripetal forces is _______.
A. nuclear force B. tension force C. deforming force
12. _______ is compressible.
A. Fluid B. Gas C. Motor car brake oil
13. _______ is the shearing force per unit area.
A. Shear stress B. Surface tension C. Drag force
14. In the flows of fluid, the path or flow of the fluid particles is called ------------.
A. streamline B. laminar flow C. turbulent flow
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15. Fluid is ---------.

A. neither liquid or gas B. either liquid or gas C. liquid)
16. --------- is defined as the ratio of shearing stress to the velocity gradient.
A. Surface tension B. Viscosity C. Drag force
17. The viscosity of liquids ------------ with an increase in temperature.
A. decreases B. increases C. remain constant
18. Concentrated solar power systems generate solar power by using ------------ to
concentrated a large arc of sunlight.
A. mirrors B. lenses C. mirrors or lenses
19. Geothermal energy is a type of renewable energy taken from ------------.
A. the Earth’s surface B. the Earth’s hill C. the Earth’s core
20. With --------- percent of the world’s oil reserves already discovered; people need to
find new ways to make energy.
A. seventy B. eighty C. ninety
21. Non-renewable energy resources include _______.
A. Coal B. wind C. solar
22. Which is true for energy transfer of bio-fuel?
A. chemical energy → thermal energy → kinetic energy → electrical energy
B. chemical energy → thermal energy→ mechanical energy → electrical energy
C. thermal energy → kinetic energy → electrical energy)
23. When T2 < T1, heat is --------- by the object and H conv is negative.
A. constant B. gained C. lost
24. The SI unit of thermal conductivity, k is ------------.
A. W m-1 K-1 B. W m-2 C. W m-2 K-1
25. An isobaric process occurs at a constant ------------.
A. temperature B. volume C. pressure
26. --------- is operating between the stream temperature 373K and outside room
temperature 300K.
A. Diesel engine B. Gasoline engine C. Stream engine
27. In fluid, heat is mainly transferred by ________.
A. conduction B. convection C. radiation
28. In First Law of Thermodynamics, Q is _______ if heat is removed.
A. negative B. constant C. positive
29. The speed of sound will be --------- for different media.
A. constant B. different C. same
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30. Reflection of sound obeys the laws of ---------.

A. reflection B. refraction C. emission
31. The level of intensity of a sound is measured relative to a reference intensity value 𝛪 0
taken ------------ W m-2.
A. 10-14 B. 10-12 C. 10-10
32. The greater the frequency, the ------------ is the pitch.
A. shorter B. higher C. smaller
33. There are ________ cases we encounter in Doppler effect.
A. Three B. four C. five
34. The --------- is the light sensitive area of the cells, at the back of the eye.
A. retina B. ciliary muscle C. iris
35. A microscope use lenses to make ------------ images of objects.
A. clear B. reduced C. enlarged
36. In a camera, the film consists of a thin layer of chemical compounds of ------------.
A. copper B. silver C. aluminum
37. In a camera, the ________ can be made wide or narrow by adjusting the diaphragm.
A. shutter B. focusing ring C. aperture
38. The ------------ can vary the thickness of the eyelens.
A. retina B. ciliary muscles C. iris
39. The --------- is the light sensitive area of the cells, at the back of the eye.
A. retina B. ciliary muscle C. iris
40. A camera consists of the --------- by which the distance between the lens and the films
can be adjusted to obtain a sharp image on the film.
A. shutter B. focusing ring C. aperture
41. A common type of microscope is a/an ---------.
A. compound microscope B. electron microscope C. optical microscope
42. For people with normal vision, the least distance of distant vision is about _______.
A. 25 mm B. 25 cm C. 25 m)
1. C 6. B 11. B 16. B 21. A 26. C 31. B 36. B 41. A
2. C 7. A 12. B 17. A 22. B 27. B 32. B 37. C 42. B
3. A 8. A 13. A 18. C 23. C 28. A 33. A 38. B
4. A 9. C 14. A 19. C 24. A 29. B 34. A 39. A
5. A 10. A 15. B 20. C 25. C 30. A 35. C 40. B
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Definitions
1. Centripetal acceleration
For uniform circular motion, the centripetal acceleration vector points towards the
centre of the circular path while the linear velocity vector is tangential to the path. This
acceleration is called centripetal acceleration.

2. Rotational motion under constant angular acceleration

If the angular velocity of the rotating object changes at a constant rate, then we can
say that the angular acceleration is constant and the motion is called the rotational motion
under constant angular acceleration.

3. Centrifugal force
Centrifugal force in a circular motion is not a real force, it acts radially away from the
centre of the circle. It results from the effect of inertia.

4. Turbulent flow
If the flow or path of the fluid particles are irregular, their direction is always
changing or whirling; this fluid movement is called turbulent flow.

5. Bernoulli’s theorem
Bernoulli’s theorem states that the sum of pressure, kinetic energy per unit volume and
potential energy per unit volume of an incompressible, non-viscous fluid in a streamlined
laminar flow remains constant.

6. Hydroelectric energy
The flowing water and water stored in huge dams is also a very important source of
energy which is known as hydroelectric energy.

7. Wind energy
Wind energy is the energy generated or produced by harnessing the power of the
wind.

8. Solar energy
Solar energy is the radiant light and heat from the sun that has been harnessed by
human since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies.
 8

9. Renewable energy sources

Renewable energy sources (also called non-conventional energy sources) are
continuously replenished by natural processes.

10. Heat conduction

Heat conduction is one mode of energy transfer. The individual parts of a medium do
not move as a whole in heat conduction.

11. Heat convection

Heat convection is the flow of heat through a fluid by movement of the fluid itself.

12. Thermal conductivity

The thermal conductivity of a material is defined as the rate of heat transfer per unit
area per unit temperature gradient.

13. Echo
An echo is repetition of sound due to the reflection of sound.

14. Telescope
The optical instrument used for viewing distant objects is called a telescope.

15. Farsightedness
Farsightedness is a defect of vision in which distant objects are seen clearly, but
objects nearly are blurry.

16. Nearsightedness
Nearsightedness is a defect of vision in which near objects are seen clearly, but
objects far away are blurry.

17. Non-renewable resource

A non-renewable resource is a natural substance that is not replenished with the speed
at which consumed.

Short Questions
1. What acceleration is present in both uniform and nonuniform circular motion?
Centripetal acceleration is present in both uniform and nonuniform circular motion.
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2. What devices use centrifugal force? Give two examples.

Centrifuge, centrifugal pump, washing machine and centrifugal governor
(Any two examples)

3. Are gases compressible or non-compressible?

Gases are compressible.

4. Why does the river flow faster in passing the defile (narrow river passage)?
In the defile, the cross-sectional area is smaller, and so the speed of the water is faster.
(or)
By the equation of continuity, A1 v1 = A2 v2

The smaller the area, the faster is the speed of water flow.

(Any answer can give scored if the concept is correct.)

5. At a river junction, water streams are whirling; is it laminar or turbulent?

At a river junction, water streams are turbulent.

6. What is the SI unit of volume flow rate?

The SI unit of volume flow rate is m3 s-1.

7. What is the main source of energy?

The main source of energy is the sun.

8. State the changes in form of energy while producing hydroelectricity.

Hydroelectricity: gravitational potential energy → kinetic energy → electrical energy

9. What are the major components of hydropower plants?

The major components of hydropower plants are (i) dam (ii) turbine (iii) generator
(iv) transformer and (v) transmission system.

10. What are the three types of heat transfer?

Heat conduction, heat convection, heat radiation
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11. What is thermal conductivity? Express its unit in SI system.

Thermal conductivity
The thermal conductivity of a material is defined as the rate of heat transfer per unit
area per unit temperature gradient.

The SI unit of thermal conductivity is watt per metre per kelvin (W𝑚−1 𝐾 −1 ).

12. Define echo. Give its two applications.

Echo
An echo is repetition of sound due to the reflection of sound.
Its two applications are sonar and radar.

13. Name the factors on which the speed of sound in a gas depends.
𝛾𝑝
In gases, the speed of sound is, v = √ .
𝜌

Therefore the speed of sound in a gas depends on

(i) 𝛾 = the adiabatic constant of gas

(ii) 𝑝 = pressure in gas
(iii) 𝜌 = density of gas

14. What are the SI unit of Young’s modulus and the bulk modulus?
The SI unit of Young’s modulus and the bulk modulus are N m-2.

15. What are called low frequency sounds which are under the lower limit of audibility (20 Hz)?
Low frequency sounds which are under the lower limit of audibility
(20 Hz) are called infrasound.

16. Write down the four names of the 7 essential parts of a human eyes?
(i) Eyelid
(ii) Cornea
(iii) Aqueous humour and vitreous humour
(iv) Iris (Any four answers)
(v) Pupil
(vi) Cillary muscles
(vii) Retina
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Problems
1. A tire has a radius of 0.33 m, and its centre moves forward with a linear speed of 15 m s-1. (i)
What is the angular velocity of the wheel? (ii) Relative to the axle, what is linear speed of a
point located 0.175 m from the axle?
(i) r = 0.33 m , 𝑣1 = 15 m s-1, 𝜔= ?
v = r𝜔
15 = 0.33 x 𝜔

15
𝜔 = = 45.45 rad s-1
0.33

(ii) r = 0.175 m , 𝑣2 = ?

v = r𝜔

= 0.175 x 45.45 = 7.79 m s-1

2. The wheel of a car with radius 20 cm starts moving. The angular acceleration provided by the
engine is 12 rad s-2. What is the tangential acceleration of rim of the wheel?
r = 20 cm = 0.2 m, 𝛼 = 12 rad s-2 , aT = ?

𝑎𝑇 = r 𝛼

= 0.2 x 12 = 2.4 m s-2

3. The Ferris wheel starts from rest and reaches an angular velocity of 1.5 rad s-1 over a
10 s period under the constant angular acceleration. (i) Find the angular acceleration of
the Ferris wheel. (ii) How many revolutions does it make during 10 s?
(i) ω0 = 0 , ω = 1.5 rad s-1, t = 10 s
ω = 𝜔0 + α t
1.5 = 0 + 𝛼 𝑥 10
α = 0.15 rad s-2
1
(ii) θ = 𝜔0 t + α t2
2
1
= 0 +( 𝑥 0.15 𝑥 100 ) = 7.5 rad
2

Since, 1 rev = 2 π rad,

7.5
θ = = 1.19 rev
2𝜋
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4. An aeroplane is circling above an airport in a horizontal circle at a speed of 400 km h-1. The
banking angle of the wings is 20°. What is the radius of the circular path?
1000
v = 400 km h-1 = 400 x = 111.11 m s-1 ,
3600
𝜃 = 20° , r = ? , g = 9.8 m s-2
𝑣2
tan 𝜃 =
𝑟𝑔

𝑣2 (111.11)2
r = = = 3461 m = 3.461 km
𝑔 tan 𝜃 9.8 𝑥 tan 20°

5. A jet plane is flying around the airport with a speed of 800 km h-1 along a circular path with
a radius of 2 km. At what angle must the wings of the plane be banked?
v = 800 km h-1 = 222.22 m s-1
r = 2 km = 2 x 103 m
𝜃 = ?
𝑣2
tan 𝜃 =
𝑟𝑔

(222.22)2
= = 68.35°
2 𝑥 103 𝑥 9.8

6. What is the tension in a 1 m string that is spinning a 0.5 kg stone in a horizontal

circle with 3 rps?
r = 1 m , 𝜔 = 3 rps = 3 x 2𝜋 = 6 𝜋 rad s-1
m = 0.5 kg , T = ?

T = Fc = m r 𝜔2

= 0.5 x 1 x (6 𝜋)2

= 177.69 N

7. What is the banking angle for an expressway off-ramp curve of radius 50 m at a limiting
speed of 50 km h-1?
50𝑥1000
v = 50 km h-1 = = 13.89 m s-1
3600
r = 50 m, θ = ?
𝑣2
tan θ =
𝑟𝑔
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(13.89)2
θ =
50𝑥9.8

= 21.48° (or) 21°29ʹ

8. An athlete weighing 790 N is running a curve at a speed of 6 ms-1 in an arc. The radius of the
curvature of arc is 5 m. Find the centripetal force acting on him. Which force provides the
centripetal force? What will happen to him if the radius of curvature is smaller?
w = 790 N
𝑤 790
m = = = 80.61 kg
𝑔 9.8

v = 6 m s-1 , r = 5 m
𝑚𝑣 2
Fc =
𝑟
80.61 𝑥 (6)2
= = 580.39 N = 580.4 N
5
9. Water runs into a fountain, filling all the pipes, at a steady rate of 0.75 𝑚3 𝑠 −1 .
(i) How fast will it shoot out of a hole 4.5 cm in diameter?
(ii) At what speed will it shoot out if the diameter of the hole is three times as large?
𝑉
Volume flow rate, = 0.75 m3 s-1
𝑡

4.5
(i) Radius of the hole r = = 2.25 cm = 0.0225 m
2

𝑉
= A v = 𝜋 r2 v
𝑡

0.75 = 3.142 x (0.0225)2 v

v = 471.51 m s-1

(ii) Since the diameter is three times larger, area is nine times larger.

𝐴2 = 9 𝐴1

Using continuity equation, 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2

𝑣1 471.51
𝑣2 = = = 52.39 m s-1
9 9
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10. Calculate the pressure and speed of water at points B and C shown below.
(density of water is 1000 kg m-3)
𝐴1 = 3 m2 A 𝐴3 = 6 m2
-1
V1 = 10 m s 𝐴2 = 3 m2
ℎ1 20 m ℎ2
P1 = 300 kPa
B C

𝐴1 = 3 m2 , 𝑣1 = 10 m s-1, 𝑝1 = 300 kPa , ℎ1 = 20 m

𝐴2 = 3 m2 , 𝑣2 = ? , 𝑝2 = ? , ℎ2 = 0

𝐴3 = 6 m 2 , 𝑣3 = ? , 𝑝3 = ? , ℎ3 = 0

Density of water, 𝜌 = 1 000 kg m-3

Using continuity equation, 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2

Since 𝐴1 = 𝐴2 , 𝑣1 = 𝑣2 = 10 m s-1

Using continuity equation, 𝐴2 𝑣2 = 𝐴3 𝑣3

3 x 10 = 6 𝑣3 m s-1

𝑣3 = 5 m s-1

For point A and B,

Using Bernoulli’s theorem,

0
1 1
𝑝1 + 𝜌 𝑣12 + 𝜌 g ℎ1 = 𝑝2 + 𝜌 𝑣22 + 𝜌 g ℎ2
2 2

Since 𝑣1 = 𝑣2 , 𝑝1 + 𝜌 g h1 = 𝑝2

300 000 + ( 1 000 x 9.8 x 20 ) = 𝑝2

𝑝2 = 496 000 Pa = 496 kPa

For point B and C,

Using Bernoulli’s theorem,

1 1
𝑝2 + 𝜌 𝑣22 + 𝜌 g ℎ2 = 𝑝3 + 𝜌 𝑣32 + 𝜌 g ℎ3
2 2

1 1
Since ℎ2 = ℎ3 , 𝑝2 + 𝜌 𝑣22 = 𝑝3 + 𝜌 𝑣32
2 2
 15

1
496 000 + ( 𝑥 1 000 𝑥 102 ) = 𝑝3
2

𝑝3 = 533 500 Pa = 533.5 kPa

11. The hydro turbine receives water from a reservoir at an elevation of 100 m above it.
What is the minimum water flow in kg s-1 to produce a steady turbine output of
50 MW if the turbine generator efficiency is 75 %?
h = 100 m , P = 50 MW = 50 x 106 W , ƞ = 75 % = 0.75
𝑚
= 𝑚̇ = ?
𝑡
𝑉
𝑉̇ =
𝑡
𝑚
(𝜌) 𝑚 𝑚̇ 𝑚
= = = ( ∵ 𝑚̇ = )
𝑡 𝜌𝑡 𝜌 𝑡

P = ƞ 𝜌 𝑉̇ g h
𝑚̇
= ƞ𝜌 g h = ƞ 𝑚̇ g h
𝜌

50 x 106 = 0.75 x 𝑚̇ x 9.8 x 100

𝑚̇ = 6.8 x 104 kg s-1

12. A 100 ft x 50 ft building has a flat roof. What is the average solar energy received by the roof
in a month? (The solar radiation per day in winter is about 1 600 Btu ft-2)
Area of the flat roof = 100 ft x 50 ft = 5 000 ft2
Time = 1 month = 30 days
Solar radiation per day = 1 600 Btu ft2
The average solar energy received by the roof in a month =
= 1 600 x 30 x 5 000
= 2.4 x 108 Btu
13. The wind is blowing at 10 m s-1, how much total power produce by the wind turbine if the
blades are 45 m long? Density of air is 1.3 kg m-3.
v = 10 m s-1 , r = 45 m , 𝜌 = 1.3 kg m-3
A = 𝜋 r2 = 3.142 x ( 45)2 = 6362.55 m3
1
P = 𝜌 A v2
2
1
= x 1.3 x 6362.55 x (10)2
2
= 4.14 x 106 W = 4.14 MW
 16

14. A dam which maximum head of 200 m produces to 2000 MW electrical power. What is the
rate of falling water on the turbines? The turbine generator efficiency is 50%.
(Density of water is 1000 kg m-3)
h = 200 m,
ɳ = 50% = 0.5
P = 2 000 M W = 2 x 10 9 W
ρ = 1000 kg m-3
The rate of falling water on the turbine = ?
P = ɳ ρ 𝑉̇ g h
2 x 109 = 0.5 x 1000 x 𝑉̇ x 9.8 x 200
𝑉̇ = 2040.8 m3 s-1
15. Determine the input power of the wind if the wind speed is 20 m s-1 and blade length is 20 m.
Density of air is 1.3 kg m-3.
P = ?
v = 20 m𝑠 −1 , r = 20 m, 𝜌 = 1.3 kg 𝑚−3
A = π𝑟 2 = 3.142 x (20)2 = 1256.8 𝑚2
1
Wind power, P = 𝜌 𝐴 𝑣3
2
1
= 𝑥 1.3 𝑥 1256.8 𝑥 (20)3
2

= 6.535 x 106 W (or) 6.535 MW

16. The hydroturbine receives water from a reservoir at an elevation of 100 m above it. What is the
minimum water flow in kg 𝑠 −1 to produce a steady turbine output of 50 MW if the turbine
generator efficiency is 75%?
h = 100 m, P = 50 MW = 50 x 106 W
ƞ = 75 % = 0.75 , 𝜌 = 1000 kg 𝑚−3 , g = 9.8 m𝑠 −2
water flow rate in kg 𝑠 −1 = ?
P = ƞ 𝜌 𝑉̇ g h
𝑃
𝑉̇ =
ƞ𝜌 𝑔 ℎ

50 𝑥 106
=
0.75 𝑥 1 000 𝑥 9.8 𝑥 100

= 68.03 𝑚3 𝑠 −1

water flow rate in kg 𝑠 −1 = 𝜌 𝑉̇ = 1 000 x 68.03 = 6.8 x 104 kg 𝑠 −1

 17

17. The temperature of the filament is 2500 K when the bulb is switched on. The diameter of the
filament is 0.1 mm and it is made of metal emissivity 0.35. If the power is 40 W find the length
of the filament. (k = 5.685 x 10-8 W m-1 K-1)
T = 2 500 K , d = 0.1 mm = 0.1 x 10-3 m = 10-4 m

e = 0.35 , P = 40 W , k = 5.685 x 10-8 W m-1 K-1

l = ?

𝐻𝑟𝑎𝑑 = e 𝜎 A 𝑇 4

40 = 0.35 x 5.685 x 10-8 x A x (2 500)2

A = 51.46 x 10-6 m2

A = 2 𝜋 r l = 𝜋 d l

𝐴 51.46 𝑥 10−6
l = = = 0.1638 m
𝜋 d 3.142 𝑥 10−4

18. Compare the rate of energy radiation of a blackbody at temperatures 327 ℃ and at 27 ℃.
T1 = 27 ℃ = (27 + 273) K = 300 K

T2 = 327 ℃ = (327 + 273) K = 600 K

H rad = e 𝜎 A 𝑇 4

𝐻2 𝑒𝜎𝐴𝑇24
=
𝐻1 𝑒𝜎𝐴𝑇14

𝑇24 𝑇 4 600 4
= = [ 2] = [ ] = 16
𝑇14 𝑇1 300

H2 = 16 H1

19. One gram of water (1 cm3) becomes 1671 cm3 of steam when boiled at a pressure of 1 atm.
The heat of vaporization at this pressure is 2265 J g-1. Compute the work done and the increase
in initial energy.
m = 1 g, p = 1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa, 𝐿𝑣 = 2265 J g-1
( 𝑉𝑓 - 𝑉𝑖 ) = 1671 – 1 = 1670 cm3 = 1670 x 10-6 m3
For isobaric process;
W = p ( 𝑉𝑓 - 𝑉𝑖 )

= 1.013 x 105 x 1670 x 10-6 = 169 J

 18

Heat required;
Q = m 𝐿𝑣
= 1 x 2265 = 2265 J
According to first law of thermodynamic,
ΔU = Q – W
= 2265 – 169 = 2096 J
20. In an isobaric process, a volume of a gas is expressed by absorption of heat at constant pressure
2 atm. If the increment in volume is 0.5 m3 , then find the work done by the system.
p = 2 atm = 2 x 1.013 x 105 Pa
ΔV = ( 𝑉𝑓 - 𝑉𝑖 ) = 0.5 m3
In isobaric process,
W = p ( 𝑉𝑓 - 𝑉𝑖 )

= (2 x 1.013 x 105) x 0.5

= 1.013 x105 J
21. A new computer chip with a surface area of 1 𝑐𝑚2 generates 10 W of heat. Determine the
convective heat transfer coefficient of the material needed to keep the temperature of the chip
less than 20 °C above the environmental temperature. Can the chip be cooled with air, or will
it require forced convection?
Convection heat transfer coefficient of air is 2.5 to 25 W 𝑚−2 𝐾 −1 .
A = 1 𝑐𝑚2 = 1 x 10−4 𝑚2
𝐻𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = - 10 W (the sign is negative because the chip is losing heat)
(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) = - 20 °C = - 20 K (the surface temperature 𝑇1 ,is greater than the
environmental temperature 𝑇2 )
𝐻𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = q A (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝐻𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣
q =
𝐴 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
−10
= = 5 000 W𝑚−2 𝐾 −1
1 x 10−4 𝑥(−20)

22. What is the speed of sound in (i) a steel rod (ii) water?
Young’s modulus of steel is 20 x 1010 N m-2 and density of steel is 7.8 x103 kg m-3.
The bulk modulus of water is 0.22 x 1010 N m-2 and density of water is 103 kg m-3.
For a steel rod, Y = 20 x 1010 N m-2, 𝜌 = 7.8 x 103 kg m-3

𝑌
v = √
𝜌
 19

20 𝑥 1010
= √ = 5.06 x 103 m s-1
7.8 𝑥 103

For water, B = 0.22 x 1010 N m-2, 𝜌 = 103 kg m-3

𝐵
v = √
𝜌

0.22 𝑥 1010
= √ = 1.48 x 103 m s-1
103

23. The speed of sound in a particular liquid is 1.6 x 103 m s-1. If the bulk modulus of the liquid is
0.15 x 1010 N m-2. What is the density of the liquid?
v = 1.6 x 103 m s-1 , B = 0.15 x 1010 N m-2 , ρ = ?

𝐵
v = √
𝜌

0.15 𝑥 1010
1.6 x 103 = √ 𝜌

ρ = 5.859 x102 kg m-3

24. (i) What frequency is received by a person watching an oncoming ambulance moving at 110
km h-1 and emitting a steady 800 Hz sound from its siren? The speed of sound on this day is
345 m s-1. (ii) What frequency does she receive after the ambulance has passed?
(i) 𝑓𝑠 = 800 Hz , v = 345 m 𝑠 −1 , 𝑓𝑜 = ?
110 𝑥 103
𝑣𝑠 = 110 km ℎ−1 = = 30.56 m 𝑠 −1
3600

Since the observer is stationary, 𝑣𝑜 = 0

Since the source moves towards the observer, - 𝑣𝑠
𝑣 ±𝑣𝑜
𝑓𝑜 = 𝑓𝑠 ( )
𝑣∓𝑣𝑠
𝑣+𝑣𝑜
𝑓𝑜 = 𝑓𝑠 ( )
𝑣−𝑣𝑠
345+0
𝑓𝑜 = 800 ( ) = 877.75 Hz
345−30.56

(iii) 𝑓𝑜 = ?
Since the source moves away the observer, + 𝑣𝑠
𝑣 ±𝑣𝑜
𝑓𝑜 = 𝑓𝑠 ( )
𝑣∓𝑣𝑠
 20

𝑣+𝑣𝑜
𝑓𝑜 = 𝑓𝑠 ( )
𝑣+𝑣𝑠
345+0
𝑓𝑜 = 800 ( ) = 734.9 Hz
345+30.56

25. A 10 W fluorescent lamp has a luminous intensity of 35 cd. Find luminous flux it emits.
Luminous intensity, Iv = 35 cd ,
Solid angle, 𝛺 = 4𝜋 sr
Luminous flux, ∅ = ?
∅ = Iv 𝛺
= 35 x 4𝜋 = 439.82 lm
26. A telescope consists of two thin converging lenses of focal lengths 100 cm and 10 cm
respectively. It is used to view an object 2000 cm from the objective. What is the separation
of the lenses if the final image is 25 cm from the eye lens? Determine the magnifying power
for an observer whose eye is close to the eye lens.
fo = 100 cm , fe = 10 cm , uo = 2000 cm , L = ?
If ve = - 25 cm, MP = ?
For the objective lens
1 1 1
+ =
𝑢𝑜 𝑣𝑜 𝑓𝑜
𝑢0 𝑓0
vo =
𝑢0 − 𝑓𝑜
2000 𝑥 100
=
1000−100
= 105.26 cm
For the eyepiece lens
1 1 1
+ =
𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑒
𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑒
𝑢𝑒 =
𝑣𝑒 − 𝑓𝑒
(−25)𝑥 100
= = 7.14 cm
(−25)−10

The separation of lenses, L = vo + 𝑢𝑒

= 105.26 + 7.14
= 112.40 cm
𝑣𝑜
Magnifying power, MP =
𝑢𝑒
105.26
= = 14.74
7.14
 21

27. A compound microscope consists of two thin converging lenses. The focal length of the
objective is 10 mm and that of the eyepiece is 20 mm. If an object is placed 11 mm from the
objective, the instrument produces an image at infinity. Calculate the separation of the lenses
and the magnifying power of the instrument.
𝑓𝑜 = 10 mm, 𝑢𝑜 = 11 mm, 𝑓𝑒 = 20 mm
1 1 1
+ =
𝑢𝑜 𝑣𝑜 𝑓𝑜
1 1 1
+ =
11 𝑣𝑜 10
1 1 1
= -
𝑣𝑜 10 𝑓𝑜
𝑣𝑜 = 110 mm
Since the final image is at infinity, the first image II՛ must be at the focus of the eyepiece.
Therefore , 𝑢𝑒 = 𝑓𝑒 = 20 mm
The separation of the lenses, L = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑓𝑒
= 110 + 20
= 130 mm
𝑣𝑜 25
The magnifying power, MP = x
𝑢𝑜 𝑓𝑒
110 250
= x
11 20
= 125

28. A nature photographer wishes to photograph a 28 m tall tree from a distance of 58 m. What
focal length of lens should be used if the image is to fill the 24 mm height of the film?
00ʹ = 28 m , IIʹ = - 24 m (real and inverted) , u = 58 m
𝐼𝐼ʹ 𝑣
=-
𝑂𝑂ʹ 𝑢
−24 𝑥 10−3 𝑣
= -
28 58
v = 0.049 m ≈ 50 mm
Using Lens formula,
1 1 1
+ =
𝑢 𝑣 𝑓
1 1 1
+ =
58 0.049 𝑓

ƒ = 0.049 m ≈ 50 mm
 22

29. A He-Ne laser emits photons with energies of 3.14 x 10−19 J. What is the colour of the laser
light? (Plank constant h = 6.62 x 10−34 J s)

E = 3.14 x 10−19 J , c = 3 x 108 m𝑠 −1

h = 6.62 x 10−34 Js
Plank’s equation,
ℎ𝑐
E=
𝜆
ℎ𝑐
λ=
𝐸
6.62 𝑥 10−34 𝑥 3 𝑥 108
=
3.14 𝑥 10−19
= 6.325 x 10−7 m (or) 632.5 nm
It is orange – red colour.